Article(id=1205533798034301812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24930, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675008000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-30, revisedDate=1675958400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765351255186, onlineDateStr=2025-12-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765351255186, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765351255186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351255186, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205533795375113021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='3', pageEnd='93', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765351254552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351619801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205533798269182849, articleId=1205533798034301812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Influence of Weak Excitation Inductance on Full-bridge DC-DC Converter and Its Autonomous Soft-switching, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Switching power supply is now developing towards high-frequency soft-switching and high power density,the volume of magnetic components is greatly reduced,and the excitation inductance of transformer no longer meets the assumption of large excitation inductance in traditional analysis. Under this background,the influence of the weak excitation inductance on the full-bridge circuit was analyzed,and proposed that the full-bridge circuit can achieve autonomous soft-switching through the charging and discharging of the capacitor under the condition of the weak excitation inductance. The autonomous soft-switching of the full-bridge converter can be realized when the duty ratio is large. Through principle analysis and calculation,relationship between the charge and discharge of the switch body capacitance and the inductance current and the time constant was obtained,and the above principle through simulation were verified. Finally,an experimental platform with a working frequency of 200 kHz was built to verify the above analysis and simulation results.

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开关电源如今朝着高频软开关以及高功率密度的方向发展,磁性元件的体积大幅度减小,变压器励磁电感不再满足传统分析的大励磁电感假设。在此背景下,分析了弱励磁电感对全桥电路的影响,同时提出在弱励磁电感条件下全桥电路能够通过电容的充放电而实现自主软开关。全桥变换器的自主软开关可在占空比较大时实现,通过原理分析及计算得出了开关管体电容充放电以及电感电流与时间常数的关系,并通过仿真验证了上述原理。最后搭建了工作频率为200 kHz的实验台,对上述分析与仿真结果进行了实验验证。

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胡翔宇(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为开关电源,Email:

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胡翔宇(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为开关电源,Email:

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胡翔宇(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为开关电源,Email:

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弱励磁电感对全桥DC-DC变换器的影响及其自主软开关
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胡翔宇 , 洪峰 , 邵栋伟
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(12): 40-46
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(12): 40-46
弱励磁电感对全桥DC-DC变换器的影响及其自主软开关
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胡翔宇 , 洪峰, 邵栋伟
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学 电子信息工程学院,江苏 南京 211106
  • 胡翔宇(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为开关电源,Email:

Influence of Weak Excitation Inductance on Full-bridge DC-DC Converter and Its Autonomous Soft-switching
Xiangyu HU , Feng HONG, Dongwei SHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Electronic Information Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 211106,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24930
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开关电源如今朝着高频软开关以及高功率密度的方向发展,磁性元件的体积大幅度减小,变压器励磁电感不再满足传统分析的大励磁电感假设。在此背景下,分析了弱励磁电感对全桥电路的影响,同时提出在弱励磁电感条件下全桥电路能够通过电容的充放电而实现自主软开关。全桥变换器的自主软开关可在占空比较大时实现,通过原理分析及计算得出了开关管体电容充放电以及电感电流与时间常数的关系,并通过仿真验证了上述原理。最后搭建了工作频率为200 kHz的实验台,对上述分析与仿真结果进行了实验验证。

弱励磁电感  /  全桥DC-DC变换器  /  软开关

Switching power supply is now developing towards high-frequency soft-switching and high power density,the volume of magnetic components is greatly reduced,and the excitation inductance of transformer no longer meets the assumption of large excitation inductance in traditional analysis. Under this background,the influence of the weak excitation inductance on the full-bridge circuit was analyzed,and proposed that the full-bridge circuit can achieve autonomous soft-switching through the charging and discharging of the capacitor under the condition of the weak excitation inductance. The autonomous soft-switching of the full-bridge converter can be realized when the duty ratio is large. Through principle analysis and calculation,relationship between the charge and discharge of the switch body capacitance and the inductance current and the time constant was obtained,and the above principle through simulation were verified. Finally,an experimental platform with a working frequency of 200 kHz was built to verify the above analysis and simulation results.

weak excitation inductance  /  full-bridge DC-DC converter  /  soft-switching
胡翔宇, 洪峰, 邵栋伟. 弱励磁电感对全桥DC-DC变换器的影响及其自主软开关. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (12) : 40 -46 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24930
Xiangyu HU, Feng HONG, Dongwei SHAO. Influence of Weak Excitation Inductance on Full-bridge DC-DC Converter and Its Autonomous Soft-switching[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (12) : 40 -46 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24930
传统变压器励磁电感通常较大,变压器的体积也较大,在传统桥式电路中,分析开关管换流模态时认为励磁电流恒定,励磁电流给开关管结电容充、放电时间较短[1]。变压器励磁电感值通常与变压器磁芯以及一次侧线圈匝数有关[2-4],随着电力电子器件高频高功率密度的发展,变压器的体积在减小,同时变压器原边励磁电感也相应减小[5-9]。传统分析下开关换流模态中励磁电流恒定的假设不再成立,开关管换相过程无法瞬间完成,其能量在开关管体电容与电感中传递[10-11],同时利用开关管体二极管续流,影响了全桥电路的工作模态,也为开关管提供了零电压开通的条件。
本文首先分析了弱励磁电感下全桥电路的工作模态,并分析了弱励磁电感对全桥电路的影响,提出利用弱励磁电感的影响实现全桥DC-DC变换器的自主软开关。随后通过理论计算得出全桥变换器换流期间开关管体电容的充放电时间。最后通过仿真分析与实验验证了上述理论分析的合理性。
传统全桥DC-DC变换器中[12],开关管换流期间变压器原边电感电流为开关管体电容进行充放电,当4个开关管全部截止时,开关管两端电压为输入电压的1/2,电路拓朴如图1所示,波形如图2所示。然而在弱励磁电感条件下,由于变压器原边电感电流较大,开关管体电容充放电持续时间较久,当处于放电状态的开关管两端电压放电至体二极管的导通压降时,体二极管将会导通,此时有电流流过体二极管,将开关管两端电压钳位至0。变压器原边电感电流续流环节结束后,开关管两端电压将恢复至输入电压的1/2,理论波形如图3所示。因此弱励磁电感将会影响全桥DC-DC变换器中PWM控制的准确性,但同时利用弱励磁电感的条件,也可在大占空比时实现全桥电路的自主软开关。
下面详细说明全桥DC-DC变换器利用弱励磁电感产生的大励磁电流为开关管体电容充放电实现的自主软开关。
图4为脉宽调制的弱励磁电感全桥DC-DC变换器理论波形。从图中可以看出,由于开关管结电容以及反向二极管的存在,开关管开通前励磁电流续流为结电容充放电,使开关管两端压降钳位至0,随后流经开关管体二极管。若在此时刻内开通开关管,则为零电压开通。其具体工作模态如图5所示。
阶段1(t1t2):t1时刻,S1&S4实现零电压开通,励磁电流的方向开始发生改变,在此工作模态下,S1&S4体电容电压为0,S2&S3体电容电压充电至Vin,此时变压器T1开始工作,由原边向副边传输能量,励磁电流的方向见图5a,励磁电感两端的电压Vm值为Vin
图6为全桥变换器开关管开通后的等效电路。设电路输出端滤波网络与输出负载Ro的等效电阻值为Rso,整流二极管为理想二极管,将该等效电路输出端引用到变压器原边,设等效电阻为Roe。图中,Vso为副边等效负载Rso两端的电压,Voe为原边等效负载Roe两端的电压。设主电路开关管S1&S4,S2&S3的占空比为D,开关频率为fs,因此可将励磁电感的输入电压Vs视为具有正、负极性的方波电压,幅值为±Vin
令输出滤波网络的等效阻抗为Zso,计算公式如下:
Z s o = j ω s L o + 1 j ω s C o / / R o
其中 ω s = 2 π f s
式中:Lo为副边滤波电感;Co为滤波电容;Ro为负载; ω s为开关角频率。
令滤波网络的等效电阻 R s o = | Z s o |,变压器匝比为n,则由副边引用到原边的电阻Roe可表示为
R o e = n 2 R s o
由于原边等效负载两端电压Voe的有效值等于输入电压Vin,即 V o e = V i n,因此原边等效负载Roe两端的电流有效值Ie可以表示为
I e = V i n R o e
励磁电感电流的有效值为
I m = V o e ω s L m = V i n ω s L m
式中:Lm为变压器励磁电感。
流经开关管回路的电流Is可表示为
I s = I m 2 + I e 2
阶段2(t2t3):t2时刻,S1&S4关断,此时S2&S3的体电容放电,S1&S4的体电容开始充电,由于励磁电流im不能突变,当S2&S3体电容电压放电至反向二极管的导通压降时,S2&S3的体二极管导通,将S2&S3两端的电压钳位至0,为S2&S3创造零电压开通的条件。此时刻电路中电流的方向如图5b所示。
通过对二阶电路的分析,可以得到励磁电感的大小对开关管转换时电路状态的影响。
图7为开关管关断后寄生电容充放电时的等效电路图。
令寄生电容两端的电压为uct),励磁电感两端的电压为umt),变压器原边等效电阻两端的电压为uet),其中umt)=uet),励磁电感电流为imt)。以imt)与uct)为变量列出电路的KVL与KCL方程:
L m d i m d t + 2 u c ( t ) = V i n
G o e L m d i m d t + i m ( t ) = C d u c d t
其中 G o e = 1 / R o e
式中:C为开关管体电容值。
可将式(6)、式(7)联立得:
L m C d 2 i m d t 2 + 2 G o e L m d i m d t + 2 i m = 0
式(8)的特征方程为
L m C s 2 + 2 G o e L m s + 2 = 0
则电路的固有频率为
s 1,2 = - G o e C ± ( G o e C ) 2 - 2 L m C
L m 2 C / G o e 2时,s1s2为两个不相等的实根,此时电路是过阻尼的;当 L m = 2 C / G o e 2时,s1s2为两个相等的实根,此时电路为临界阻尼;当 L m 2 C / G o e 2时,s1s2为共轭复数根,此时电路为欠阻尼。
在本文所分析的电路中,电容为开关管体电容,为pF级别,因此根据上述分析,电路通常处于过阻尼状态,在这种情况下,电路的能量交换过程为非振荡的充、放电过程。
在过阻尼工作状态下,能量在电容与电感之间交换,电路的微分方程可表示为
i m ( t ) = K 1 e s 1 t + K 2 e s 2 t
由零状态时的电容电压uc(0)与励磁电感电流im(0)可确定K1K2的值:
K 1 = 1 s 2 - s 1 [ V i n - 2 u c ( 0 ) - i m 0 s 1 ]
K 2 = 1 s 1 - s 2 [ V i n - 2 u c ( 0 ) - i m 0 s 2 ]
根据上述分析可知,若知道了电容电压uct)与励磁电感电流imt)的初始值uc(0)与im(0),则可以求出电容电压的零状态响应,即二极管体电容im与时间常数t的关系,因此可以求出电容电压的充放电时间,从而计算出开关管零电压开通的时间范围。在本文所提出的电路中,uc(0)=Vinim(0)=Im,根据式(4)可算出Im的值。
通过等效电路可以得出变压器的原边电流ist)的表达式为
i s ( t ) = i m ( t ) + G o e L m d i m ( t ) d t
ist)=0,可得出变压器原边电流下降为零的时间tsts后变压器原边电流续流结束,不再有反向电流流过开关管,因此在ts之后开关管两端的电压不再为0,其逐渐恢复至输入电压的1/2。
阶段3(t3t4):t3时刻,开关管S2&S3零电压开通,流经励磁电感的励磁电流方向发生改变。在此工作模态下,S2&S3两端电压为零,S1&S4体电容电压为Vin,此时变压器开始工作,由原边向副边传递能量,励磁电流的方向见图5c,励磁电感两端的电压值为-Vin
阶段4(t4t5):如图5d所示,t4时刻,MOS管S2&S3关断,此时S1&S4还未导通,励磁电感电流不能突变,励磁电流为S2&S3的体电容充电,为S1&S4的体电容放电,当S1&S4两端电压放电至反向二极管的导通压降时,S1&S4两端的电压被二极管的导通压降钳位至0,为S1&S4提供零电压开通的条件。
阶段3&4的分析方法与阶段1&2相同。
根据上述模态分析可知,在变压器原边电流续流期间开通开关管可实现软开关,该阶段时间ts可由下式计算得出:
t s = l n K 1 + G o e L m K 1 s 1 - ( K 2 + G o e L m K 2 s 2 ) s 2 - s 1
则临界软开关的占空比Ds可计算为
D s = 1 / 2 T s - t s T s
其中 T s = 1 / f s
式中:Ts为开关周期。
通过理论计算可知,全桥变换器换流期间变压器原边电流的续流时间与励磁电感大小、开关管体电容以及变压器副边参数有关,同时电流续流时间通常较短,因此弱励磁电感条件下的全桥变换器能在较大占空比时实现软开关。
为了验证上述理论分析,对利用弱励磁电感实现自主软开关的全桥DC-DC变换器进行了仿真与实验。在Saber仿真软件中建立仿真模型,仿真电路中DC电源幅值为60 V,设置MOS管两端电容Cds=250 pF,励磁电感值为50 μH,开关频率fs=200 kHz。
仿真结果波形如图8所示。仿真结果图中上半图为开关管S1开通后漏源极电流IS1DS,下半图为开关管的驱动波形VS1GS以及漏源极电压VS1DS。其中,图8a为软开关波形,可以看出,在开关管开通之前,由于励磁电流的存在和体电容的充放电,电流流过开关管两端的体二极管,将开关管两端电压钳位至0,在此期间开通开关管为零电压开通。图8b为临界软开关状态,图8c为超过临界值状态,可看出此时电压开始回升。
将仿真参数代入式(15)验证,通过MathCAD计算可得ts=71.28 ns,仿真中测得ts=71.92 ns,同时可计算得出临界软开关占空比在仿真中约为0.48左右。该仿真结果验证了上述理论的可行性。
为验证理论分析的合理性,搭建了500 W实验平台进行测试,实验样机如图9所示。实验参数为:输入电压Vin=60±5 V,输出电压Vo=30 V,额定功率Po=500 W,开关频率fs=200 kHz,效率η>93%;数字芯片采用STM32F103RBT6,主电路开关管型号为NTHL020N120SC1,同步整流开关管型号为IRFB4410ZGPbF,同步整流芯片采用UCC24624。
在该实验中,利用STM32F103RBT6芯片产生PWM波,变压器励磁电感Lm≈58 μF,变压器匝比n=2∶1,所使用的负载为可调电子负载。开关管选用安森美公司生产的SiC MOSFET,其漏源级电容Cs约为238 pF。副边整流方式为同步整流,所使用的同步整流管导通阻抗RDS(on)max=9.0 mΩ,同步整流芯片为TI公司生产的UCC24624双通道芯片,如图9右图所示。
图10为弱励磁电感全桥电路工作时开关管S1的工作波形,此时占空比为0.46,开关管开通时刻已在图中表示出。图中波形分别为S1的驱动波形VS1GS、漏源两端的电压VS1DS、流经S1的电流IS1DS。由图可知,S1开通前有电流流过其体二极管,在此期间开通S1为零电压开通,与仿真结果相同,验证了该弱励磁电感全桥变换器电路分析的合理性。
图11为副边同步整流波形,从上到下分别为变压器副边电压波形、同步整流管栅源电压VGS波形,当同步整流芯片识别到开关管漏源电压时,则会输出高电平到开关管栅源极两端,使开关管导通。
图12为临界软开关状态,根据上一节的原理分析可知,其临界值与原边电流大小有关,在输入电压电流不变的情况下,可通过改变变压器励磁电感的大小从而改变原边电流的大小,由于实验为非理想条件,存在寄生参数的干扰,在本次实验中,临界软开关状态的占空比约为0.43。
图13所示,在超过临界软开关状态后,开关管漏源极两端电压会出现电压回升的状态,在此之后便无法实现零电压开通。
图14为实验样机的效率曲线,在满载500 W时效率为93.9%,主要电路损耗来自变压器磁芯。半载时由于电流下降,因此变压器磁芯以及副边整流回路损耗减小,效率会略微提升,效率能达到94.5%以上,但由于电流变小,占空比可调节的范围也相应减小。轻载时由于原边电流过小,无法实现软开关,因此效率下降。
本文分析了弱励磁电感对全桥电路的影响,在弱励磁电感条件下,电路换流期间变压器原边电流续流时间较长,为开关管体电容充放电的同时将开关管两端电压钳位至0。在此基础上,分析了弱励磁电感条件下全桥变换器实现的自主软开关,分析了其工作模态,并通过计算得出了电容电压、电感电流与时间常数的关系,得到了变压器原边电流的续流时间以及临界软开关占空比的计算方法;变压器原边电流续流时间与励磁电感大小、开关管体电容大小、变压器副边参数有关。随后对所提出内容进行了仿真,并通过仿真参数验证了理论计算的合理性。最后,搭建了输出功率为500 W、工作频率为200 kHz的实验平台,验证了全桥电路在弱励磁电感情况下实现自主零电压开通的可行性。
弱励磁电感会影响PWM控制的准确性,因此在需要利用PWM调节输出电压大小的电路中应避免弱励磁电感。但同时弱励磁电感为全桥电路提供了软开关的条件,后续可在此基础上进行进一步的研究。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24930
  • 接收时间:2023-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-30
  • 修回日期:2023-02-10
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    南京航空航天大学 电子信息工程学院,江苏 南京 211106
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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