Article(id=1205533797124137805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25373, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1699459200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765351254969, onlineDateStr=2025-12-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765351254969, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765351254969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351254969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205533795375113021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='3', pageEnd='93', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765351254552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351619801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205533797346435929, articleId=1205533797124137805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Discussion on the Green and Low-carbon Development Path of the Electrical Transmission Industry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development status of electric drive systems in the industrial sector and their significance in promoting green and low-carbon transformation were studied. As a crucial control and energy-saving equipment in the industrial sector,electric drive systems face numerous challenges posed by unchecked development. It is imperative to enhance the overall quality and energy efficiency levels by optimizing the industry order. Firstly,the current development status of electric drive systems both domestically and internationally were analyzed,and discussed the energy efficiency requirements for products in the global community. Furthermore,problems encountered by electric drive products in the green and low-carbon development of China's industry were discussed. To promote sustainable development of electric drive systems,a green and low-carbon development path was proposed,including strengthening the standardization system for electric drive products,enhancing the implementation of standards,promoting mandatory certifications,and disseminating energy-saving technologies. Simultaneously,the importance of placing emphasis on and regulating the recycling phase of electric drive products was emphasized. Through these measures,electric drive systems hold promise to make a greater contribution towards the green and low-carbon transformation of industry.

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研究了电气传动系统在工业领域的发展现状及其在推动绿色低碳转型中的重要性。作为工业领域关键的控制和节能装备,电气传动系统面临粗放式发展带来的诸多问题,亟需通过优化行业秩序以提升整体质量水平和能效水平。首先分析了电气传动系统的国内外发展现状,并探讨了国际社会对产品能效的要求。进一步地,讨论了我国工业绿色低碳发展中电气传动类产品所遇到的问题。为推动电气传动系统可持续发展,提出了绿色低碳发展路径,包括加强电气传动产品标准化体系建设、加强标准落地实施、推行强制性认证及节能技术推广等。同时,强调了对电气传动类产品回收阶段的重视和监管的重要性。通过这些措施,电气传动系统有望为工业的绿色低碳转型做出更大贡献。

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郭培健(1979—),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为光伏发电与储能技术,Email:
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罗冉杰(1983—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动化技术,Email:

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罗冉杰(1983—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动化技术,Email:

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罗冉杰(1983—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动化技术,Email:

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4 Tianjin Tianchuan Electric Control Equipment Test Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300300,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1205544434193662144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533797124137805, authorId=1205544434042667192, language=CN, stringName=冯崇雯, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, 4, address=3 中国电器工业协会变频器分会,天津 300180
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3 Inverter Branch of China Electrical Industry Association,Tianjin 300180,China
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3 中国电器工业协会变频器分会,天津 300180
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电气传动行业绿色低碳发展路径探讨
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罗冉杰 1 , 李千 2 , 高靖 2 , 冯崇雯 3, 4 , 马梦媛 4 , 郭培健 2, 3, 4
电气传动 | 综述与专论 2024,54(12): 3-7
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电气传动 | 综述与专论 2024, 54(12): 3-7
电气传动行业绿色低碳发展路径探讨
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罗冉杰1 , 李千2, 高靖2, 冯崇雯3, 4, 马梦媛4, 郭培健2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司,山西 太原 030003
  • 2 电气传动国家工程研究中心,天津 300180
  • 3 中国电器工业协会变频器分会,天津 300180
  • 4 天津天传电控设备检测有限公司,天津 300300
  • 罗冉杰(1983—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为自动化技术,Email:

通讯作者:

郭培健(1979—),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为光伏发电与储能技术,Email:
Discussion on the Green and Low-carbon Development Path of the Electrical Transmission Industry
Ranjie LUO1 , Qian LI2, Jing GAO2, Chongwen FENG3, 4, Mengyuan MA4, Peijian GUO2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanxi Taigang Stainless Steel Co.,Ltd.,Taiyuan 030003,Shanxi,China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center for Electric Drive,Tianjin 300180,China
  • 3 Inverter Branch of China Electrical Industry Association,Tianjin 300180,China
  • 4 Tianjin Tianchuan Electric Control Equipment Test Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25373
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研究了电气传动系统在工业领域的发展现状及其在推动绿色低碳转型中的重要性。作为工业领域关键的控制和节能装备,电气传动系统面临粗放式发展带来的诸多问题,亟需通过优化行业秩序以提升整体质量水平和能效水平。首先分析了电气传动系统的国内外发展现状,并探讨了国际社会对产品能效的要求。进一步地,讨论了我国工业绿色低碳发展中电气传动类产品所遇到的问题。为推动电气传动系统可持续发展,提出了绿色低碳发展路径,包括加强电气传动产品标准化体系建设、加强标准落地实施、推行强制性认证及节能技术推广等。同时,强调了对电气传动类产品回收阶段的重视和监管的重要性。通过这些措施,电气传动系统有望为工业的绿色低碳转型做出更大贡献。

电气传动  /  能效  /  标准化  /  发展路径

The development status of electric drive systems in the industrial sector and their significance in promoting green and low-carbon transformation were studied. As a crucial control and energy-saving equipment in the industrial sector,electric drive systems face numerous challenges posed by unchecked development. It is imperative to enhance the overall quality and energy efficiency levels by optimizing the industry order. Firstly,the current development status of electric drive systems both domestically and internationally were analyzed,and discussed the energy efficiency requirements for products in the global community. Furthermore,problems encountered by electric drive products in the green and low-carbon development of China's industry were discussed. To promote sustainable development of electric drive systems,a green and low-carbon development path was proposed,including strengthening the standardization system for electric drive products,enhancing the implementation of standards,promoting mandatory certifications,and disseminating energy-saving technologies. Simultaneously,the importance of placing emphasis on and regulating the recycling phase of electric drive products was emphasized. Through these measures,electric drive systems hold promise to make a greater contribution towards the green and low-carbon transformation of industry.

electric drive  /  energy efficiency  /  standardization  /  development path
罗冉杰, 李千, 高靖, 冯崇雯, 马梦媛, 郭培健. 电气传动行业绿色低碳发展路径探讨. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (12) : 3 -7 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25373
Ranjie LUO, Qian LI, Jing GAO, Chongwen FENG, Mengyuan MA, Peijian GUO. Discussion on the Green and Low-carbon Development Path of the Electrical Transmission Industry[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (12) : 3 -7 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25373
电气传动(又称电力拖动)是指以电动机为原动机拖动机械设备运动的一种拖动方式,可实现电能与机械能之间的转换,并按照生产工艺要求控制电动机输出轴的转矩、角加速度、转速、角位移以及被拖动机械或机构组合的启动、运行、变速、制动等[1]。调速电气传动系统包括变压器、变频器(软启动器)和电机等一系列电气装备。
电气传动系统通过提高效率、实现能量回收、智能化控制等方面的优化和改进,成为重要的节能系统。例如,变频调速装置是电气传动系统中的重要节能装置之一,在风机和泵类应用中,其节能效果尤为显著。通过降低谐波,可以有效减少变压器和电机的能源损失。此外,通过回馈制动能量到电网,还能够降低机械能的损失。综合这些节能措施,电气传动系统的节能效果可以达到30%。电机系统也是电气传动系统的重要组成部分,其在国家电力消耗中占有极大的比重,接近全国用电量的50%,并在工业企业用电中占70%以上,使得电机及其系统的节能工作显得尤为重要和关键[2]。全球各类设备耗电百分比数据如图1所示,表明了电机系统节能工作的重要性和紧迫性。另外,根据统计数据显示,截至2022年12月底,全国累计发电装机容量约为25.6亿kW,同比增长7.8%。其中,水电、风电、太阳能发电、生物质发电的装机量均居世界首位[3]。预计到2030年,我国全国发电装机容量将增长约1 100 GW,发电和电网侧电气传动装备将需要增长约2 000 GW[4],电机需求量还会持续增加。根据《电机能效提升计划(2021—2023年)》提出的主要目标:2023年,高效节能电机年产量需达到1.7亿kW,在役高效节能电机占比需达到20%以上,实现年节电量490亿kW·h,相当于年节约标准煤1 500万t,减排二氧化碳2 800万t。这一方面展示了我国电力产业的快速发展和巨大成就,同时也突出了电气传动系统节能的重要性和必要性。
在现代社会中,化石燃料、电能和光伏风电是三种常用的能源形式,它们在能源需求方面占据着重要地位。这三种能源形式与电气传动技术之间存在着密切的关系。
首先,化石燃料是传统的能源形式之一,主要包括煤、石油和天然气等。这些化石燃料通过燃烧产生热能,然后需要将热能通过电气传动技术转换为机械能,以推动各种类型的生产机械、交通车辆以及生活中需要运动的物品。
其次,电能是使用最广泛的一种能源形式,它既可以从化石燃料中产生,也可以从可再生能源中获得。电气传动的过程需要电能的支持,而电能的产生、传输和分配则需要通过电力系统和电力设备来实现。
此外,新能源光伏风电也需要电气传动技术支撑。光伏风电发出电能具有不稳定、不连续的特点,直接利用存在一定的困难。而电气传动技术可以将这些电能转换为稳定的机械能,从而满足各种工业生产需求。同时,电气传动技术还可以实现对电能优化利用,提高能源利用效率,从而达到节能减排的效果。
随着传统化石燃料能源的饱和发展趋势,可控能源电能的动、热能转换被广泛应用,光伏风能等可再生能源被大力发展,其因具有清洁、无限可利用和分布式的特点而备受瞩目,能源转换迭代如图2所示。电气传动系统在提升能源转换效率、实现能源智能化管理、促进系统集成和互联互通等方面发挥着核心作用,为构建高效、清洁、可持续的能源体系做出了重要贡献。
电气传动类产品作为利用电力驱动机械的设备,在国内外均得到了广泛的发展与应用。在国内,电动汽车产业链快速发展,多家汽车制造商提供各种类型和规格的驱动电机和控制单元[5]。工业机械领域方面,该技术使工业机械设备具备更高的精度、效率以及节能能效,例如变频器、电机以及控制系统[6]。作为全球最大的风力发电市场之一,我国研发的风力发电机组利用电气传动系统将风能转换为电能,并通过变频器以及控制系统实现高效运行[7]。国外方面,欧洲、美国以及日本等发达地区和国家在电动汽车领域也有显著的发展。特斯拉、日产、大众等国际知名汽车厂商也推出了多种电动汽车产品,并且积极推进充电基础设施的建设[8]。在工业机械化程度高的国家,电气传动技术被广泛应用,其衍生的工业自动化、机器人等大大提高了生产效率以及生产质量[9]。国外同样重视可再生能源的采集利用,电气传动技术能高效地帮助可再生能源转化为电能,并实现稳定的发电。
随着《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中对“碳达峰、碳中和”作出工作的部署,电气传动系统节能技术快速迭代革新。例如变频器装置在工业领域节能降碳应用逐步进入快车道,尤其是在冶金、石化、造纸和化工行业增长抢眼,2022年,变频产品在这四个领域分别达到28.6%,25%,25%和22.9%的增长。冶金行业的升级改造、产能置换项目仍在持续,且未来高炉和转炉工序是能效提升的重点改造升级领域[10];化工行业项目释放较多,各细分领域的增长也比较显著,尤其是医药化工、精细化工、化肥等领域;石化行业仍然处于上升周期;造纸行业受纸类涨价的影响,升级改造项目有一定的释放[11]。随着“双碳”政策实施,项目型市场的升级改造仍会持续,基本维持稳定增长的态势。
国外方面,欧盟已经针对电机和调速电气传动系统提出了生态设计要求,并制定了相关法规,根据指令2009/125/EC,委员会应制定能源相关产品的生态设计要求,这些产品占欧盟销售和贸易的很大比重,并对环境产生重大影响,而这些产品设计在对环境影响方面,具有重大改进潜力,而且改进过程不会产生过高的成本[12]。工作计划中的措施估计有可能在2030年最终实现每年超过260 TW·h的节能量,这相当于在2030年每年减少约1亿t的温室气体排放量[13]。评估表明,变速驱动装置大量放置在欧盟市场上,其使用阶段能耗是所有生命周期阶段中最重要的环境因素。在经济方面,有效改善这些电机驱动系统的能效方面还有很大的空间。这意味着应该调整电机的生态设计要求并为变速驱动装置设定生态设计要求,以实现其具有成本效益的能效的全部潜力[14]。生态设计要求应包括产品信息要求,以帮助潜在买家做出最恰当的决定,并使成员国更容易进行市场监督。
由于环保意识的加强和政策的推动,越来越多的企业开始研发和采用更加绿色低碳的电气传动系统。这些系统往往采用高效电机、变频器等设备,能够显著降低能源消耗,减少碳排放,提高能源利用效率,从而达到绿色低碳的效果。
但是粗放式的发展带来了诸多问题,需要通过不断优化行业秩序来提升整体质量水平和能效水平。目前,行业主要面临的问题包括:1)技术方面,电气传动装置拓扑结构和冷却方式的不同,造成能效水平差异较大,直接影响系统节能效果,在高压变频领域尤为突出[15];2)市场方面,低价竞争造成产品质量参差不齐,可靠性不高,直接影响终端运用使用的效果;3)评估方面,电气传动系统节能要具备机械、电气和工艺等综合技术能力,在系统节能效果方面评估困难,影响推广效果;4)认证体系方面,电气传动系统认证不完善,相比于出口欧盟等发达国家的产品,进口产品普遍缺乏认证和检测。绿色低碳发展路径总体框架图如图3所示。
对于电气传动行业的绿色低碳发展,具体的工作如下:
1)建设符合国情的绿色低碳标准体系。电气传动行业标准体系尚不完善,对于生产企业而言,现已有相关国家核算标准,例如GB/T 32150,GB/T 32151等,而对于产品而言,现已有ISO 14067,GB/T 24040,GB/T 24044等国内外标准,但尚缺乏统一的关于产品能效、碳足迹、低碳评价等国家及行业标准,这对行业实现绿色低碳转型造成了一定的阻碍。开展全面有效的标准工作有助于实质性推动行业绿色低碳发展。在标准体系的建设上,一方面要积极消化IEC标准,在借鉴国际先进标准的基础上,开展国标转化工作。另一方面,应结合我国电气传动行业的实际情况,政府和行业协会应制定并推广绿色低碳产品评价标准,明确评价指标和方法,确定相关指标的限值。这些标准应具有科学性、可操作性和前瞻性,能够指导企业进行绿色设计、生产和管理,推动行业整体水平的提升。
2)加强标准落地,结合行业开展绿色低碳产品评价工作。由于绿色低碳产品认证不是强制性认证,行业企业普遍缺乏绿色低碳产品认证的意识。电气类产品的绿色低碳发展进程缓慢,产品低碳设计带来的成本提升使得只有极少数头部企业的部分产品进行了绿色低碳设计,而绝大多数企业仍以降低成本为主进行产品设计和生产。行业内应结合具体应用场景,广泛开展绿色低碳评价工作,重点评估产品在实际使用环境中的能效和碳排放表现。此举不仅可以帮助企业发现产品设计和制造中的不足之处,倒逼行业企业加强产品的绿色设计,提升产品的低碳性能,还能引导用户企业在采购时更加关注产品的环保性和可靠性。此外,应推动用户企业树立长期利益观念,不再以低价中标为唯一评价标准[16]。综合分析表明,低能效产品在3~5 a内消耗的电能基本上相当于其销售价格,这严重损害了用户的实际利益。行业内应更加关注终端消费者的利益,不要让他们被短期的低价所蒙蔽,而是通过绿色低碳产品的推广,让用户企业认识到购买高能效产品虽然初期成本较高,但从长期来看可以节约大量能源费用,真正实现经济效益和环境效益的双赢,推动行业的绿色转型。
3)积极推动电气传动产品的强制性认证工作。电气传动类产品是工业控制的终端,随着智能制造的发展,终将成为工业制造体系的智能终端。作为机械装备与人工智能的连接中枢,其重要性和可靠性尤为关键,缺少了执行结构,系统将陷入瘫痪。电气传动类产品在工业中广泛应用,已经触及到工业体系的安全和消费者的切身利益。在欧美等发达国家,由于电气传动产品应用范围广,是工业控制的中枢,因此对电气传动产品实施安全、绿色、低碳和环境等认证,并作为法律法规严格执行。中国产品进入欧盟必须通过CE认证,进入北美市场必须通过UL认证,出于环境等因素考虑还要通过RoHS认证,此外,2023年6月,欧洲议会正式通过了《欧盟电池与废电池法》(regulation(EU)2023/1542 on batteries and waste batteries),该法于2024年2月18日正式实施,规定只有具备碳足迹声明和标签以及数字电池护照的电动汽车电池和可充电工业电池才能进入欧盟市场[17]。这些严格的认证和法规要求确保了产品的安全性、能效和环境友好性。反观我国,对于进口电气传动产品的认证要求相对较低,电气传动产品尚未纳入强制性认证范围。这使得我国市场面临潜在的安全风险和环境问题。作为工业控制的核心部件,有必要提升对此类产品的安全和能效认证,并加强产品的碳足迹核算认证工作,除此之外,还应建立健全认证体系、加强政府监管与支持、提高行业意识、加强国际合作以及严格市场准入。通过这些措施,不仅可以提升产品的安全性和可靠性,保障我国工业控制安全,还能推动电气传动行业的绿色低碳转型,实现可持续发展。
4)加强电气传动节能技术创新和推广。电气传动技术不仅仅是电气技术,还涉及机械、工艺、软件、电网、电力电子变换等综合问题,是实现系统节能的重要控制环节。例如火电机组大型鼓风机节能中,要解决风量和压力等综合问题,让电机能够工作在最佳工作点,实现节能效果最大化,同时要通过变频控制技术与鼓风机工艺结合,有效避免电机“喘振”现象等[18]。电气传动技术要充分与系统工艺相结合,不断地进行技术创新,以解决不同应用领域中的系统节能问题。另外,由于我国工业控制领域中很多企业普遍关注初始投资的成本,在系统建设过程中集成商以低成本为目的,并没有采用变频节能技术,从而造成系统运营成本提升,因此,在电气工程项目中更要关注系统节能指标和长期运行的经济型。要加强对于不同行业终端用户的技术推广,以保障系统长期运行的节能效果。
5)关注电气产品回收过程中低碳问题。工业电气产品的使用寿命相对较长,很多服役设备在早期设计中没有考虑产品回收过程的成本,在低碳设计方面有很大欠缺,因此当产品进入退役期后,产品回收面临着电气柜表面喷涂的处理、环氧树脂处理等一系列对环境和碳排放有着非常大影响的问题。在这方面,行业对于工业电气产品缺少回收处理方面的规范和要求,在产品设计阶段并没有充分考虑回收过程中的碳排放问题,从行业管理上,有必要加强设计端的规范和要求,开展全生命周期的绿色低碳产品设计,围绕全生命周期开展碳足迹核查工作,成体系地实现电气产品的绿色低碳发展[19]
综上所述,本文在“双碳”政策背景下,深入探讨了电气传动技术及其产品在工业领域的控制和节能作用。首先,本文列举了能源迭代中电气传动技术及其产品的广泛应用范围,凸显了其在推动工业领域能源转型和绿色发展方面的重要性。接着,进一步展开了电气传动行业绿色低碳发展路径的探讨。这些路径包括低碳标准制修订、提升能效、发展可再生分布式能源、推动智能化以及加强政策的引导和支持。这些措施不仅有助于电气传动行业实现绿色低碳发展,也对行业秩序优化、整体质量水平和能效水平提升具有积极的引导意义。
本文通过对电气传动技术及其产品的分析,以及对绿色低碳发展路径的探讨,为电气传动行业的未来发展描绘出了一幅清晰且可行的蓝图。以绿色低碳为核心,以政策引导为助力,以行业各方的共同努力为基础,共同推动电气传动行业向着更加环保、高效、智能的方向发展。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25373
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-09
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    1 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司,山西 太原 030003
    2 电气传动国家工程研究中心,天津 300180
    3 中国电器工业协会变频器分会,天津 300180
    4 天津天传电控设备检测有限公司,天津 300300

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郭培健(1979—),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为光伏发电与储能技术,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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