Article(id=1205533796184613696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24958, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676563200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-17, revisedDate=1678032000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765351254745, onlineDateStr=2025-12-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765351254745, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765351254745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351254745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205533795375113021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='3', pageEnd='93', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765351254552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351619801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205533796541129539, articleId=1205533796184613696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Primary Frequency Modulation Strategy of Direct-driven Wind Turbine Based on Super Capacitor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of insufficient frequency modulation capability of direct-driven wind turbine under traditional virtual inertia control,a control strategy of super capacitor assists direct-driven wind turbine participating in frequency modulation was proposed to improve the frequency stability of power grid after wind power is connected. Firstly,the influence of the fan speed and output power on the frequency modulation capability when the direct-driven wind turbine participates in the frequency modulation through virtual inertia control is analyzed,and the frequency modulation coefficient was established through the Sigmoid function to characterize the frequency modulation capability of it under different operating conditions. Then,based on the frequency modulation coefficient,a frequency modulation strategy for wind storage was proposed,that is when the frequency modulation ability of direct-driven wind turbine is strong,the direct-driven wind turbine participates in the frequency modulation independently,while when the frequency modulation capability is weak,the power required for the frequency modulation is jointly provided by the direct-driven wind turbine and the super capacitor. At the same time,the charging and discharging coefficient was introduced into the power control of the super capacitor to avoid its over-charging and over-discharging. At last,the simulation results show that the proposed method is better than the traditional virtual inertia control when frequency modulation capability of the direct-driven wind turbine is insufficient,and it also avoids overcharging and discharging of super capacitor.

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针对传统虚拟惯量控制下直驱风机调频能力不足的问题,提出了一种超级电容辅助直驱风机参与调频的控制策略,以提升风电接入后电网的频率稳定性。首先分析了直驱风机通过虚拟惯量控制参与调频时风机转速与输出功率对调频能力的影响,并通过Sigmoid函数建立了调频系数以表征其在不同运行状态下的调频能力。然后基于调频系数提出了一种风储调频策略:在直驱风机调频能力强时,由风机单独参与调频,而在调频能力弱时由风机与超级电容共同提供调频所需的功率,同时在超级电容的功率控制中引入充放电系数,避免其过充过放。最后通过仿真分析表明,所提策略的调频效果在直驱风机调频能力不足时较传统虚拟惯量控制有明显改善,且避免了超级电容的过充过放。

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蔺红(1969—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定运行控制,Email:
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朱彦祥(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超级电容辅助风机调频,Email:

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朱彦祥(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超级电容辅助风机调频,Email:

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Relevant parameters of direct-driven wind turbine

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参数 数值 参数 数值
风机容量 1.5 WM 风机极对数 44
直流母线电压 1 200 V 电网频率 50 Hz
风机额定电压 690 V 切入风速 6 m/s
转速(标幺值) 0.7~1.2 额定风速 13 m/s
惯性系数Kh 10 下垂系数Kb 25
), ArticleFig(id=1205544440434778284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533796184613696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

直驱风机相关参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
风机容量 1.5 WM 风机极对数 44
直流母线电压 1 200 V 电网频率 50 Hz
风机额定电压 690 V 切入风速 6 m/s
转速(标幺值) 0.7~1.2 额定风速 13 m/s
惯性系数Kh 10 下垂系数Kb 25
), ArticleFig(id=1205544440535441583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533796184613696, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Frequency regulation index when load suddenly increases at low wind speed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fmax|/Hz fss|/Hz tm/s
Case1 0.459 1 0.110 3 18.57
Case2 0.333 4 0.112 3 18.38
Case3 0.314 1 0.091 7 18.13
Case4 0.314 2 0.101 8 18.13
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低风速下负荷突增时的调频指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fmax|/Hz fss|/Hz tm/s
Case1 0.459 1 0.110 3 18.57
Case2 0.333 4 0.112 3 18.38
Case3 0.314 1 0.091 7 18.13
Case4 0.314 2 0.101 8 18.13
), ArticleFig(id=1205544440728379573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533796184613696, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Frequency regulation index when load suddenly increases at high wind speed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fmax|/Hz fss|/Hz tm/s
Case1 0.464 1 0.096 1 18.98
Case2 0.399 7 0.093 9 18.74
Case3 0.321 7 0.093 5 18.37
Case4 0.321 8 0.093 5 18.37
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高风速下负荷突增时的调频指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fmax|/Hz fss|/Hz tm/s
Case1 0.464 1 0.096 1 18.98
Case2 0.399 7 0.093 9 18.74
Case3 0.321 7 0.093 5 18.37
Case4 0.321 8 0.093 5 18.37
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基于超级电容的直驱风电机组一次调频策略
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朱彦祥 , 蔺红
电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024,54(12): 25-32
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电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024, 54(12): 25-32
基于超级电容的直驱风电机组一次调频策略
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朱彦祥 , 蔺红
作者信息
  • 新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 朱彦祥(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超级电容辅助风机调频,Email:

通讯作者:

蔺红(1969—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定运行控制,Email:
Primary Frequency Modulation Strategy of Direct-driven Wind Turbine Based on Super Capacitor
Yanxiang ZHU , Hong LIN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering,Xinjiang University,Urumqi 830017,Xinjiang,China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24958
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针对传统虚拟惯量控制下直驱风机调频能力不足的问题,提出了一种超级电容辅助直驱风机参与调频的控制策略,以提升风电接入后电网的频率稳定性。首先分析了直驱风机通过虚拟惯量控制参与调频时风机转速与输出功率对调频能力的影响,并通过Sigmoid函数建立了调频系数以表征其在不同运行状态下的调频能力。然后基于调频系数提出了一种风储调频策略:在直驱风机调频能力强时,由风机单独参与调频,而在调频能力弱时由风机与超级电容共同提供调频所需的功率,同时在超级电容的功率控制中引入充放电系数,避免其过充过放。最后通过仿真分析表明,所提策略的调频效果在直驱风机调频能力不足时较传统虚拟惯量控制有明显改善,且避免了超级电容的过充过放。

转子动能  /  超级电容  /  调频能力  /  风储联合  /  调频策略

Aiming at the problem of insufficient frequency modulation capability of direct-driven wind turbine under traditional virtual inertia control,a control strategy of super capacitor assists direct-driven wind turbine participating in frequency modulation was proposed to improve the frequency stability of power grid after wind power is connected. Firstly,the influence of the fan speed and output power on the frequency modulation capability when the direct-driven wind turbine participates in the frequency modulation through virtual inertia control is analyzed,and the frequency modulation coefficient was established through the Sigmoid function to characterize the frequency modulation capability of it under different operating conditions. Then,based on the frequency modulation coefficient,a frequency modulation strategy for wind storage was proposed,that is when the frequency modulation ability of direct-driven wind turbine is strong,the direct-driven wind turbine participates in the frequency modulation independently,while when the frequency modulation capability is weak,the power required for the frequency modulation is jointly provided by the direct-driven wind turbine and the super capacitor. At the same time,the charging and discharging coefficient was introduced into the power control of the super capacitor to avoid its over-charging and over-discharging. At last,the simulation results show that the proposed method is better than the traditional virtual inertia control when frequency modulation capability of the direct-driven wind turbine is insufficient,and it also avoids overcharging and discharging of super capacitor.

rotor kinetic energy  /  super capacitor  /  frequency modulation capability  /  wind storage joint  /  frequency modulation strategy
朱彦祥, 蔺红. 基于超级电容的直驱风电机组一次调频策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (12) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24958
Yanxiang ZHU, Hong LIN. Primary Frequency Modulation Strategy of Direct-driven Wind Turbine Based on Super Capacitor[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (12) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24958
随着双碳目标的提出,风力发电因其对环境友好、可再生、控制灵活等优势,成为极具竞争力的新能源发电技术。直驱风机作为现有的主流机型之一,由于其转子转速与电网频率解耦且一般工作在最大功率点追踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)模式,所以不具有传统同步机的惯量支撑与一次调频能力[1]。随着风电渗透率的提高,系统中的抗扰动能力以及调频能力逐渐减弱,对频率稳定性造成了严重影响[2]。针对这种情况,国内外发布的并网导则中都明确要求风电场应具有惯量支撑与一次调频能力[3-4]
为了使风机具有频率响应能力,国内外学者提出了诸多措施。现有风机参与调频的方式按其能量来源可以将之分为三类:转子动能控制、减载备用以及储能参与调频。文献[5-6]中通过附加功率环引入频率变化率和频率偏差,利用转子动能提供惯量支撑和一次调频,但转速下降过多会在恢复过程中引起频率二次跌落。文献[7-9]分别提出了基于减载备用的转子超速控制、桨距角控制以及二者的协调控制,使风机具有了调频能力,但长期减载会降低风电场的经济性且频繁的桨距角动作会造成机械磨损,增加运维成本。文献[10-11]通过在风机直流母线上配置储能使其具有了调频能力,但由于风机没有参与调频,会使得储能的投资成本较大。
仅依靠风机或者储能单独参与调频有着明显的不足,无法满足系统对风机调频能力以及经济性的要求。而在三种调频方式中,由于转子动能控制与储能调频在调频能力与经济性上具有良好的互补性,因此利用转子动能和储能参与调频成为当前研究的重点。文献[12]提出了由风机转子动能进行调频,储能则在调频后辅助转速恢复,避免频率二次跌落,这种方式虽然提高了调频效果,但没有充分利用储能的调频能力。文献[13]提出了基于动能占比的虚拟惯量控制策略,由转子动能和超级电容共同完成调频,但未对风机转子动能的调频能力进行深入分析,对转子动能的利用不足。文献[14]通过自适应控制协调风机和超级电容,使两者共同参与调频,但其忽略了不同运行状态下风机具有的转子动能不同。文献[15-16]根据不同风速下的可释放转子动能,提出了分段风速下的风储调频策略,并根据荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)对储能的调频出力进行了限制,但忽略了风机输出功率对调频能力的影响。
本文为了提高直驱风机的调频能力,首先分析了转子动能参与调频时风机转速以及输出功率对其调频能力的影响,并通过Sigmoid函数建立了随转速与输出功率变化的调频系数,以反映风机在不同运行状态下的调频能力。然后基于调频系数提出了一种超级电容辅助直驱风机参与调频的控制策略,以提升调频能力较弱时直驱风机的调频效果。最后在Matlab/Simulink中建立了相关的仿真模型,通过仿真验证了所提策略的有效性。
传统电网具有良好的频率稳定性是由于同步机转子动能提供的惯量支撑与其一次调频功能的作用。与同步机一样,直驱风机中同样蕴含着大量的转子动能,能够在系统频率波动时提供一定的能量。但现有的直驱风机由于转速与电网频率解耦且一般运行于MPPT模式,因此当频率扰动时无法为系统提供惯量支撑与一次调频。
为了使直驱风机具有调频能力,有学者通过虚拟惯量综合控制利用转子动能为系统提供惯量支撑与一次调频[17]。但转子动能的调频能力与其运行状态有关,且在长时间参与调频后容易引起频率二次跌落,并不适合单独参与调频。而在现有的储能装置中,超级电容因其循环次数高、功率密度大的特点[4]成为一次调频的主要选择。因此,为了从根本上提高直驱风机的调频能力,本文通过引入超级电容来弥补转子动能的不足,拓扑结构如图1所示[18-19]
图1中,超级电容通过双向DC/DC变换器接在直驱风机的直流母线上;Pm为风力机所捕获的机械功率;ωr为直驱风机的转子转速;Pref为直驱风机的功率参考值;Pe为直驱风机经机侧变换器输送直流母线的电功率;ΔPsc-ref为超级电容的功率参考值,当ΔPsc-ref大于0时,超级电容放电,当ΔPsc-ref小于0时,超级电容充电;Psc为超级电容经双向DC/DC变换器输送到直流母线的功率;锁相环(phase locked loop,PLL)可根据电网电压测得电网频率fPg为输送到网侧的功率。当系统频率变化时,可改变Pref与ΔPsc-ref的值,使直驱风机与超级电容的输出功率发生变化,从而参与调频。
直驱风机通过虚拟惯量控制利用转子动能参与调频时,将系统中的频率变化率以及频率偏差引入到直驱风机的功率控制环中,如下式:
P r e f = P M P P T + Δ P = P M P P T + Δ P 1 + Δ P 2 Δ P 1 = - K h d f d t Δ P 2 = - K b Δ f
式中: P M P P T为风机的最大追踪功率; Δ P为参与一次调频所需的总功率; Δ P 1为惯量支撑所需的功率; Δ P 2为一次调频所需的功率;df /dt为频率变化率; K h为惯性系数;Δf为频率偏差;Kb为下垂系数。
通过控制输出功率的方式利用转子动能为系统提供惯量支撑与一次调频。
当系统频率稳定时,直驱风机工作在最大功率追踪模式。当频率发生扰动时,在频率变化率df /dt与频率偏差Δf的作用下,直驱风机的输出功率Pe会从PMPPT变为PMPPTP,此时由于直驱风机所捕获的机械功率Pm保持不变,风电机组会在ΔP的作用下释放/增加转子动能参与调频,模拟同步机的惯量支撑与一次调频。但是由于这种控制方式中的惯性系数Kh与下垂系数Kb都是定值,因此面对同一频率扰动,任何运行状态下的直驱风机都需要提供相同的调频功率ΔP,忽略了不同转速以及输出功率下直驱风机调频能力的不同。
当频率下降时,转速较低的风机可能会由于转子动能较少而无法通过释放转子动能提供足够的调频功率,转速较高的风机虽然有足够的转子动能,但由于其输出功率接近或达到额定值而导致无法将其转化为输出功率参与调频;当频率上升时,转速较低的风机可能会由于输出功率较低而无法通过降低输出功率并将其转化为转子动能的方式参与调频,转速较高的风机输出功率足够,但由于转速接近或达到额定值而导致无法通过将其转化为转子动能的方式参与调频。因此在调频过程中应根据风机的转子动能以及输出功率对其调频功率进行调整,从而更好地完成调频任务。
为了使调频期间直驱风机的调频功率能够合理地随转速和输出功率变化,首先应明确不同转速以及输出功率下风机的调频能力,为此本文引入了可变转子动能占比系数Kr与可变输出功率占比系数Kp
可变转子动能占比系数Kr表征风机当前可变动能占其全部可变动能的比例,如下式:
K r = Δ E x Δ E m a x = | E - E x | E m a x - E m i n
其中
E = 1 2 J ω r 2
式中: Δ E x为风机当前运行状态下的最大可变转子动能; Δ E m a x为风机可变转子动能的最大值;EmaxEmin分别为风机转子动能的最大值与最小值;E为风机转子动能;Ex为转子动能限值,当Δf >0时,其值为Emax,当Δf <0时,其值为EminJ为风电机组的转动惯量。
将式(3)代入式(2)中,并以额定转速为基准值将其标幺化,可得到:
K r = ω r * 2 - ω r m i n * 2 ω r m a x * 2 - ω r m i n * 2 Δ f 0 ω r m a x * 2 - ω r * 2 ω r m a x * 2 - ω r m i n * 2 Δ f 0
式中: ω r *为当前转速的标幺值; ω r m a x *为转速最大值的标幺值; ω r m i n *为转速最小值的标幺值。
可变输出功率占比系数Kp表征风机当前可变输出功率占其全部可变输出功率的比例,如下式:
K p = Δ P e x Δ P e m a x = | P e - P e x | P e m a x - P e m i n
式中: Δ P e x为当前运行状态下的最大可变输出功率; Δ P e m a x为可变输出功率的最大值;Pe为输出功率; P e m a x P e m i n分别为输出功率的最大值与最小值; P e x为功率的限值,当Δf >0时,Pex=Pemin,当Δf <0时,Pex=Pemax
当风机运行在最大功率追踪模式时,其输出功率为
P e = K o p t ω r 3
式中:Kopt为功率增益系数。
可将风机额定功率PN作为基准值,将式(5)标幺化为
K p = P e m a x * - P e * P e m a x * - P e m i n * Δ f 0 P e * - P e m i n * P e m a x * - P e m i n * Δ f 0
其中 P e m i n *=Kopt· ω r m i n 3/PN
式中: P e *为输出功率的标幺值; P e m a x *为输出功率最大值的标幺值,值为1; P e m i n *为输出功率最小值的标幺值; ω r m i n 为风机转速的最小值。
KrKp的定义可知:当频率下降(上升)时,Kr随风速的增大而增大(减小),Kp随风速的增大而减小(增大)。由于KrKp随风速的变化趋势相反,因此直驱风机的调频能力应由二者的较小值决定,本文将其定义为综合系数Kd
K d = m i n { K r , K p }
通过文献[16]可知,在调频能力较强的情况下,转子动能能够单独完成调频任务,而由于Kd的值必小于1,故不能直接以其来调节风机的调频功率。
Sigmoid是一种典型的S型函数,它具有天然的指数性以及饱和性。为了使直驱风机提供的调频功率能够随其调频能力变化,本文以综合系数Kd为自变量,利用Sigmoid函数建立了调频系数K,在Kd较小时让K趋于0,然后让其随着Kd的增大趋于1,从而充分发挥风机的调频能力,调频系数K的定义为
K = b b + e - a K d ( 1 - b )
式中:ab为曲线的调节参数,决定曲线的形状。
ab取不同值时,调频系数KKd的变化曲线如图2所示。由图2可知,a决定了K的斜率,a越小,K变化越慢,风机会在Kd较大时就开始退出调频,不能充分发挥其调频能力;a越大,K变化越快,风机会在Kd较小时以极快的速度退出调频,容易对系统造成冲击,不利于系统稳定。b决定了Kd=0时风机参与调频的程度,b较大会导致风机在调频能力较低时就开始参与调频;b较小会导致风机参与调频的运行区间减小。综合考虑二者对调频系数K的影响,本文取a=50,b=0.000 1。
将调频系数K引入到式(1)所示的转子动能控制中,使直驱风机在调频能力强(K=1)时完全提供调频所需的功率ΔP,而在调频能力较弱(0<K<1)时只提供ΔP的一部分,此时直驱风机功率参考值为
P r e f = P M P P T + K Δ P = P M P P T - K ( K h d f d t + K b Δ f )
根据文献[13],本文设置调频死区为0.03 Hz,当|Δf |小于0.03 Hz,风机只提供惯量支撑;当|Δf |超过0.03 Hz时,风机同时进行惯量支撑与一次调频。同时由2.1.1节可知,惯量支撑的主要作用是抑制频率变化,这种作用在频率恶化的过程中,可以延长频率到达最大偏差点的时间,为之后的一次调频争取相应的时间。但是在系统频率恢复过程中,会阻碍频率恢复,延长调频的时间,而不论频率是上升还是下降,在频率恶化时,Δf与df /dt之积均大于0,在频率恢复时,Δf与df /dt之积均小于0。因此本文中只有当Δf与df /dt之积大于0时进行惯量支撑,小于0时停止,此时直驱风机的控制框图如图3所示。
对于超级电容,主要作用是辅助风机进行调频,弥补直驱风机调频能力的不足,共同提供惯量支撑与一次调频所需的调频功率ΔP,由于直驱风机转子动能在调频能力较弱(0<K<1)时只提供了ΔP的一部分,故超级电容参与调频时需提供的调频功率ΔPsc
Δ P s c = ( 1 - K ) Δ P = - ( 1 - K ) ( K h d f d t + K b Δ f )
超级电容辅助风机参与调频时,除了考虑更好地响应频率变化以及与风电机组的协调外,还应该考虑储能自身的SOC,防止其过充过放。
为方便控制,本文首先将超级电容的SOC从小到大分为4个区间:最小值SOCmin,较小值SOClow,较大值SOChigh,最大值SOCmax,其取值分别为:0.1,0.4,0.6,0.9。然后分别设置超级电容的充电系数K1和放电系数K2,并将其引入到控制环节中,防止过充过放。
充放电系数K1K2的设置原则:K1SOC小于Shigh时保持在1,在SOC>SOChigh时逐渐减小,当SOCSOCmax时,变为0;K2SOC小于SOCmin时保持在0,在SOC>SOCmin时逐渐增大,当SOCSOClow时,K2变为1。根据以上原则设置的调节系数如下式:
K 1 = 1 S O C S O C h i g h S O C m a x - S O C S O C m a x - S O C h i g h S O C h i g h S O C S O C m a x 0 S O C S O C m a x
K 2 = 0 S O C S O C m i n S O C - S O C m i n S O C l o w - S O C m i n S O C m i n S O C S O C l o w 1 S O C S O C l o w
将式(12)、式(13)代入式(11)中,可得超级电容的功率参考值如下:
Δ P s c - r e f = K 1 Δ P s c Δ f 0 K 2 Δ P s c Δ f 0
结合2.1.2节可知超级电容的功率控制框图如图4所示。
为验证本文所提策略的有效性,本文在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了如图5所示的含直驱风机的3机9节点系统。其中,SG1和SG3是容量为100 MW的同步机,均配置了调速器及励磁系统;风电场由32台配置了超级电容的1.5 MW直驱风机构成,直驱风机的参数如表1所示,超级电容额定功率为150 kW,容量150 kW×30 s[1];L1~L6代表输电线路,Load1为100 MW的恒定负荷,Load2为随机波动负荷,Load3为35 MW的恒定负荷。为便于分析,本文设置以下场景:Case1:风机不参与调频;Case2:风机通过传统虚拟惯量控制参与调频;Case3:风机通过调频系数引入超级电容进行辅助调频,但不进行SOC反馈调节;Case4:风机通过本文所提策略参与调频。
在阶跃扰动下,无论频率上升还是下降,其调频过程都具有相似性,因此本文以频率下降(负荷突增)为例,通过在不同风速下对4种控制策略进行仿真对比,验证所提策略的有效性。同时,为便于分析,将最大频率偏差的绝对值|Δfmax|、达到最大频率偏差的时间tm以及稳态频率偏差的绝对值|Δfss|作为调频效果的评价指标,它们的值越小,调频效果越好。
风机风速保持在8 m/s,超级电容SOC初值设置为0.5,在初始时将Load2切除,直到15 s时才将其增加到40 MW,仿真时长总共为70 s,仿真结果如图6所示,评价指标如表2所示。
图6表2可知,Case1中调频效果最差,tm为18.57 s,|Δfmax|为0.459 1 Hz,|Δfss|为0.110 3 Hz;Case2中调频效果较Case1有所改善,tm减少到18.38 s,|Δfmax|减小到0.333 4 Hz,相比风机不参与调频提高了27.46%,但由于此时风机调频能力较弱(转速较低),在21.5 s时风机转速就已经降至最低,风机不仅无法继续为系统提供频率支撑,在转速恢复时还吸收了一部分功率,因此其|Δfss|比风机不参与调频时还大,为0.112 3 Hz;在Case3中,效果最好,tm为18.13 s,|Δfmax|为0.314 1 Hz,|Δfss|为0.091 7 Hz,均小于前两种场景下对应的调频指标,这是由于Case3中,通过调频系数K将所需的调频功率分配给了风机转子动能与超级电容,提高了风机整体的调频能力,但是由于未对其SOC进行反馈调节,其SOC在58.8 s时下降到了其下限值0.1;在Case4中,tm为18.13 s,|Δfmax|为0.314 2 Hz,|Δfss|为0.101 8 Hz,由于同样采用调频系数K进行了功率分配,其调频效果与Case3中基本一致,但因为引入了基于SOC的反馈调节,其SOC变化曲线要比Case3平缓,且调频期间其值均大于下限值。综合而言,在低风速下负荷突增时Case4调频能力最好。
风机风速保持在12 m/s,超级电容SOC初值设置为0.5,在初始时将Load2切除,直到15 s时才将其增加到40 MW,仿真时长总共为70 s,仿真结果如图7所示,评价指标如表3所示。图8为直驱风机输出功率的变化曲线。
图7表3可知,Case1中调频效果最差,各项调频指标中tm为18.98 s,|Δfmax|为0.464 1 Hz,|Δfss|为0.096 1 Hz;Case2中调频效果比Case1有所改善,tm为18.74 s,|Δfmax|为0.399 7 Hz,|Δfss|为0.093 9 Hz,三者相比风机不参与调频时均有所提高;在Case3中,|Δfss|减小到0.093 5 Hz,tm减小到18.37 s,|Δfmax|减小到0.321 7 Hz,相比Case2有着进一步提高。由图7c图8可知,这主要是由于此时风机调频能力较弱(实际输出功率Pe较高),Case2中在频率偏差达到最大值前,其输出功率Pe先达到了最大值,转子动能无法继续转变为输出功率;Case3中通过引入调频系数K,降低了风机在15 s—33 s间的风机需提供的调频功率,同时通过超级电容提供了减少的这部分功率,因此即便Case2中风机释放的转子动能比Case3中多,其调频效果却比Case3中差,如果风速进一步提高,风机调频能力会进一步降低,Case3中调频效果会更明显;Case4中,tm为18.37 s,|Δfmax|为0.321 8 Hz,|Δfss|为0.093 5 Hz,由于同样采用调频系数K进行了功率分配,因此其调频效果与Case3中基本一致,但因为引入了基于SOC的反馈调节,其SOC变化曲线比Case3中平缓,降低了超级电容的出力深度,延长了使用寿命。综合而言,在高风速下负荷突增时Case4调频能力最好。
针对传统虚拟惯量综合控制下直驱风机调频能力不足的问题,本文首先根据直驱风机不同运行状态下调频能力不同的特点,利用Sigmoid函数建立了随风机转速以及输出功率变化的调频系数,然后基于调频系数提出了一种通过超级电容来提升直驱风机调频能力的调频策略。经仿真分析得到了以下结论:
1)在低风速下,由于风机转速与其实际输出功率较低,调频能力较弱,当系统频率发生扰动时,本文所提策略的调频效果优于风机采用传统虚拟惯量控制时的调频效果;
2)在高风速下,由于风机转速与实际输出功率都接近其额定值,调频能力较弱,当系统频率发生扰动时,本文所提策略的调频效果优于风机采用传统虚拟惯量控制时的调频效果;
3)通过引入基于超级电容SOC的充放电系数,避免了其在调频期间的过充过放,延长了使用寿命。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项资助项目(2022B01020-3)
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2024年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24958
  • 接收时间:2023-02-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17
  • 修回日期:2023-03-06
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新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项资助项目(2022B01020-3)
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    新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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蔺红(1969—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定运行控制,Email:
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