Article(id=1205533795991675710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688918400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-10, revisedDate=1697385600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765351254698, onlineDateStr=2025-12-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765351254698, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765351254698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351254698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205533795375113021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='3', pageEnd='93', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765351254552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351619801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205533796205585217, articleId=1205533795991675710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=PMSM Model Predictive Control Strategy Based on Improved Virtual Space Vector Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional control of electromechanical actuator in aviation electromechanical servo system mostly adopts two-level inverter and PID control,which can not achieve higher precision control of permanent magnet synchronous motor. In view of the above problems and the difficulty of space vector modulation algorithm to solve the problem of neutral point voltage balance,a model predictive control method based on improved virtual space vector method was proposed,and the corresponding control strategy was designed. The model predictive control was used to improve the control response speed and control accuracy of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. The neutral point clamped(NPC) three-level inverter with more sinusoidal output was used. The improved virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM) was used to construct a dodecagon virtual space vector diagram closer to the vector circle. The simulation results show that the improved method can realize the stable operation of permanent magnet synchronous motor under low torque ripple,and has a good control effect on the midpoint voltage balance problem.

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在航空机电伺服系统中对机电作动器的传统控制大多采用两电平逆变器与PID控制,无法实现对永磁同步电机更高精度控制,针对以上问题与空间矢量调制算法难以解决中点电压平衡的问题,提出了一种基于改进虚拟空间矢量法的模型预测控制方法,并设计了对应的控制策略。通过模型预测控制提高对永磁同步电机的控制响应速度与控制精度,采用输出更趋于正弦波的中点钳位型(NPC)三电平逆变器,利用改进的虚拟空间矢量法(VSVPWM)构建了一种更接近矢量圆的正十二边形虚拟空间矢量图。仿真分析结果表明,改进方法可以实现永磁同步电机低转矩脉动下的稳定运行,同时对中点电压平衡问题有良好控制效果。

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董海鹰(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,Email:
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万劭琦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,Email:

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IEEE Tran-sactions on Power Electronics, 2021, 36(2):2179-2190., articleTitle=Data-driven recursive least squares estimation for model predictive current control of permanent magnet synchronous motors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205544442095722722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533795991675710, awardId=21ZD4GA005, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科技重大专项(21ZD4GA005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205544435909125079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533795991675710, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205544435930096602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533795991675710, companyId=1205544435909125079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of New Energy and Power Enginering,Lanzhou Jiaotong University,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China), 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The type of vectors

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开关状态 中点电流
零矢量 pppooonnn 0
小矢量 pooonn - i a i a
ppooon i c - i c
oponon - i b i b
oppnoo i a - i a
oopnno - i c i c
popono i b - i b
中矢量 opnonp i a
ponnop i b
pnonpo i c
大矢量 pnnppnnpn 0
nppnnppnp
), ArticleFig(id=1205544441860841691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533795991675710, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矢量种类表

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开关状态 中点电流
零矢量 pppooonnn 0
小矢量 pooonn - i a i a
ppooon i c - i c
oponon - i b i b
oppnoo i a - i a
oopnno - i c i c
popono i b - i b
中矢量 opnonp i a
ponnop i b
pnonpo i c
大矢量 pnnppnnpn 0
nppnnppnp
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改进虚拟空间矢量法的PMSM模型预测控制策略
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万劭琦 1 , 汪波 2 , 关文卿 2 , 陈静波 2 , 吕从鑫 1 , 董海鹰 1
电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024,54(12): 8-15
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电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024, 54(12): 8-15
改进虚拟空间矢量法的PMSM模型预测控制策略
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万劭琦1 , 汪波2, 关文卿2, 陈静波2, 吕从鑫1, 董海鹰1
作者信息
  • 1 兰州交通大学 新能源与动力工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2 兰州万里航空机电责任有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 万劭琦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,Email:

通讯作者:

董海鹰(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,Email:
PMSM Model Predictive Control Strategy Based on Improved Virtual Space Vector Method
Shaoqi WAN1 , Bo WANG2, Wenqing GUAN2, Jingbo CHEN2, Congxin LÜ1, Haiying DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of New Energy and Power Enginering,Lanzhou Jiaotong University,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China
  • 2 Lanzhou Wanli Airlines Electromechanical Limited Liability Company,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25229
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在航空机电伺服系统中对机电作动器的传统控制大多采用两电平逆变器与PID控制,无法实现对永磁同步电机更高精度控制,针对以上问题与空间矢量调制算法难以解决中点电压平衡的问题,提出了一种基于改进虚拟空间矢量法的模型预测控制方法,并设计了对应的控制策略。通过模型预测控制提高对永磁同步电机的控制响应速度与控制精度,采用输出更趋于正弦波的中点钳位型(NPC)三电平逆变器,利用改进的虚拟空间矢量法(VSVPWM)构建了一种更接近矢量圆的正十二边形虚拟空间矢量图。仿真分析结果表明,改进方法可以实现永磁同步电机低转矩脉动下的稳定运行,同时对中点电压平衡问题有良好控制效果。

三电平逆变器  /  中点电位  /  模型预测控制  /  虚拟电压矢量

The traditional control of electromechanical actuator in aviation electromechanical servo system mostly adopts two-level inverter and PID control,which can not achieve higher precision control of permanent magnet synchronous motor. In view of the above problems and the difficulty of space vector modulation algorithm to solve the problem of neutral point voltage balance,a model predictive control method based on improved virtual space vector method was proposed,and the corresponding control strategy was designed. The model predictive control was used to improve the control response speed and control accuracy of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. The neutral point clamped(NPC) three-level inverter with more sinusoidal output was used. The improved virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM) was used to construct a dodecagon virtual space vector diagram closer to the vector circle. The simulation results show that the improved method can realize the stable operation of permanent magnet synchronous motor under low torque ripple,and has a good control effect on the midpoint voltage balance problem.

three-level inverter  /  midpoint potential  /  model predictive control  /  virtual voltage vector
万劭琦, 汪波, 关文卿, 陈静波, 吕从鑫, 董海鹰. 改进虚拟空间矢量法的PMSM模型预测控制策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (12) : 8 -15 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25229
Shaoqi WAN, Bo WANG, Wenqing GUAN, Jingbo CHEN, Congxin LÜ, Haiying DONG. PMSM Model Predictive Control Strategy Based on Improved Virtual Space Vector Method[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (12) : 8 -15 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25229
机电伺服系统在航空航天领域的应用越来越广泛[1-2],机电作动器是机电伺服系统的执行机构,相比传统的液压作动器,机电作动器具有更高效、集成度更高、更易维护的特点。随着航空机电伺服系统的发展,永磁同步电机因其具有高效率、高功率密度、高控制精度等优点,成为其中的重要组成部分[3-4]。而永磁同步电机的控制策略对于机电作动系统的性能和可靠性具有至关重要的作用。因此,如何更精确稳定地控制永磁同步电机已成为机电伺服系统研究的热点之一[5-7]
在几种多电平结构中,三电平中点钳位(neutral point clamped,NPC)逆变电路是目前较为成熟的结构之一,其电路结构与控制方法较为简单,具有耐压等级高、输出电压畸变率低等优点[8-9]。随着逆变器电压等级与电平等级不断升高,经典控制算法难以有较大改进,相应控制也越来越复杂[10-11]。电平等级越高,空间矢量算法(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)中电压矢量的个数呈指数式增加,使得分区与矢量作用的时间计算愈加繁琐[12-13];载波调制中载波的层叠数量也越来越多,变得更加复杂[14-15]。而模型预测控制避免了上述问题,同时具有计算量小、动态响应快的优点,采用滚动优化的控制策略,控制简单方便,因此在电机控制领域中得到广泛关注[16-19]
现有NPC逆变器模型预测控制方法当中,大多数通过改进算法减少计算负担来实现。文献[10]将前馈解耦调制与模型预测算法相结合,对中点电压和悬浮电容电压进行前馈补偿后代入模型预测算法中,实现了算法效率的提高。文献[20]采用分布预测方法,将27个电压矢量减少到13个来提高模型预测控制计算效率。文献[21]考虑了共模电压,合成新的虚拟矢量提高逆变器整体性能。文献[22]将每一个阶段中可行的开关状态限制到与呈现的状态最接近的水平。然而,此类方法虽然通过降低运算次数提高了速度与效率,但降低了价值函数评估选出最优矢量的精确度与逆变器输出能力。
本文针对永磁同步电机控制,提出一种改进虚拟空间矢量算法的模型预测控制策略来解决上述问题,设计一种正十二边形虚拟空间矢量图,更接近矢量圆以满足模型预测控制下对电机的精确控制。该方法对传统虚拟空间矢量算法进行改进,拓展电压矢量的数量,保留原有优势的同时实现对电机更精确的控制。最终在Matlab中进行相关仿真验证,证明该控制策略在应用中的有效性和可行性。
三电平NPC逆变器拓扑结构如图1所示。图中, C 1 C 2分别为直流侧上、下电容; O点为直流侧母线中点; S 1 S 11 S 2 S 22分别为各相桥臂上的4个开关管;PMSM为负载侧永磁同步电机; U d c为直流侧母线电压; i o为直流侧中点电流; i a b c为负载侧三相输出电流。
每相桥臂有pon三种开关状态,分别代表输出电压 U d c的3个电压幅值: U d c / 2,0, - U d c / 2,一共有 3 3 = 27种开关状态,与空间电压矢量的对应关系如图2所示。
表1显示了空间矢量对应矢量种类,其中小矢量以成对的形式出现并各自对中点电压有相反作用,中矢量会使中点电压升高,而零矢量与大矢量对中点电压无作用。
虚拟空间矢量图如图3所示,其中虚拟零矢量 V 0由原来的空间矢量 p p p o o o n n n组成,作用期间中点电压不受影响;虚拟小矢量( V S 1 V S 2 V S 3 V S 4 V S 5 V S 6)由一对中点电压影响相反的正、负小矢量组成,由于采样周期 T很短,可认为1个采样周期内该虚拟小矢量对中点电压无影响,具体虚拟小矢量如下:
V S 1 = 1 2 ( p o o + o n n )
表1可知单个中矢量会对中点电压造成影响,因此虚拟中矢量( V M 1 V M 2 V M 3 V M 4 V M 5 V M 6)由中矢量与相邻正小矢量组成,在1个采样周期对中点电压无影响,即 i a + i b + i c = 0,具体虚拟中矢量如下:
V M 1 = 1 3 ( o n n + p o n + p p o )
虚拟大矢量( V L 1 V L 2 V L 3 V L 4 V L 5 V L 6)对中点电压无影响,等于原来的大矢量,即
V L 1 = p n n
模型预测算法的基本原理是依据当前状态对未来一段时间的响应进行预测,取控制序列的第一项作为下一时刻的控制量,再经过滚动优化和反馈校正使预测的响应向着设定的目标接近。具体是将相关变量代入价值函数中计算来完成,然后比较得出有限集中误差最小的变量,使得控制值逐渐接近参考值。
模型预测控制性能严重依赖被控对象的数学模型,被控对象参数失配或其他未建模的动态都会影响性能[23]。本文以永磁同步电机为对象,在同步旋转d-q坐标系下其连续域数学模型可以表示为[17]
u d = R i d + d d t ( L d i d + Ψ f ) - ω r ( L q i q ) u q = R i q + d d t ( L q i q ) - ω r ( L d i d + Ψ f )
式中: u d u q分别为dq轴输出电压; i d i q分别为dq轴输出电流; Ψ f为永磁体磁链;R为定子电阻; ω r为转子角速度。
输出电流 i d i q利用前向欧拉离散化方法可近似表示为
d i d d t i d ( k + 1 ) - i d ( k ) T c d i q d t i q ( k + 1 ) - i q ( k ) T c
式中: i d ( k + 1 ) i q ( k + 1 )分别为 k + 1时刻dq轴输出电流; i d ( k ) i q ( k )分别为k时刻dq轴输出电流; T c为输出电流的控制周期。
将式(5)代入式(4),整理可得:
i d ( k + 1 ) = ( 1 - R T c L d ) i d ( k ) + ω r L q T c L d i q ( k ) +                                             T c L d u d ( k ) i q ( k + 1 ) = - ω r L d T c L q i d ( k ) + ( 1 - R T c L q ) i q ( k ) +                                               T c L q u q ( k ) - ω r Ψ f T c L q
式中: u d ( k ) u q ( k )分别为k时刻空间电压矢量在dq轴上的分量。
通过式(6),k时刻可以计算任意空间电压矢量作用下 k + 1时刻输出电流预测值。
对于传统虚拟空间矢量算法,有限集模型预测算法是对有限集内所有电压矢量进行滚动优化后,选择出对应价值函数最小的电压矢量输出,每次滚动即对有限集中21个电压矢量进行计算,传统模型预测控制算法如图4所示。
预测控制方案按以下步骤进行:
第1步:采样k时刻的三相输出电流 i a b c ( k )和逆变器上、下电容电压 U u p ( k ) U d o w n ( k ),并将输出电流 i a b c ( k )进行 a b c / d q变换得到 i d ( k ) i q ( k )
第2步:将21个传统虚拟空间矢量作为电压控制集,在k时刻将控制集中每一个电压矢量的 u d ( k ) u q ( k ) i d ( k ) i q ( k )代入预测模型式(6),得到所有有限集中电压矢量对应的k+1时刻预测电流 i d ( k + 1 ) i q ( k + 1 )
第3步:将 i d ( k + 1 ) i q ( k + 1 )与参考电流 i d * ( k + 1 ) i q * ( k + 1 )以及中点上、下电容电压代入价值函数中,经过计算选取价值函数值最小的基本电压矢量作为最优矢量,并将其对应的开关序列作用于逆变器。
为了适应模型预测控制下对电机的精确控制,对传统虚拟空间矢量法进行改进,本文通过合成虚拟矢量构建了更接近圆形的虚拟空间矢量图,虚拟空间矢量图如图5所示,改进的虚拟空间矢量由以下5部分矢量组成:
1)零矢量 V 0不变,由原本的零矢量组成。
2)虚拟小矢量由两部分组成,第1部分与传统虚拟小矢量相同,由成对的正、负小矢量构成( V S 1 V S 2 V S 3 V S 4 V S 5 V S 6),正、负小矢量同时作用来抵消对中点电压的影响,具体的虚拟小矢量如下式:
V S 1 = 1 2 ( p o o + o n n )
3)第2部分虚拟小矢量( V M 1 V M 2 V M 3 V M 4 V M 5 V M 6)在传统虚拟中矢量的合成基础上消除对中点电压的影响,同时加入了零矢量对虚拟小矢量的作用时间进行调整,为使目标矢量成为更接近圆的虚拟矢量图,对中小矢量系数进行调整,零矢量系数作为满足时间约束计算得出。具体虚拟小矢量如下:
V M 1 = 3 6 ( p o n + p p o + o n n ) + ( 1 - 3 2 ) V 0
4)虚拟大矢量也由两部分组成,第1部分由中矢量与相邻大矢量构成,牺牲了由中矢量对中点电压所产生的影响,构成更接近矢量圆的正十二边形空间矢量。具体的虚拟大矢量如下:
V L 1 = 1 3 ( p o n + p p n + p n n )
5)第2部分大矢量在传统虚拟大矢量的基础上加入零矢量,对作用时间进行调整并改变对应系数,从而与第1部分虚拟大矢量模值相同,其对中点电压无影响。具体的虚拟大矢量如下:
V X 1 = 3 2 p n n + ( 1 - 3 2 ) V 0
改进后虚拟空间矢量牺牲对少数虚拟大矢量中点电压的平衡,但构成更接近矢量圆的正十二边形空间矢量图,更利于模型预测控制下对电机的精确控制。
定义中点电压为
U n p = U u p - U d o w n
图6为中点电压电路分析图。设 i o所示方向为正方向,当中点电流 i o为正值时,电容 C 1充电,电压 U u p增大,电容 C 2放电,电压 U d o w n减小,中点电位 U n p = U u p - U d o w n 0;当中点电流 i o为负值时,电容 C 1放电,电压 U u p减小,电容 C 2充电,电压 U d o w n增大,中点电压 U n p = U u p - U d o w n 0
平衡方法即依据正、负小矢量对中点电压的作用互逆的原理,在每个采样周期中对虚拟小矢量 V S 1内正、负小矢量作用时间进行调节。
一个虚拟小矢量即一对儿正、负小矢量,其总作用时间为一个采样周期。
U n p 0时,增加虚拟小矢量内负小矢量的作用时间,即增加对下电容的充电时间以降低中点电压。当 U n p 0时,增加虚拟小矢量内正小矢量的作用时间,即增加对上电容的充电时间。
改进算法将电压矢量个数从21个增加至27个,构成更适合电机控制的正十二边形矢量图。同时在模型预测控制中取消了权重系数对电流跟随与中点电压控制的权重,先对电流进行预测控制,然后再调整正、负小矢量对中点电压进行控制。
改进的模型预测控制系统框图如图7所示。预测控制方案前两步与传统算法基本一致(见2.1.2小节),区别在于有限集内电压矢量不同,同时对第3步进行调整:将 i d ( k + 1 ) i q ( k + 1 )、参考电流 i d * ( k + 1 ) i q * ( k + 1 )代入价值函数中,经过计算选取价值函数值最小的基本电压矢量作为最优矢量,然后对虚拟矢量类型进行判断,为虚拟小矢量则继续对中点电压进行判断,按照 U n p的正、负对虚拟小矢量中正、负小矢量对儿的作用时间进行再分配,并将对应的开关序列作用于逆变器。价值函数设置如下:
T = [i d ( k + 1 ) - i d * ( k + 1 ) ] 2 + [i q ( k + 1 ) - i q * ( k + 1 ) ] 2
为验证本文所提算法的正确性和有效性,基于改进虚拟空间矢量法的模型预测控制,对三电平 N P C逆变器与永磁同步电机进行了Matlab仿真实验对比分析,其中三相永磁同步电机采用 i d=0控制。仿真参数为:控制频率 T c=100 kHz,直流侧电压 U d c=270 V,直流侧上、下电容 C=4 700 μF,电机额定转速 n=955 r/min,定子dq轴电感 L d= L q=0.395 mH,定子电阻R=0.048 5 Ω,永磁体磁链 Ψ f=0.119 4 Wb。
仿真均设置为在电机空载稳定运行后,即在0.25 s时刻进行负载突变,由0 N·m变为5 N·m。图8图9给出了在仿真参数下三相电流与三相电压的输出波形。可以看出,在负载突变过程中,电压保持稳定,电流可以准确跟随目标,证明了改进算法的动态性能。
图10a图10b分别给出了传统算法与改进算法的中点电压控制效果图。可以看出,传统算法在负载突变前、后中点电压差绝对值稳定在0.25 V以内,改进算法则稳定在0.15 V以内,即最终上、下电容电压稳定在135±0.075 V,证明了改进算法中虚拟矢量构成的合理性与中点平衡控制的有效性。
图11a图11b给出了传统算法与改进算法下永磁同步电机转速波形。可以看出,在模型预测控制方法下两种算法均有较快的响应速度,电机转速均稳定在100 rad/s,在负载突变后转速均略有偏差。
图12a图12b所示为传统算法与改进算法的电机转矩波形图。两种算法下电机转矩均在电机稳定运转后保持稳定,无较大转矩脉动,且在负载突变后迅速跟随目标并保持稳定。对比可知改进算法下电机转矩更为稳定,且波形中毛刺更少,证明了改进算法对电机控制的有效性。
图13图14分别给出了传统算法与改进算法下电机定子dq轴电流的波形图。在模型预测算法下q轴电流在负载突变后与转矩一致,迅速跟随目标并保持稳定。对比可知,在改进算法下电机dq轴电流均比传统算法更为稳定,其中,传统算法下电机d轴电流可保持在±1 A以内,而改进算法下可保持在±0.75 A以内;传统算法下电机q轴电流可保持在61.8~64.1 A之间,而改进算法下可保持在62.2~63.8 A之间,证明了改进算法对电机dq轴电流控制效果的有效性与稳定性。
本文提出了一种基于模型预测控制的改进虚拟空间矢量算法,构造出一种更贴近矢量圆的正十二边形空间矢量图,相比于传统的虚拟空间矢量算法,通过理论分析与仿真验证,可以得出以下结论:
1)改进算法对于模型预测控制更加适用,从传统算法可选择的21个空间矢量增加至27个,且构成正十二边形空间矢量图贴近矢量圆,更适用于永磁同步电机精确控制。
2)改进算法保留了传统控制的优点,可以实现对永磁同步电机稳定运行与中点电压控制,且在控制下对电机定子dq轴电流控制精度更高,同时在负载突变后转矩脉动更低。
3)改进算法牺牲了对少数虚拟大矢量中点电压的控制,但仍能保证中点电压的稳定。
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项(21ZD4GA005)
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2024年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25229
  • 接收时间:2023-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-10
  • 修回日期:2023-10-16
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甘肃省科技重大专项(21ZD4GA005)
作者信息
    1 兰州交通大学 新能源与动力工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2 兰州万里航空机电责任有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730070

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董海鹰(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,Email:
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