Article(id=1205158524700569847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158521005384666, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1685030400000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765261783050, onlineDateStr=2025-12-09, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765261783050, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765261783050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261783050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205158521005384666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765261782170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261980641, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205159353524400961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158521005384666, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205159353524400962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158521005384666, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205158525019336959, articleId=1205158524700569847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Dynamic Energy Flow Analysis Method Based on Holomorphic Embedding for Integrated Electricity and Heating Systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The energy flow analysis method with both high precision and high computational efficiency is a basic tool to simulate the operation and analyze the interaction between the thermal and electric coupling systems. The traditional iterative numerical method is slow in computation,poor in computability for large-scale problems,and can only obtain the value of the state variable in discrete time series. Moreover,the traditional numerical method to solve electric power flow is not compatible with that to solve the dynamic flow of the heat network,so the alternating iterative solution is often adopted in the dynamic energy flow analysis,which makes the error spread in the iterative process. To solve the above problems,a dynamic energy flow analysis method was proposed based on holomorphic embedding for integrated electricity and heating systems. Through recursive calculation,the continuous analytic function of system state variable with respect to time was obtained. In the calculation process,the solution of electric power system and heating system was obtained jointly. The simulation results show that the maximum error between the algorithm and the Matlab solver is less than 3%,and the calculation speed is increased by more than 30%. Moreover,the algorithm can calculate the system state at any time in the dynamic process according to the holomorphic function.

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兼顾高精度与高计算效率的能流分析方法是模拟热力与电力耦合系统的运行、分析其相互影响的基础工具。传统迭代型数值解法计算速度慢、针对大规模问题的可计算性差,且只能获取离散时间序列下的状态变量值。另外,传统的电网潮流与热网动态潮流的数值解法不兼容,在进行动态能量流分析时往往采用交替迭代求解的方式,使得误差在迭代过程中传播。针对上述问题,提出一种基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析方法,通过递归计算获得系统状态变量关于时间的连续解析函数,并在计算过程中采用电网和热网统一求解的方式,实现对电热综合能源系统的求解。仿真结果显示,与Matlab求解器相比,计算结果的最大误差在3%以内,计算速度提升30%以上;与传统迭代型数值算法相比,该算法能够计算出动态过程中任意时刻的系统状态。

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李志刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为能源系统优化理论与应用、综合能源系统建模与分析,Email:
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陈思思(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统运行分析,Email:

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陈思思(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统运行分析,Email:

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figureFileSmall=OAiR61Tlkbufp8FD/5F+eg==, figureFileBig=x23nJahw0IUq2x/FOR5TOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172820893475144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Topology diagram of the test system in case 1, figureFileSmall=QwmwFXUPd/Lk6ubofM1cvg==, figureFileBig=NISwiE4ujL2Gh07ylNX+qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172820998332748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图2, caption=算例1测试系统拓扑结构示意图, figureFileSmall=QwmwFXUPd/Lk6ubofM1cvg==, figureFileBig=NISwiE4ujL2Gh07ylNX+qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822185320784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Node temperature at supply side of scenario ① in case 1, figureFileSmall=OC8TRFmYByu9d0NtjfAaqw==, figureFileBig=YfT0jUGM7/DrnP9IDajZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822277595475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图3, caption=算例1场景①供水侧节点温度, figureFileSmall=OC8TRFmYByu9d0NtjfAaqw==, figureFileBig=YfT0jUGM7/DrnP9IDajZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822357287253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Node temperature at return side of scenario ① in case 1, figureFileSmall=OsK5LcP1DFd4oIcGZQ9Dug==, figureFileBig=HuLWuNVqiV8M0F9Klo9AwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822470533467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图4, caption=算例1场景①回水侧节点温度, figureFileSmall=OsK5LcP1DFd4oIcGZQ9Dug==, figureFileBig=HuLWuNVqiV8M0F9Klo9AwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822592168283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Voltage amplitude of scenario ① in case 1, figureFileSmall=R8RCAyO/DVN9qKKLcnhf6g==, figureFileBig=3xaSs8GeXh6lVBRT3X7E8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822684442974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图5, caption=算例1场景①电压幅值, figureFileSmall=R8RCAyO/DVN9qKKLcnhf6g==, figureFileBig=3xaSs8GeXh6lVBRT3X7E8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822852215139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Voltage phase angle of scenario ① in case 1, figureFileSmall=sJuZl6SU1BPolwOtw5r4pQ==, figureFileBig=kOvDhWQbrB6U/5yRaEv1cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822931906916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图6, caption=算例1场景①电压相角, figureFileSmall=sJuZl6SU1BPolwOtw5r4pQ==, figureFileBig=kOvDhWQbrB6U/5yRaEv1cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172822999015782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Generator power of CHP units of scenario ① in case 1, figureFileSmall=SooXL9Ydvj/yFlk4xaY4Dw==, figureFileBig=D7nU67Zyok999SbBn0Jr+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823070318954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图7, caption=算例1场景①CHP机组的输出功率, figureFileSmall=SooXL9Ydvj/yFlk4xaY4Dw==, figureFileBig=D7nU67Zyok999SbBn0Jr+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823145816429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Node temperature at supply side of scenario ② in case 1, figureFileSmall=gTqE/AozyDQrWPDnZmy7eg==, figureFileBig=fSqch1Zg2iopxo9dkDYkVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823250674032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图8, caption=算例1场景②供水侧节点温度, figureFileSmall=gTqE/AozyDQrWPDnZmy7eg==, figureFileBig=fSqch1Zg2iopxo9dkDYkVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823384891762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Node temperature at return side of scenario ② in case 1, figureFileSmall=0zZjZ2zeZGR/RMreXAXNSA==, figureFileBig=uYakzFKlhGo0TlHUvPQ0kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823485555058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图9, caption=算例1场景②回水侧节点温度, figureFileSmall=0zZjZ2zeZGR/RMreXAXNSA==, figureFileBig=uYakzFKlhGo0TlHUvPQ0kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823565246839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Voltage amplitude of scenario ② in case 1, figureFileSmall=vorNbyKz3bQQxH3YMqxhEQ==, figureFileBig=0xMlpxDa1pDCCNEezm+SZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823640744314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图10, caption=算例1场景②电压幅值, figureFileSmall=vorNbyKz3bQQxH3YMqxhEQ==, figureFileBig=0xMlpxDa1pDCCNEezm+SZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823695270270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Voltage phase angle of scenario ② in case 1, figureFileSmall=vbvqEjK1ZmmSTcbgvpilOw==, figureFileBig=MBcOOjPE7DscpxVo9u3tLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823787544960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图11, caption=算例1场景②电压相角, figureFileSmall=vbvqEjK1ZmmSTcbgvpilOw==, figureFileBig=MBcOOjPE7DscpxVo9u3tLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823879819652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Generator power of CHP units of scenario ② in case 1, figureFileSmall=toXzzHCx1TyhDdpbgTA08g==, figureFileBig=mItX3XsRIyE85WepaIkUhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172823938539911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图12, caption=算例1场景②CHP机组的输出功率, figureFileSmall=toXzzHCx1TyhDdpbgTA08g==, figureFileBig=mItX3XsRIyE85WepaIkUhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824001454474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Maximum error of node temperature at supply side in case 2, figureFileSmall=W0qMW43CnaiBMrECCHzIqA==, figureFileBig=pFjbJ6LMles55eos2Jn9Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824076951950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图13, caption=算例2最大供水侧节点温度误差, figureFileSmall=W0qMW43CnaiBMrECCHzIqA==, figureFileBig=pFjbJ6LMles55eos2Jn9Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824165032339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Mean error of node temperature at supply side in case 2, figureFileSmall=PtFaDpyrOZScCs4PMil5SA==, figureFileBig=WQjLFIL+W/iWzRu3H9Q7hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824236335510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图14, caption=算例2平均供水侧节点温度误差, figureFileSmall=PtFaDpyrOZScCs4PMil5SA==, figureFileBig=WQjLFIL+W/iWzRu3H9Q7hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824295055771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Maximum error of node temperature at return side in case 2, figureFileSmall=ZUO3f7bTYzf3WpfDwfgBHg==, figureFileBig=aZQZAjEKQJ9b/BXs+x30Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824378941855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图15, caption=算例2最大回水侧节点温度误差, figureFileSmall=ZUO3f7bTYzf3WpfDwfgBHg==, figureFileBig=aZQZAjEKQJ9b/BXs+x30Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824441856419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Mean error of node temperature at supply side in case 2, figureFileSmall=MDnt64MLGB/T02rhmYP6Ww==, figureFileBig=eYAy61R1Y9vSMcJPJG2aKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824521548200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图 16, caption=算例2平均回水侧节点温度误差, figureFileSmall=MDnt64MLGB/T02rhmYP6Ww==, figureFileBig=eYAy61R1Y9vSMcJPJG2aKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824609628587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Maximum error of voltage amplitude in case 2, figureFileSmall=VYcTWw9464t1CmWmByPi+g==, figureFileBig=cioU2VGnkn+FuNDXPEepyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824689320367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图17, caption=算例2最大电压幅值误差, figureFileSmall=VYcTWw9464t1CmWmByPi+g==, figureFileBig=cioU2VGnkn+FuNDXPEepyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824781595058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Mean error of node voltage amplitude in case 2, figureFileSmall=D/f7o1WhJMBjEGU8TbTMJQ==, figureFileBig=xwxS9xPccTal9yMDMHwRDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824857092533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图18, caption=算例2平均电压幅值误差, figureFileSmall=D/f7o1WhJMBjEGU8TbTMJQ==, figureFileBig=xwxS9xPccTal9yMDMHwRDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172824932590008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Maximum error of voltage phase angle in case 2, figureFileSmall=GuWqiSA2KUtYZS2iffiHMQ==, figureFileBig=9d07YJDkaGR0Ul2EKZ+Lhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172825029059003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图19, caption=算例2最大电压相角误差, figureFileSmall=GuWqiSA2KUtYZS2iffiHMQ==, figureFileBig=9d07YJDkaGR0Ul2EKZ+Lhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172825121333695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Mean error of voltage phase angle in case 2, figureFileSmall=7zLhcPYFEOCMKPsvTgWz8Q==, figureFileBig=mIfc0Tl6ZuXADfQHNz5+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172825238774212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=图20, caption=算例2平均电压相角误差, figureFileSmall=7zLhcPYFEOCMKPsvTgWz8Q==, figureFileBig=mIfc0Tl6ZuXADfQHNz5+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205172825301688776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Node type of the heat network

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平衡节点(R) 热源节点(S) 中间节点(I) 负荷节点(L)
已知量 Φ R , M R , T R , b m Φ S , M S Φ I = 0 , M I = 0 Φ L , M L
未知量 T R , s p , T R , r t T S , s p , T S , r t , T S , b m T I , s p , T I , r t T L , s p , T L , r t , T L , b m
), ArticleFig(id=1205172825398157773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

热网节点类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平衡节点(R) 热源节点(S) 中间节点(I) 负荷节点(L)
已知量 Φ R , M R , T R , b m Φ S , M S Φ I = 0 , M I = 0 Φ L , M L
未知量 T R , s p , T R , r t T S , s p , T S , r t , T S , b m T I , s p , T I , r t T L , s p , T L , r t , T L , b m
), ArticleFig(id=1205172825503015373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Maximum and average errors of the two methods of scenario ① in case 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压幅值(标幺值) 电压相角/
rad
CHP出力/
MW
温度/
最大误差 5.042×10-6 3.590×10-6 1.100×10-2 2.100×10-2
平均误差 1.456×10-9 7.268×10-8 2.557×10-4 4.285×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1205172826648060367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

算例1场景①两种方法的最大误差与平均误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压幅值(标幺值) 电压相角/
rad
CHP出力/
MW
温度/
最大误差 5.042×10-6 3.590×10-6 1.100×10-2 2.100×10-2
平均误差 1.456×10-9 7.268×10-8 2.557×10-4 4.285×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1205172826752917970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Maximum and average errors of the two methods of scenario ② in case 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压幅值
(标幺值)
电压相角/
rad
CHP出力/
MW
温度/
最大误差 2.555×10-5 1.600×10-2 2.824 9.956
平均误差 1.937×10-7 5.009×10-6 3.800×10-3 7.000×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1205172826820026837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

算例1场景②两种方法的最大误差与平均误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压幅值
(标幺值)
电压相角/
rad
CHP出力/
MW
温度/
最大误差 2.555×10-5 1.600×10-2 2.824 9.956
平均误差 1.937×10-7 5.009×10-6 3.800×10-3 7.000×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1205172826912301528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The execution time of the two methods of two scenarios in case 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
执行时间/s
Δt/s 0.5 1 2
场景① HE 3.163 2.271 2.059
ODE 3.743 2.870 1.983
场景② HE 4.272 3.350 2.427
ODE 6.029 3.386 2.325
), ArticleFig(id=1205172827021353437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

算例1两种场景两种方法的执行时间对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
执行时间/s
Δt/s 0.5 1 2
场景① HE 3.163 2.271 2.059
ODE 3.743 2.870 1.983
场景② HE 4.272 3.350 2.427
ODE 6.029 3.386 2.325
), ArticleFig(id=1205172827142988254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The execution time of the two methods of two scenario in case 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
执行时间/s
Δt/s 60 50 40 30 20 10
场景① HE 46.26 45.52 45.83 43.55 41.41 46.49
NR-ODE 137.16 174.69 216.16 279.05 397.16 750.78
场景② HE 46.11 45.18 43.93 39.35 40.05 45.94
NR-ODE 142.95 156.29 170.42 176.43 304.62 623.22
), ArticleFig(id=1205172827239457245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

算例2两种场景两种方法的执行时间对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
执行时间/s
Δt/s 60 50 40 30 20 10
场景① HE 46.26 45.52 45.83 43.55 41.41 46.49
NR-ODE 137.16 174.69 216.16 279.05 397.16 750.78
场景② HE 46.11 45.18 43.93 39.35 40.05 45.94
NR-ODE 142.95 156.29 170.42 176.43 304.62 623.22
), ArticleFig(id=1205172827331731937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The calculation time and relative error of the two methods in case 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷率/% 耗时/s 变量最大相对误差
HE NR-ODE 节点温度 电压
50 40.57 213.88 3.54×10-2 2.86×10-6
150 36.66 231.65 3.31×10-2 2.95×10-6
200 36.67 259.24 3.36×10-2 5.98×10-6
250 36.71 260.93 3.38×10-2 9.11×10-6
300 36.65 277.05 3.39×10-2 1.23×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1205172827428200929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158524700569847, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

算例2两种方法的计算时间与相对误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷率/% 耗时/s 变量最大相对误差
HE NR-ODE 节点温度 电压
50 40.57 213.88 3.54×10-2 2.86×10-6
150 36.66 231.65 3.31×10-2 2.95×10-6
200 36.67 259.24 3.36×10-2 5.98×10-6
250 36.71 260.93 3.38×10-2 9.11×10-6
300 36.65 277.05 3.39×10-2 1.23×10-5
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基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析方法
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陈思思 , 李志刚 , 郑杰辉
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(8): 57-67
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(8): 57-67
基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析方法
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陈思思 , 李志刚 , 郑杰辉
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 陈思思(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统运行分析,Email:

通讯作者:

李志刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为能源系统优化理论与应用、综合能源系统建模与分析,Email:
Dynamic Energy Flow Analysis Method Based on Holomorphic Embedding for Integrated Electricity and Heating Systems
Sisi CHEN , Zhigang LI , Jiehui ZHENG
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25080
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兼顾高精度与高计算效率的能流分析方法是模拟热力与电力耦合系统的运行、分析其相互影响的基础工具。传统迭代型数值解法计算速度慢、针对大规模问题的可计算性差,且只能获取离散时间序列下的状态变量值。另外,传统的电网潮流与热网动态潮流的数值解法不兼容,在进行动态能量流分析时往往采用交替迭代求解的方式,使得误差在迭代过程中传播。针对上述问题,提出一种基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析方法,通过递归计算获得系统状态变量关于时间的连续解析函数,并在计算过程中采用电网和热网统一求解的方式,实现对电热综合能源系统的求解。仿真结果显示,与Matlab求解器相比,计算结果的最大误差在3%以内,计算速度提升30%以上;与传统迭代型数值算法相比,该算法能够计算出动态过程中任意时刻的系统状态。

电热综合能源系统  /  能流分析  /  热力动态  /  全纯函数嵌入

The energy flow analysis method with both high precision and high computational efficiency is a basic tool to simulate the operation and analyze the interaction between the thermal and electric coupling systems. The traditional iterative numerical method is slow in computation,poor in computability for large-scale problems,and can only obtain the value of the state variable in discrete time series. Moreover,the traditional numerical method to solve electric power flow is not compatible with that to solve the dynamic flow of the heat network,so the alternating iterative solution is often adopted in the dynamic energy flow analysis,which makes the error spread in the iterative process. To solve the above problems,a dynamic energy flow analysis method was proposed based on holomorphic embedding for integrated electricity and heating systems. Through recursive calculation,the continuous analytic function of system state variable with respect to time was obtained. In the calculation process,the solution of electric power system and heating system was obtained jointly. The simulation results show that the maximum error between the algorithm and the Matlab solver is less than 3%,and the calculation speed is increased by more than 30%. Moreover,the algorithm can calculate the system state at any time in the dynamic process according to the holomorphic function.

integrated electricity and heating systems  /  energy flow analysis  /  thermal dynamics  /  holomorphic embedding
陈思思, 李志刚, 郑杰辉. 基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析方法. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (8) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25080
Sisi CHEN, Zhigang LI, Jiehui ZHENG. Dynamic Energy Flow Analysis Method Based on Holomorphic Embedding for Integrated Electricity and Heating Systems[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (8) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25080
为了应对日益严重的能源短缺、环境污染问题,我国提出了2030年达到碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和的目标[1-2] 。传统能源系统多为单一系统独立运行,没有实现多系统的协调优化。整合多种能源资源的综合能源系统[3]能够充分利用不同能源间的互补互济,有效提升资源灵活性和能源利用效率,减少污染物排放。研究表明,电热联合综合能源系统可以提高大约50%的燃油效率,降低13%~18%的碳排放[4-5] 。另外,综合能源系统的各子系统之间存在耦合,系统状态变化和中断会在子系统之间传播,威胁整个系统的运行安全。因此,有必要对综合能源系统的动态变化过程进行分析以获取系统的状态数据,从而为实现系统安全可靠运行提供准确的数据支持和必要的仿真预测方法[6-7]
电力系统和供热系统具有不同的动态过程,前者在几毫秒内就达到稳定,后者的水力动态过程持续几分钟,热力动态过程则会持续几小时[8]。因此,在对电热综合能源系统动态过程进行能流分析时,主要考虑热网热力动态过程中的传输延迟与温度损失[9]对系统的影响。考虑热网热量传输动态的物理模型有两类:一类是对传输延迟和温度损失进行线性化等方式简化的代数方程模型;另一类是基于能量守恒定律得出的偏微分方程模型[10],能够描述管道内温度分布细节,更适用于有一定精度要求的能流分析。对热网进行建模时,除考虑热网热量传输以外,还需要考虑各节点的热量分流与汇流过程[11],变量之间复杂的耦合关系给能流问题的求解带来了挑战。
对于热网微分代数方程,最早的数值解法是于二十世纪90年代提出的节点法[12]和元素法[13]。节点法中当前时刻的管道出口温度是根据管道入口温度的历史时间序列计算得到的,文献[14]对该方法进行了改进,提出了考虑管网蓄热的电热综合能源系统调度模型。然而,节点法不能计算管道中间的温度分布,且计算精度会受到管道长度和时间分辨率的影响,有可能会导致温度波扩散。元素法将管道划差分为多段,根据当前位置上一时刻的温度和上一位置的当前时刻温度来递归计算管道的温度分布。在元素法的基础上,文献[15]基于隐士迎风格式和特征线法计算管道不同段的温度,并分析了步长对计算精度的影响。文献[16]优化了差分格式,使近似误差最小化,保证递归收敛。元素法能够计算管道的中间温度,但是需要逐步计算差分单元,牺牲了计算效率。除了前述数值解法,也有学者基于傅里叶变换和拉普拉斯变换提出了解析法。文献[17-18] 将时间的偏导数转换为代数项,从而将偏微分方程转换为常微分方程,然后在频域和复频域内进行分析。然而,该方法需要初值条件和边界条件满足狄利克雷条件才能求解,而实际上某些情况下很难满足。近年来,一种基于全纯函数嵌入的数值计算方法因构造简单、求解效率高、计算灵活等优势而受到了研究人员的关注。该算法本质上是递归而不是迭代的,能够在保证计算精度的同时兼容非线性方程和常微分方程。全纯函数嵌入算法在电力系统的潮流分析、动态仿真[19-20] 、电气联合综合能源系统的动态仿真[21]等涉及大规模代数微分方程求解的研究领域中都表现出了良好的性能。
为了克服现有数值方法在求解电热综合能源系统动态能流方面的不足,提出一种基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流计算方法。首先,基于半离散差分和数值积分将描述热传导动态的偏微分方程变换为常微分方程,在此基础上建立了电热综合能源系统动态模型。然后,基于全纯函数嵌入法计算出各状态变量关于时间的全纯函数,通过计算多阶段的全纯函数实现对问题的求解。提出的算法通过计算全纯函数的高阶系数来逼近方程的解,具有良好的收敛性、计算准确性;计算过程中得到状态变量关于时间的解析解,可以直接通过全纯函数计算得到中间时刻的管道信息,无需改变步长重新计算,实现快速求解。结合不同算例场景对所提出的动态能流计算方法进行仿真测试。
热力系统调节模式主要有质调节和量调节两种。质调节通过固定流量、调节热源温度来满足负荷需求[22],其水力条件稳定,被广泛应用于与电网直接耦合、相互作用的供热系统一次侧。而量调节采用固定温度调节流量的方式,具有较好的调节能力,通常应用于供热系统的二次侧。鉴于此,以热力系统质调节下的电热综合能源系统动态过程为研究对象。
供热系统由热源、热网和热负荷构成,三者分别负责热量的生产、传输和消耗。其中热网通过热水或水蒸气将热量从热源传输到用户,由供水网络与回水网络组成,本文中假设二者的拓扑结构相同。
热网的节点根据已知量和未知量的不同可以分为4类:平衡节点、普通热源节点、中间节点和负荷节点。质调节下各节点的已知量和未知量如表1所示。
表1中,上标R,S,I,L分别表示平衡节点、热源节点、中间节点、负荷节点对应的变量; b m表示热源或负荷的出口温度(混合前)对应的变量; s p r t分别表示供水侧和回水侧的温度(节点温度为混合后)对应的变量; Φ为节点的功率(热源为发出,负荷为消耗); M为节点的流量(热源为流入,负荷为流出); T为热水温度。
管道温度传导方程刻画了管道在输送热量过程中的热量损耗和传输延迟[15]。假设忽略流体内部产生的热功率损失,则有:
ρ C p A b T b P , s p ( x , t ) t + M b P ( x , t ) C p T b P . s p ( x , t ) x = λ b [ T a - T b P , s p ( x , t ) ] b I P
ρ C p A b T b P , r t ( x , t ) t + M b P ( x , t ) C p T b P , r t ( x , t ) x = λ b [ T a - T b P , r t ( x , t ) ] b I P
式中:上标P表示管道对应的变量; T b P , s p x , t T b P , r t x , t分别为供水网络与回水网络的管道b在位置x、时刻t的温度; M b P x , t为管道b在位置x、时刻t的质量流量; ρ C p分别为水的密度和比热容; A b λ b分别为管道b的横截面积和热传导系数; T a为管道附近的环境温度; I P为管道的编号集合。
因为本文考虑的是质调节,流量不随位置和时间变化,故有 M b P x , t = M b P
上述方程是一组偏微分方程,本文利用半离散差分和数值积分方法将其近似等价为常微分方程[21],再利用全纯函数嵌入式算法进行求解,具体步骤如下:
1)将原管道等距离差分为 N b段长度为 l的新管道。对于划分后的两段相邻的管道kk+1,沿热水流动方向的下一段管道的入口温度等于上一段管道的出口温度:
T b , k + 1 P , s p , i n ( t ) - T b , k P , s p , o u t ( t ) = 0 b I P ; k = 1,2 , , N b - 1
T b , k + 1 P , r t , o u t ( t ) - T b , k P , r t , i n ( t ) = 0 b I P ; k = 1,2 , , N b - 1
式中: T b , k P , s p , i n ( t ) T b , k P , s p , o u t ( t )分别为由原管道b划分得到的管道k的供水侧入口温度和出口温度; T b , k P , r t , i n ( t ) T b , k P , r t , o u t ( t )分别为由原管道b划分得到的管道k的回水侧入口温度和出口温度。
2)对于划分后的每一段新管道k,对管道温度传导方程中的距离x进行积分,并利用梯形积分公式化简:
0 l [ ρ C p A b T b , k P , s p ( x , t ) t + C p M b P T b , k P , s p ( x , t ) x ] d x = 0 l λ b [ T a - T b , k P , s p ( x , t ) ] d x b I P
变换可得:
ρ C p A b l 2 [ d T b , k P , s p , i n ( t ) d t + d T b , k P , s p , o u t ( t ) d t ] + C p M b P [ T b , k P , s p , o u t ( t ) - T b , k P , s p , i n ( t ) ] = l λ b T a - l 2 λ b [ T b , k P , s p , i n ( t ) + T b , k P , s p , o u t ( t ) ] b I P
0 l [ ρ C p A b T b , k P , r t ( x , t ) t + C p M b P T b , k P , r t ( x , t ) x ] d x = 0 l λ b [ T a - T b , k P , r t ( x , t ) ] d x b I P
变换可得:
ρ C p A b l 2 [ d T b , k P , r t , i n t d t + d T b , k P , r t , o u t t d t ] + C p M b P [ T b , k P , r t , o u t t - T b , k P , r t , i n t ] = l λ b T a - l 2 λ b [ T b , k P , r t , i n t + T b , k P , r t , o u t t ] b I P
经过上述变换后,温度传导方程中的位置变量x被消除,方程由描述整段管道温度传导的偏微分方程转换为一组分别描述每段新管道的常微分方程以及描述相邻两段新管道温度关系的线性代数方程。管道划分后的数量 N b的取值决定了模型的精度, N b越大,模型的精度越高。
节点温度混合方程是对热量的汇流过程的约束。假设热水在节点处理想混合,则混合前后的热量保持不变,存在如下关系[14,23]
T i N D , s p ( t ) ( b S i p i p e - M b P + M i L ) = M i R , S T i R , S , b m ( t ) + b S i p i p e + [ M b P T b P , s p , o u t ( t ) ] i I N D
T i N D , r t ( t ) ( b S i p i p e + M b P + M i R , S ) = M i L T i L , b m ( t ) + b S i p i p e - [ M b P T b P , r t , o u t ( t ) ] i I N D
式中: T i N D , s p ( t ) T i N D , r t ( t )分别为供水侧、回水侧节点i在时刻t热水混合后温度; T i R , S , L , b m ( t )为节点i在时刻t的出水口温度; I N D为节点编号集合; S i p i p e + S i p i p e -分别为流入、流出节点i的管道编号集合。
同时,节点i处供水侧和回水混合后的温度分别等于以节点i为起点的所有管道的入水口温度:
T i N D , s p ( t ) = T b P , s p , i n ( t ) i I N D , b S i p i p e -
T i N D , r t ( t ) = T b P , r t , i n ( t )     i I N D , b S i p i p e +
热源提供的热功率和负荷消耗的热功率可以由下式计算得到:
Φ i R , S ( t ) = C p M i R , S [ T i R , S , b m ( t ) - T i R , S , r t ( t ) ]   i I R , S
Φ i L ( t ) = C p M i L [ T i L , s p ( t ) - T i L , b m ( t ) ]               i I L
式中: Φ i R , S ( t ) Φ i L ( t )分别为热源节点、负荷节点在时刻t发出或消耗的功率。
电力系统的暂态过程的时间尺度在ms级,相对热网的动态过程来说可以忽略不计,可以认为其在扰动出现后瞬时平衡,故对每个时刻的电网功率流用稳态交流潮流模型描述。在进行电热联合综合能源系统的动态分析时,电网部分需要获取仿真时间段内时间序列对应的稳态潮流解。
V i * ( t ) k = 1 N Y i k V k ( t ) = S i * ( t ) i I P Q
R e [ V i ( t ) k = 1 N Y i k * V k * ( t ) ] = P i ( t ) | V i | = V i S P i I P V
V i = V i S P i I R E F
式中: Y为系统的节点导纳矩阵, Y = [ Y i k ] N × N V k ( t )为节点k在时刻t的电压; S i * ( t )为节点i在时刻t注入功率的复共轭; P i ( t )为节点i在时刻t的注入有功功率; V i S P为各节点i的给定电压; I P Q为PQ节点的编号集合; I P V为PV节点的编号集合; I R E F为平衡节点的编号集合。
电力系统与热力系统之间通过耦合元件进行能量的交互。耦合元件包括热电联产机组(combined heat and power units,CHP)、电锅炉、热泵等,这些设备发出的热功率与电功率存在约束关系,选用两种典型的CHP机组的输出特性建模:
Φ i ( t ) = c m P j ( t ) i ,   j I C H P 1
Φ i ( t ) = Z [ η e F i n - P j ( t ) ] i ,   j I C H P 2
式中: Φ i ( t )为CHP机组在时刻t输出的热功率; P j ( t )为输出的电功率; I C H P 1为与CHP机组相连的电网和热网节点编号集合; c m为CHP机组的热电比; I C H P 2为与其相连的节点编号集合; Z为热电平衡系数; η e为电效率; F i n为输入的燃料速率。
式(18)代表背压式CHP,式(19)代表抽汽冷凝式CHP,而电锅炉和热泵等耦合元件可以建模为输出电功率为负的CHP。
综上,电热综合能源系统的动态能流模型可由式(3)~式(19)构成。
全纯函数嵌入法是一种非迭代的新型求解算法,可以实现对非线性问题的快速高效求解。其中,全纯函数是指在其定义域内处处可微的复函数,满足柯西-黎曼条件或其等价条件,并在其收敛域内可以展开成唯一的幂级数。全纯函数嵌入式算法本质上是一种递归型的方程求解器,该算法首先利用复变量将原方程重构成全纯形式的嵌入式方程,再利用全纯性质将变量表示成幂级数,最后构建递归方程并计算高阶幂级数来逼近方程解,实现快速高效求解[21]
文献[24]对全纯函数嵌入算法的数学理论进行了研究,给出了保证嵌入式方程有解的3个充分条件,并给出了证明:
1)在变量的全纯函数的展开点处,嵌入式方程的左右两边相等。
2)所有的嵌入式方程对应的函数是全纯的。
3)递归方程的系数矩阵非奇异。
利用全纯函数嵌入式算法求解上述电热综合能源系统动态能量流模型的步骤如下:
1)重构方程组式(3)~式(19),将温度、电压、功率这些变量表示成关于时间t的幂级数;
2)根据原方程等式关系,构建各变量幂级数系数间的递归方程,递归计算其各阶系数;
3)计算方程的不平衡量,并判断计算结果是否满足精度要求,如不满足则返回步骤2)继续计算更高阶系数。
通过以上步骤便可获得各变量关于时间t的解析解,实现对原问题的求解。下面是递归方程的推导步骤。
首先,将各变量X表示成时间t的全纯函数形式:
X ( t ) = n = 0 N X n t n
式中: X n为变量X的第n次项系数。
对式(20)求导可以得到导数的全纯函数形式:
d X ( t ) d t = n = 1 N n X n t n - 1
给定的扰动变量也可以写成上述形式,例如:随时间线性变化的扰动可写成a+bt,其中a为初始值,b为时间变化率。将各变量的全纯函数代入到电热综合能源系统的动态能量流方程组式(3)~式(19)中,通过比较等式两端相同次数项的系数,可以构建全纯函数系数间的递归方程。
根据上述构建递归方程的流程,直接由原方程组得到递归方程组的规则可以归纳为
a a δ n 0
b X 1 ( t ) ± c X 2 ( t ) b X 1 [ n ] ± c X 2 [ n ]
X 1 [ t ] X 2 [ t ] X 1 [ n ] X 2 [ n ]
d X ( t ) d t ( n + 1 ) X [ n + 1 ]
其中
δ n 0 = 1         n = 0 0       n 0 X 1 n X 2 n = k = 0 n X 1 k X 2 n - k
式中:abc为常系数。
将上述规则用于方程组式(3)~式(19)中,可以得到各变量系数间的线性递归方程组:
C x n = b 1 n - 1 + b 2 n
式中:C为固定的系数矩阵,无需随递归计算更新; x n为各变量的待求的第n次项系数构成的列向量; b 1 [ n - 1 ]为只由各变量已知的前n-1次项系数构成的列向量; b 2 n为已知的扰动变量的第n次项系数列向量。
例如:式(3)的递归方程可以表示成如下形式:
1 2 ( n T b , k P , s p , i n n + n T b , k P , s p , o u t n ) = - 1 ρ A b l M b P ( T b , k P , s p , o u t n - 1 - T b , k P , s p , i n n - 1 ) -         λ b 2 ρ C p A b ( T b , k P , s p , i n n - 1 + T b , k P , s p , o u t n - 1 ) +         δ n 1 λ b T a ρ C p A b b I P ; k = 1,2 , , N b - 1
在利用全纯函数嵌入式算法进行求解时满足上述三个条件,能够保证算法的有效性:各变量的全纯函数的初始展开点是稳态结果,满足方程,随后满足条件1);文中的嵌入式方程只含有多项式,能够保证方程是全纯的,满足条件2);递归方程的系数矩阵 C是非奇异的,满足条件3)。
全纯函数的收敛域是有限且连续的,但是其具体边界却难以确定,当t超过全纯函数的收敛半径时,全纯函数将发散而不再适用。针对该问题,文章采用类似于电力系统连续潮流计算的多阶段计算方案来保证计算结果的有效性。在该计算方案中,状态变量和能量流方程的不平衡量是按给定的时间间隔计算的。仿真开始后,根据给定的初值计算当前时刻各变量关于时间t的全纯函数,然后利用该全纯函数计算下一时刻各状态变量的近似值,若近似值满足收敛判据,则继续计算下一时刻,若不满足则重新计算全纯函数,直到完成整个目标时间轴的仿真计算。该算法的计算流程如图1所示。
与传统迭代型数值解法相比,该算法无需迭代,而是通过计算全纯函数的高阶系数来逼近方程的解,具有良好的收敛性。该算法能够获得状态变量关于时间的解析解,当需要获得管道内温度时间分布的更多细节时,该算法可以直接通过全纯函数计算得到,无需重新计算。而传统的迭代型算法则只能在给定的时间步长下计算管道的温度分布序列,当需要获得中间时刻的信息时则需要重新给定时间步长并重新计算。
为了验证该算法的有效性,用两个不同规模的算例对本算法进行测试。计算的初始值为系统初始状态下的稳态值。所有测试都在Matlab 2018b软件平台上进行,测试所使用的电脑硬件配置为Intel i5 5 GHz四核处理器和16 GB内存。
在由IEEE 9节点电网[25]和6节点热网[26]构成的电热联合系统上对该算法进行仿真测试。该电热联合系统的拓扑示意图如图2所示。判定计算完成的收敛依据为电网、热网、耦合元件对应的约束方程两边的不平衡量分别小于1×10-5,1×10-6,1×10-5,时间间隔Δt设为1 min。
为了测试算法在不同情况下的具体表现,结合实际情况,一共设置两个出现扰动的场景:
场景①:热网6号节点负荷在1 h内从80 MW缓慢增加至82 MW。
场景②:电网2号节点的发电机有功出力在2 min内迅速从163 MW降低为151 MW。
为了测试该算法的收敛性,将文中所提全纯函数嵌入式算法(记为HE)与Matlab常微分方程龙格库塔定步长求解器(记为ODE)在不同场景下的计算结果进行对比分析。图3~图7给出了场景①下两种计算方法所得到的热网供水侧温度、回水侧温度、电网电压幅值、相角以及耦合元件热功率和电功率随时间的变化情况,其中图4中的子图是虚线框对应位置曲线的放大图。场景②中各变量的变化情况则由图8~图12给出。表2表3展示了由两种方法计算结果的最大误差和平均误差。
将文中所提出的HE法与ODE求解器的结果进行比较,观察图3~图12可以发现,两种场景下二者的曲线几乎重合,动态变化情况几乎一致。为了准确衡量两种方法计算结果的差异,统计了两种方法计算的电压、功率以及温度之间的最大误差和平均误差,如表2表3所示。可知,两种方法计算出的误差均处于较小的范围内:电压幅值、电压相角、CHP出力和热力系统节点温度的平均误差分别小于1.937×10-7,5.009×10-6,3.800×10-3和7.000×10-3,说明全纯函数嵌入算法求解该问题时是准确有效的。
对于场景①,由图3图4可以看出,在热网负荷出现增长后,热网节点温度在开始的2 h内波动较大,随后经过约18 h缓慢过渡至平衡状态。为了满足负荷的增长,热网供水侧和回水侧靠近⑥号节点的节点水温都有所降低。此外,对图4虚线框的动态过程进行放大观察,可以看出不同节点的温度变化的波动情况存在明显差异,达到温度稳定状态的时间点均不同,体现了热网热量传导动态过程的时间延迟现象。场景①中热负荷增长主要由热网的状态变化来平衡,电网状态变化不大,所以图5图6的电压曲线基本不变,两种方法的结果是一致的。在图7中可以看出,为满足系统的功率平衡,热网的平衡节点功率在负荷增长后出现了明显的增长。
对于场景②,由于电网侧的发电机出力迅速降低,使得系统的振荡较场景①而言更加剧烈,在扰动出现后,热网供水侧和回水侧的水温、电网电压以及热电联产机组的出力都出现了明显的变化,产生了一个较高的波峰,随后缓慢波动至平稳状态。图8图9中热网节点水温的变化也存在明显的时延现象。电网的相角与有功功率存在强耦合,当发电机有功出力降低,如图11所示,节点电压相角立即降低。如图12所示,为了维持系统平衡,热电联产机组的电功率会快速增长,而热网平衡节点①的热功率降低,节点④的热功率增加,这是因为节点①连接的抽汽冷凝式CHP的热功率与电功率变化趋势相反,而热网节点④连接的背压式CHP的热、电功率变化趋势相同且成正比。在初始的温度变化波峰处,两种方法的计算结果存在一定差异,ODE计算得到的波峰明显高于HE,这也导致了表3场景②中的最大误差明显高于场景①中的最大误差。在缓慢过渡至平稳状态的过程中,两种方法的计算结果则非常相近。
为了进一步测试所提出方法的计算速度,以及探究步长对两种算法计算速度的影响,在两种场景下设置三种不同的仿真计算步长Δt,记录两种算法所花费的时间,具体数据如表4所示。
分析表中数据可知,在步长为2 s的情况下,HE法耗时略多于ODE法;在步长为0.5 s和1 s的情况下,HE法的计算速度都快于ODE法。这是因为HE法在每一步计算全纯函数时,其系数矩阵都无需更新,且全纯函数收敛域内的各状态变量值是基于已经得到的全纯函数所计算的,而小步长下计算得到的全纯函数收敛域所包含的时间点较多,由此节省了大量的时间;随着时间步长增大,全纯函数收敛域包含的时间点减少,重新递归求解系数次数增多,导致其用时反而略多于ODE法。
随着时间步长的减小,两种算法的执行时间都有所增加,但是ODE法的增加速度明显快于HE法,几乎成倍增加,而本文所提HE法则变化较小,这说明HE法的计算负担受步长的影响较小。事实上,当已经获取大步长下的全纯函数时,如果要获得小步长下时间序列对应的状态变量值,HE法可直接把时间序列代入全纯函数进行计算,无需重新计算。而龙格库塔只能重新计算新的给定时间序列下的各状态变量值,这无疑意味着更大的计算负担。实际计算中,较小的步长计算出的全纯函数可能更接近变量当前的状态变化,但也可能意味着更多的计算次数,因此需要结合具体情况选择合适的步长,以达到最高的计算效率。
为了测试该算法在大规模系统中的表现,本小节在由IEEE 118节点[26](部分参数有所调整)的电网和32节点[26]热网构成的算例中测试。判定计算完成的收敛依据为电网、热网、耦合元件对应的约束方程两边的不平衡量均小于1×10-5。计算的时间步长设为1 min。
为了测试算法在不同情况下的具体表现,一共设置两个不同的出现扰动的场景:
场景①:热网31号节点负荷在1 h内从5.35 MW缓慢增加至6.35 MW。
场景②:热网31号节点的负荷在1 h内从5.35 MW缓慢增加至6.35 MW、21号节点的负荷在此1 h内从4.025 MW缓慢降至2.025 MW,同时电网103号节点的发电机功率在热网扰动停止后的10 min内快速从40 MW将至39 MW。
为了分析所提算法的收敛性,将全纯函数嵌入法与传统求解方法的结果进行比较。由于大规模电力系统的存在使得问题呈强刚性,龙格库塔定步长算法计算本算例时失败,本小节的对比算法改为牛拉法与龙格库塔定步长算法相结合(记为NR-ODE),利用牛拉法计算电网部分,用龙格库塔定步长算法计算热网部分,在给定时间序列上交替迭代计算出电热联合网络的状态。
在以上两种场景下,HE法与NR-ODE法所计算出的温度、电压的最大误差与平均误差如图13~图20所示。仿真时间段内,平均供水侧节点温度误差不超过0.052 8 ℃,平均回水侧节点温度误差在0.042 7 ℃,平均电压幅值误差小于4.647 1×10-9(标幺值),平均电压相角误差最大值为9.717 8×10-6 rad,表明HE法能够准确有效地求解出大规模问题,具有较好的实用性。
分析仿真时间段内误差的变化情况可知,两种方法计算结果的误差受到系统状态变化快慢的影响。系统状态变化越大,则误差越大。在扰动出现前的一段时间内,系统没有发生状态变化,两种方法的计算误差相差很小。当扰动出现后,系统状态变化较为剧烈,两种方法之间的误差明显增大,但是仍然处于较小的范围内。扰动消失后,系统并没有马上稳定下来,误差也仍然存在,随着仿真时间的推移,系统开始缓慢过渡至平稳状态,误差大体上逐渐减小,最终基本保持不变。
对比场景①和场景②的误差可知,扰动变化越复杂、变化程度越大、变化速度越快,则系统波动越剧烈,系统状态的全纯函数越难以计算,因此计算误差也越大。本算例中,场景②中的扰动相较于场景①而言更加复杂,场景②两种方法的计算误差在大体上要大于场景①。
为了进一步分析所提方法的计算速度,以及步长对计算速度的影响,在上述两种情景下设置6组不同的时间步长下对两种算法的执行时间进行了测试。对比相同步长下两种方法的表现,分析表5中数据可知,HE法在所有时间步长下均远远快于NR-ODE法,HE法在大规模问题的计算中体现出了明显的计算速度优势。NR-ODE法的计算量受系统规模的影响很大,对于大规模问题的可计算性较差。
分析HE法的计算时间随步长的变化情况可知,步长的变化对于该方法的计算时间影响不大。随着时间步长的减小,HE法的执行时间先有所减小,随后增大,这与算例1中的结果相一致。
分析NR-ODE的计算时间随步长的变化情况可知,步长对于该方法的计算时间的影响较大。随着步长的减小,NR-ODE法的计算时间几乎是呈指数形式增长,因此该方法不适用于需要精细地获得系统状态变化的情况。
考虑到在实际中,供热系统的负荷可能在短时间内升为原来负荷的几倍,对算法的鲁棒性产生了考验。为了对HE法的鲁棒性进行测试,将供热系统的负荷整体增大为原来的50%,150%,200%,250%,300%,测试HE法与NR-ODE法的收敛情况、计算速度,并进行比较。
表6是不同负荷率下两种方法的计算时间与变量间相对误差的统计结果。其中,相对误差是根据各时刻两种方法计算结果的误差与对应变量在负荷调整前、后的改变量的比值计算的。
在所有负载情况下,全纯函数嵌入式算法与对比算法在所有负荷率下均能实现收敛,表明全纯函数嵌入式算法具有良好的鲁棒性。不同负荷情况下,两种算法的计算结果的相对误差都在3.54%以内,再次验证了HE法在求解电热综合能源系统动态能流问题方便的准确性和有效性。
对于计算速度,HE法仍然表现出明显的优势。在所有负荷情况下,HE法在40.57 s内完成求解,并且HE法的求解时间受负荷变化的影响不大,NR-ODE法需长达213 s及以上的时间完成计算,且NR-ODE的执行时间受到负荷水平的影响很大,几乎呈指数增长。在同一负荷率下,NR-ODE法的计算时间是HE法的5倍,乃至7倍。
牛拉法与龙格库塔定步长法交替迭代计算虽然能够增加算法在求解刚性问题的鲁棒性,但是也可能会增加交替迭代计算的时间成本,牺牲了计算效率。全纯函数嵌入式算法能够在保证收敛速度的同时具有较高的鲁棒性。
文章提出了一种基于全纯函数嵌入的电热综合能源系统动态能流计算方法。文中采用隐式常微分方程代替偏微分方程描述热网管道的热传导特性,在此基础上建立了考虑热网热力动态的电热综合能源系统动态能流分析模型。基于只涉及到线性计算的全纯函数嵌入法,文章提出了一种多阶段计算的动态仿真计算方法。该方法能够得出各状态变量关于时间的解析式,相比于传统数值方法而言能够在不重新计算的情况下获得更多的中间信息。此外,在求解过程中采用电热联合系统统一求解的方式,相比于交替迭代求解,避免了迭代过程中的误差传递。仿真结果表明,该算法能够准确求解电热综合能源系统的能流问题,具有良好的收敛性与鲁棒性,相对于需要各单元逐步计算的数值方法而言具有更高的计算效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52177086)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25080
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-05-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52177086)
作者信息
    华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510640

通讯作者:

李志刚(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为能源系统优化理论与应用、综合能源系统建模与分析,Email:
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