Article(id=1205158460750012832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25189, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686672000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-14, revisedDate=1689523200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765261767804, onlineDateStr=2025-12-09, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765261767804, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765261767804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261767804, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205158458619306387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765261767296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261938922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205159178575782323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205159178575782324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205158460955533733, articleId=1205158460750012832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Customized Charging Strategy for EV Considering Dynamic Electricity Prices, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To cope with the impact of electric vehicle(EV)charging loads on the power grid and achieve a balance of interests between the power grid,charging station and users,a customized charging strategy for EVs that takes dynamic electricity prices into consideration was proposed. Initially,the dynamic pricing mechanism was designed for charging station based on the needs of tripartite interests. Then,the optimization model with the lowest user charging cost and the lowest load fluctuation rate of power grid had been established to perfect the charging process of EV. Moreover,on the basis of the traditional artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm,the adaptive normal attenuation coefficient was introduced to form the adaptive ABC algorithm and it was applied to solve the optimization model in order to obtain the customized ordered charging scheme. Furthermore,the charging process of each EV was optimized by combining the dynamic electricity pricing mechanism and EV customized charging method. Finally,based on Monte Carlo method,the charging situation of different number of electric vehicles under different charging modes was simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the load index of the power grid,ensure the revenue of charging station,reduce the charging costs of users,and achieve an all-win benefits between power grid,charging station and users.

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为应对电动汽车(EV)充电负荷给电网带来的冲击,平衡电网、充电站和用户三方的利益,提出计及动态电价的电动汽车定制化充电策略。首先根据三方利益需求明确充电站动态电价机制;接着建立以用户充电费用最低和台区负荷波动率最小为目标的EV充电过程优化模型;随后在人工蜂群(ABC)算法的基础上,引入自适应正态衰减系数形成自适应ABC算法,并用其对模型进行求解,得到EV定制化的有序充电计划;进一步结合动态电价机制和EV定制化充电方法优化每辆EV的充电过程;最后基于蒙特卡洛方法模拟不同数量EV在不同充电方式下的充电情况。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以大幅提高台区负荷指标、保证站方收益和降低用户充电费用,实现电网、充电站和用户三方利益共赢。

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高辉(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动等,Email:
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周宇凡(1997—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车有序充电,Email:

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周宇凡(1997—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车有序充电,Email:

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An orderly charging and discharging method for electric vehicles based on a cooperative game and dynamic time-of-use price[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2020, 48(21):15-21., articleTitle=An orderly charging and discharging method for electric vehicles based on a cooperative game and dynamic time-of-use price, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205208444816040774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, awardId=52077107, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52077107), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205208439141147245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205208439149535855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, companyId=1205208439141147245, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205208439157924463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, companyId=1205208439141147245, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1205208439287947891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205208439296336499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, companyId=1205208439287947891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Grid Chongqing Power Supply Company,Chongqing 400020,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205208439304725110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, companyId=1205208439287947891, 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figureFileBig=8snJGVVhcESQ49b4o0vFPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208442744054516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图2, caption=充电站EV定制化充电策略流程图, figureFileSmall=/Sgoqr+bHSRyd/H3X3mVqQ==, figureFileBig=8snJGVVhcESQ49b4o0vFPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208442836329207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical daily load curve of a certain community, figureFileSmall=XyCZHG/GcTOPnoySbJoeWw==, figureFileBig=YDFUz+bPNGp2bM8yT7H7cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208442920215290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图3, caption=某小区典型日基础负荷曲线, figureFileSmall=XyCZHG/GcTOPnoySbJoeWw==, figureFileBig=YDFUz+bPNGp2bM8yT7H7cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443029267198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Solution result comparison between two algorithms, figureFileSmall=GzdHDPRDDCm9uDFP8yb+Hg==, figureFileBig=+U5loGI1QBFBHLaz/ubSEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443117347584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两种算法求解结果对比, figureFileSmall=GzdHDPRDDCm9uDFP8yb+Hg==, figureFileBig=+U5loGI1QBFBHLaz/ubSEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443218010886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Charging plan comparison between two algorithms, figureFileSmall=1udxi6ZbMkM8dYigQOpeFg==, figureFileBig=t0b+kjeOeZIPcMGW6TXhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443327062795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两种算法制定的充电计划对比, figureFileSmall=1udxi6ZbMkM8dYigQOpeFg==, figureFileBig=t0b+kjeOeZIPcMGW6TXhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443457086225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=100 EVs charging simulation process diagrams, figureFileSmall=MJZeQ+IOQKAEoguIou4ilw==, figureFileBig=f/ZM5ddrFAA7fS1NfbSnfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443545166612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图6, caption=100辆EV充电仿真过程流程图, figureFileSmall=MJZeQ+IOQKAEoguIou4ilw==, figureFileBig=f/ZM5ddrFAA7fS1NfbSnfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443616469782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Charging load curves of 100 EVs, figureFileSmall=FPVNFcJqZCZe3WQpxmSzpg==, figureFileBig=yMcykR44dIbLZY0ZSwuE5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443708744474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=图7, caption=100辆EV充电时台区负荷曲线, figureFileSmall=FPVNFcJqZCZe3WQpxmSzpg==, figureFileBig=yMcykR44dIbLZY0ZSwuE5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205208443801019164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Time-of-use electricity price table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 分时电价/元·(kW·h)-1
00:00—08:00 0.365
08:00—12:00 0.869
12:00—17:00 0.687
17:00—21:00 0.869
21:00—24:00 0.687
), ArticleFig(id=1205208443905876768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分时电价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 分时电价/元·(kW·h)-1
00:00—08:00 0.365
08:00—12:00 0.869
12:00—17:00 0.687
17:00—21:00 0.869
21:00—24:00 0.687
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444010734372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Charging information of a certain EV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 t s k t e k SOCe SOC0 Q/(kW·h)
20:30 7:30 0.9 0.4 60
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444107203368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EV的充电信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 t s k t e k SOCe SOC0 Q/(kW·h)
20:30 7:30 0.9 0.4 60
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444207866668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The load index situation of power grid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EV数量 策略 峰谷差/kW 波动率/% 最大负载率/%
50 策略1 376 37.12 42.89
策略2 233 20.25 34.45
100 策略1 556 45.46 57.81
策略2 315 25.65 44.55
150 策略1 752 53.27 74.65
策略2 422 32.22 57.07
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444308529968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

台区负荷指标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EV数量 策略 峰谷差/kW 波动率/% 最大负载率/%
50 策略1 376 37.12 42.89
策略2 233 20.25 34.45
100 策略1 556 45.46 57.81
策略2 315 25.65 44.55
150 策略1 752 53.27 74.65
策略2 422 32.22 57.07
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444417581877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The charging cost situation of users 元·(kW·h)-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 50辆EV 100辆EV 150辆EV
策略1 1.022 6 1.020 8 1.006 4
策略2 0.816 8 0.869 0 0.936 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444484690744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

用户充电成本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 50辆EV 100辆EV 150辆EV
策略1 1.022 6 1.020 8 1.006 4
策略2 0.816 8 0.869 0 0.936 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444576965437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The daily revenue of charging station with strategy 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EV数量 充电电量/(kW·h) 购电成本/元 用户收益/元 电网补贴/元 总收益/元
50辆 1 676 856 513 240 753
100辆 3 355 1 667 1 249 259 1 508
150辆 5 063 2 535 2 208 67 2 275
), ArticleFig(id=1205208444673434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205158460750012832, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

策略2充电站每天收益情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EV数量 充电电量/(kW·h) 购电成本/元 用户收益/元 电网补贴/元 总收益/元
50辆 1 676 856 513 240 753
100辆 3 355 1 667 1 249 259 1 508
150辆 5 063 2 535 2 208 67 2 275
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计及动态电价的电动汽车定制化充电策略
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周宇凡 1 , 高辉 1 , 龙羿 2
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(7): 32-39
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(7): 32-39
计及动态电价的电动汽车定制化充电策略
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周宇凡1 , 高辉1 , 龙羿2
作者信息
  • 1 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2 国网重庆市电力公司,重庆 400020
  • 周宇凡(1997—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车有序充电,Email:

通讯作者:

高辉(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动等,Email:
Customized Charging Strategy for EV Considering Dynamic Electricity Prices
Yufan ZHOU1 , Hui GAO1 , Yi LONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 State Grid Chongqing Power Supply Company,Chongqing 400020,China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25189
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为应对电动汽车(EV)充电负荷给电网带来的冲击,平衡电网、充电站和用户三方的利益,提出计及动态电价的电动汽车定制化充电策略。首先根据三方利益需求明确充电站动态电价机制;接着建立以用户充电费用最低和台区负荷波动率最小为目标的EV充电过程优化模型;随后在人工蜂群(ABC)算法的基础上,引入自适应正态衰减系数形成自适应ABC算法,并用其对模型进行求解,得到EV定制化的有序充电计划;进一步结合动态电价机制和EV定制化充电方法优化每辆EV的充电过程;最后基于蒙特卡洛方法模拟不同数量EV在不同充电方式下的充电情况。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以大幅提高台区负荷指标、保证站方收益和降低用户充电费用,实现电网、充电站和用户三方利益共赢。

电动汽车  /  有序充电  /  自适应人工蜂群算法  /  动态电价  /  充电优化

To cope with the impact of electric vehicle(EV)charging loads on the power grid and achieve a balance of interests between the power grid,charging station and users,a customized charging strategy for EVs that takes dynamic electricity prices into consideration was proposed. Initially,the dynamic pricing mechanism was designed for charging station based on the needs of tripartite interests. Then,the optimization model with the lowest user charging cost and the lowest load fluctuation rate of power grid had been established to perfect the charging process of EV. Moreover,on the basis of the traditional artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm,the adaptive normal attenuation coefficient was introduced to form the adaptive ABC algorithm and it was applied to solve the optimization model in order to obtain the customized ordered charging scheme. Furthermore,the charging process of each EV was optimized by combining the dynamic electricity pricing mechanism and EV customized charging method. Finally,based on Monte Carlo method,the charging situation of different number of electric vehicles under different charging modes was simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the load index of the power grid,ensure the revenue of charging station,reduce the charging costs of users,and achieve an all-win benefits between power grid,charging station and users.

electric vehicle(EV)  /  orderly charging  /  adaptive artificial bee colony (ABC)algorithm  /  dynamic electricity price  /  charging optimization
周宇凡, 高辉, 龙羿. 计及动态电价的电动汽车定制化充电策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (7) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25189
Yufan ZHOU, Hui GAO, Yi LONG. Customized Charging Strategy for EV Considering Dynamic Electricity Prices[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (7) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25189
近几年来,电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)因其环保、清洁的特点在全国得到推广[1],在“双碳”政策的推动下,EV的发展势如破竹。但随着EV的快速发展也给配电网带来了诸多挑战[2],相关研究表明,EV的无序充电将会进一步加大峰谷差,影响电能质量,使供电设备过载[3]。若对EV的充电行为加以调控,则可以平衡电网负荷[4],起到削峰填谷的作用。同时可以满足更多EV的充电需求,降低电力设备的扩建成本。EV大规模接入电网将急剧增加居住区的供电压力,如何对居住区EV的充电行为进行优化管控是目前需要考虑的问题。
近年来,已经有大量学者对相关问题进行了研究,在现有研究中,针对EV的有序充电策略之一是在电价优化方面。文献[5]考虑电动汽车的移动随机性和用户需求的响应特性,研究电动汽车最优分时充电电价定价策略。文献[6]基于V2G技术,建立了一种考虑预警负荷的EV充放电优化方法,结合分时电价和用户激励达到优化目的。文献[7]建立基于博弈论的售电站-用户满意度充电模型,利用粒子群优化算法求解双方最优策略,达到博弈均衡,使双方利益实现双赢。但文献[5-7]只适用于小规模的EV充电。文献[8]考虑用户响应度影响,优化聚合商设定的充放电价和EV充电功率。文献[9]考虑电网侧的调峰需求以及不同用户对充电电量、充电成本的不同需求和参与意愿,提出一种分时电价动态优化方法。文献[10]提出一种动态定价模型,该模型考虑了充电站内的排队率来实时改变充电费用。文献[11]根据每辆EV的充电时长与在站内的停靠时长之比,制定微电网动态电价引导策略。文献[12]考虑部分EV电池电量回馈电网的能力,将EV的充放电价与充放电状态及功率作为决策变量,并采用改进粒子群优化算法求解实现电价的动态调整。
充电站作为服务用户充电和辅助电网运行的第三方运营商,在制定充电价格时,需要同时考虑电网负荷指标、用户充电成本以及站方运营收益,使三者利益达到平衡。上述文献均只考虑了一方或两方的利益,很少同时考虑三方利益,存在缺陷。为此,本文提出计及动态电价的EV定制化充电策略。首先根据电网、用户和运营商三方利益制定动态电价机制;接着以EV每时段的充电功率作为决策变量,建立以用户充电成本最低和台区负荷波动率最小为目标的EV充电过程优化模型;随后运用自适应ABC算法对模型进行求解,得到单辆EV的定制化有序充电计划;最后结合动态电价机制和EV定制化充电方法优化每辆EV的充电过程;算例仿真结果表明,文章所提策略可以实现三方利益共赢。
文章所提充电站为居住区可实现统一管理的交流充电站。EV充电流程主要由控制中心计算EV有序充电计划和智能充电桩执行充电计划两个部分组成。用户在结束一天的行程后,将EV与智能充电桩相连,智能充电桩根据用户的历史数据生成用户期望的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)和用户期望的用车时间供用户确认或修改,同时智能充电桩从EV获取动力电池容量、动力电池当前SOC等信息,并将其传递至控制中心。控制中心根据接收到的用户信息,根据动态电价机制计算其充电期间各时段电价,并运用自适应ABC算法为该车定制有序充电计划,随后由智能充电桩按计划对EV进行充电。
k辆电动汽车EVk并网充电时间 t s ' k和结束充电时间 t e ' k的关系有两种情况(如图1所示),即并网充电时间和结束充电时间是否在同一日。
为了使计算方便,假设充电开始时间和充电结束时间均在1 h之内的第0 min、第15 min、第30 min和第45 min。充电开始时间不在上述时刻的EVk将下一时刻作为充电开始时刻,充电结束时间不在上述时刻的EVk将上一时刻作为充电结束时刻。则EVk充电开始时间 t s k和充电结束时间 t e k可表示如下:
t s k = c e i l ( t s ' k / 15 ) t e k = f l o o r ( t e ' k / 15 )
式中:floor为向下取整运算;ceil为向上取整运算。
在上述基础之上,EVk整个充电期间包含的所有时刻可表示为集合A,具体可如下式所示:
A = { x | t s k x 96     1 x < t e k , x Z } t s k t e k { x | t s k x < t e k , x Z } t s k < t e k
在为EVk定制充电计划时,为简化算法优化维度,以整点划分EVk充电时段,设EVk需优化的充电时段数为d,则
d = 24 - f l o o r ( t s k / 4 ) + c e i l ( t e k / 4 t s k t e k c e i l ( t e k / 4 ) - f l o o r ( t s k / 4 ) t s k < t e k
EV无序充电不利于电网的平稳运行,但EV作为一种可调控资源有着平抑负荷波动,实现削峰填谷的潜力。EV充电行为将用户、充电站和电网的关系进行了深度绑定,对用户而言,充电时间自由和充电成本最低符合消费者利益;对于电网而言,通过一定的补贴策略调控EV充电行为优化电力系统的运行符合电网公司的利益;对于充电站而言,在为用户和电网提供优质服务的同时,实现充电站收益最大化符合运营商的利益。
根据国家的政策规定,EV用户充电后应向充电桩运营企业缴纳电费和充电服务费。充电站充电价格函数可以表示如下:
e t = q t + v t t = 1,2 , , d
式中: e t q t v t分别为充电站第t个时段的充电价格、充电电价和充电服务费。
为了降低用户充电成本和提升台区负荷指标,保障用户和电网利益,文章根据变压器的负载率的高低将其划分为低谷、平时、高峰和尖峰四个运行区间,每个区间对应不同的电价水平,按照变压器各时段负载的高低动态更新各时段的电价。 q t的更新公式可以表示如下:
q t = a 1         0 β t < l 1 a 2         l 1 β t < l 2 a 3         l 2 β t < l 3 a 4         l 3 β t < l 4 t = 1,2 , , d
其中
β t = P ¯ T , t / P M         t = 1,2 , , d
式中: P ¯ T , t为第t个时段变压器下负载的平均功率; P M为变压器的最大容量; β t为负载率; l 1 l 2 l 3 l 4分别为低谷、平时、高峰和尖峰时段的临界负载率,根据实际情况确定其值; a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4分别为低谷、平时、高峰、尖峰时期的电价,根据实际情况确定其值。
为了弥补充电站的建设成本和运营成本,用户应向充电站运营公司支付充电服务费,本文参考文献[13],将 v t设置为0.45元/(kW·h)。
为了激励充电站对EV充电负荷的调控效果,电网公司应向充电站支付一定的补贴费用。为简化电网公司对充电站的补贴机制,参考文献[14],假设电网公司补贴充电站因调控EV进行有序充电而造成的损失。
设EVk充电功率向量为 P k、充电时长向量为 H k、充电价格向量为 E k,则可表示如下:
P k = [ p 1 k p 2 k p d k ] H k = [ h 1 k h 2 k h d k ] E k = [ e 1 k e 2 k e d k ]
为了保障用户利益,激励更多用户参与有序充电,在定制EVk有序充电计划时,将用户充电费用最低作为目标函数之一,具体如下:
F 1 = m i n C k = t = 1 d ( p t k h t k e t k )
为了缓解充电负荷给电网带来的冲击,优化台区负荷指标,同时文章将EVk接入台区的充电负荷波动率最小作为另一个目标函数:
F 2 = m i n f k = P s P ¯ × 100 %
其中
P s = 1 / ( n - 1 ) ( P T , r - P ¯ ) 2 r A
P ¯ = 1 n P T , r r A
式中: P s为台区负荷标准差; P ¯为台区负荷均值; P T , r为EVk接入台区时第r个时刻的预测总负荷;n为集合A中元素的个数。
P T , r具体如下式所示:
P T , r = P B , r + P E V , r k - 1 + P E V , r k r A
式中: P B , r为EVk充电期间台区第r个时刻的基础负荷; P E V , r k - 1为EVk充电期间前k-1辆车在第r个时刻的计划充电负荷; P E V , r k为EVk在第r个时刻的计划充电负荷, P E V , r k P k转化而来。
对多目标进行标准化处理并引入权重,将多目标转化为单目标,可以进一步提高优化效率,如下式所示:
F 1 ' = C k - m i n C k m a x C k - m i n C k
F 2 ' = f k - m i n f k m a x f k - m i n f k
m i n F = λ 1 F 1 ' + λ 2 F 2 '
式中: F 1 ' F 2 '分别为 F 1 F 2的标准化处理; λ 1 λ 2为权重系数,满足 λ 1 + λ 2 = 1
1)充电功率约束。EVk在充电期间的充电功率必须限制在允许的范围内,以防止安全事故的发生,如下式所示:
P m i n p t k P m a x t = 1,2 , , d
式中: P m i n P m a x分别为最小和最大充电功率。
2)充电总量约束。在有序充电结束后,EVk充电总量应介于用户期望的充电电量和动力电池容量之间,即
( S O C e - S O C 0 ) Q t = 1 d ( p t k h t k ) Q
式中: S O C e S O C 0分别为用户期望的荷电状态和EVk并网充电时的荷电状态;Q为EVk动力电池的总容量。
3)变压器容量约束。为保证电网安全运行,变压器下所有负载的总和不能超过变压器的安全裕度,具体如下所示:
P T , r α P M       r A
式中:α为变压器可承载的最大容量阈值倍数,通常取0.7~0.8[15]
4)充电连续性约束和充电稳定性约束。EV充电时若频繁启停和功率不断变化则会影响电池和充电桩的使用寿命,故此文章约束EV的充电过程连续且仅在每个整点变换一次充电功率。
ABC算法是模拟蜂群觅食行为的一种智能优化算法,由Karabog[16]提出。ABC算法将蜂群分为雇佣蜂 X E m、跟随蜂 X O L和侦查蜂 X S c。算法的机制如下:蜜源代表可行解,花蜜量代表可行解的适应度,每个蜜源只有一只雇佣蜂,根据花蜜量采用贪心算法更新蜜源,雇佣蜂在蜜源的邻域内搜索新蜜源的公式如下:
X i n e w = X i + Φ ( X i - X j ) i j
式中: X i n e w为新的蜜源; X i X j分别为第i个和第j个雇佣蜂或跟随蜂所处的蜜源; Φ为元素取值为0~1之间的随机数向量。
随后雇佣蜂返回蜂巢,将蜜源以及其花蜜量分享给跟随蜂,每只跟随蜂根据花蜜量的高低采用轮盘赌的方式选择一个蜜源并在其邻域内使用式(18)进行搜索,同样根据花蜜量的高低采用贪心算法更新其搜索到的蜜源,轮盘赌的概率公式如下:
p ( i ) = f i t ( i ) i = 1 S N f i t ( i )
式中:SN为蜜源的数量; f i t ( i )为第i个蜜源的花蜜量。
当蜜源的花蜜量长期停滞不前时,侦查蜂重新寻找一个新的蜜源替换当前蜜源。
ABC算法对于多变量函数优化问题具有较好的全局搜索能力,但是对于复杂的优化问题,传统的ABC算法也存在容易“早熟”[17]、搜索速度较慢[12]等缺陷。为此文章改进了雇佣蜂蜜源搜索方式来改善传统ABC算法的缺陷。
在传统ABC算法中,雇佣蜂随机选取 X j E m作为对象在邻域内进行搜索,这种方式在算法前期可以扩大搜索空间,但在算法中后期具有盲目性,不利于算法向着最优解的方向进化,为此雇佣蜂的搜索公式如下式所示:
X i , n e w E m = X i E m + c 1 Φ ( X i E m - X j E m ) +                             c 2 Φ ( X i E m - X b e s t )                     i j
其中 c 1 = 1 2 π θ e - ( i t e r / G ) 2 2 θ 2
c 1 + c 2 = 1
式中: X i E m X j E m分别为第i个和第j个雇佣蜂所处的蜜源; X b e s t为当前最优解; c 1 c 2为自适应正态衰减系数;iter为当前迭代次数;G为总共迭代次数; θ取0.443 3[18]
充电站EV定制化充电策略流程图如图2所示,其中左侧是EV充电流程图,右侧是使用自适应ABC算法定制EVk充电计划流程图。
具体步骤如下所述:
1)当EVk并网充电后,收集EVk充电信息、用户信息、电网信息;
2)根据收集的信息判断EVk是否可以进行有序充电,若不能则进行无序充电;
3)在确定EVk可以进行有序充电后,计算EVk在充电期间各时段的电价;
4)根据第2.3节所述建立EV充电过程优化模型;
5)随后使用自适应ABC算法对模型进行求解,其主要步骤如下:①随机初始SN个蜜源;②计算适应度,选出当前最优可行解;③雇佣蜂按照式(20)搜索新的蜜源并计算其花蜜量,采用贪婪策略更新蜜源;④跟随蜂采用轮盘赌方法选取蜜源;⑤跟随蜂按照式(19)搜寻新的蜜源并计算其花蜜量,采用贪婪策略更新蜜源;⑥判断是否达到侦查蜂出动的阈值;⑦若达到,则侦查蜂寻找新的蜜源替换当前蜜源;⑧ 重复步骤③~⑦直至最大迭代次数;⑨输出该EV的有序充电计划、充电电量、充电成本等信息;
6)将该EV充电计划叠加至台区负荷;
7)智能充电桩按计划为该车进行充电。
文章所述案例为某居民小区,变压器容量为1 250 kV·A,变压器最大可承载容量阈值倍数为0.8,小区典型日基础负荷如图3所示。
蜜源数量设置为100,迭代次数为100,EV最小充电功率和最大充电功率分别为1 kW和7 kW,车辆参数从某电动汽车充电运营公司实际订单中随机抽取,每一订单分别包含用户的充电开始时间、充电结束时间和充电电量。根据文献[19],S9系列变压器最佳经济运行区间为[0.25,0.75],故假设台区谷时、平时、峰时和尖峰时期的临界负载率分别为0.35,0.5,0.65和0.75;动态电价谷时、平时、峰时和尖峰时段的电价参考文献[20],分别为0.365元/(kW·h),0.687元/(kW·h),0.869元/(kW·h)和1.043元/(kW·h);用户无序充电时的电价和充电站购电电价均按分时电价计算,分时电价[20]表1所示;假设充电桩充足,所有车辆按计划充电,用户中途不中止充电。
为明确自适应ABC算法的优劣,某辆待优化EV的充电信息如表2所示。
运用传统ABC算法和自适应ABC算法优化该EV充电过程结果如图4图5所示。从中可以看出,自适应ABC算法可以快速找到最优解,优化效果也强于传统ABC算法。
由于居住区EV充电开始时间与用户的出行规律高度相关,主要集中于晚间充电,为了便于计算,对一天24 h的模拟仿真从当日12:00开始至次日12:00结束,为进一步清晰地表达文章所提策略,100辆EV充电时的仿真过程图如图6所示。
为比较不同数量下EV两种充电方式对台区负荷的影响和居民用户的充电成本情况,分别利用蒙特卡洛方法对50辆、100辆和150辆EV的充电情况进行模拟仿真,每次仿真均在相同EV充电信息的基础上使用两种策略来计算EV充电过程,将分时电价加无序充电方式称为策略1,将动态电价加定制化充电方式称为策略2,其中100辆EV充电时,两种策略台区负荷对比图如图7所示。台区负荷指标变化情况、用户充电成本情况和充电站收益情况分别如表3表4表5所示。
从电网角度来看,由图7可以看出,策略1由于没有对用户的充电行为加以控制,受用户出行规律的影响,用户在21:00左右将EV集中接入电网,导致负荷急剧增加,在凌晨时EV又相对集中的完成充电,浪费凌晨时段充电裕度,造成了更大的峰谷差,增加台区供电负担。随着汽车数量的增多,峰谷差由376 kW增加到了752 kW,波动率由37.12%上升到53.27%,150辆汽车充电时最大负载率为74.65%,已经接近变压器安全裕度,威胁变压器安全运行。
策略2与策略1相比,电网负荷指标得到了大幅提升,如表3所示,峰谷差分别下降至233 kW,315 kW和422 kW;波动率分别下降至20.25%,25.65%和32.22%;最大负载率分别下降至34.45%,44.55%和57.07%。经测算,在策略2的充电方式下,该小区台变每天最多可以满足250辆EV的充电需求,较另一种方式增加了近100辆EV的充电裕度。这主要是动态电价不受时间的影响,受变压器负载率的控制,这为优化算法提供了灵活性,算法可以在保证每位用户充电便利性和充电成本最低的同时挖掘EV削峰填谷、平抑负荷波动的潜力,将EV充电负荷对电网的冲击降到最低。从表5可以看出,电网公司对充电站的补贴金额不多,但却可以大幅提升台区负荷指标,保障了电网的利益。
从用户角度来讲,一方面用户可以根据自身需求设定自己期望的用车时间和充电电量,不需要强制在某个时段参与电网调控,这为用户提供了极大的便利;另一方面,从表4可以看出,策略2的平均充电成本均不高于策略1,也即用户使用策略2充电时的充电成本将更低。综合来看,用户采用策略2充电时,既不会影响到自身的用车需求,同时也可以降低自己的充电成本,保障了用户的利益。
从充电站角度来看,作为同时为电网和用户提供服务的第三方,一方面为用户提供了便利性,降低了充电电费,另一方面又降低了EV充电负荷对电网的冲击,实现了EV良好入网,同时通过用户充电服务费和电网补贴保证了站方运营收益,符合充电站的利益。
EV的快速发展对电网既是挑战也是机遇,文章从实际应用角度出发提出计及动态电价的EV定制化充电策略,在保障用户便利性和充电成本最低的同时大幅提高了台区负荷指标,同时也保证了充电站运营收益。文章根据华东某市居住区充电站EV用户真实充电数据进行模拟仿真,验证了文章所提策略的有效性,在充电站运营方面具有一定的实用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52077107)
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2024年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25189
  • 接收时间:2023-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-14
  • 修回日期:2023-07-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(52077107)
作者信息
    1 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2 国网重庆市电力公司,重庆 400020

通讯作者:

高辉(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动等,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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种数
Number of
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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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