Article(id=1205158460590633658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24872, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671984000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-26, revisedDate=1677081600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765261767765, onlineDateStr=2025-12-09, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765261767765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765261767765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261767765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205158458619306387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765261767296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765261938922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205159178575782323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205159178575782324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205158458619306387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205158460804543166, articleId=1205158460590633658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Optimal Bidding Strategy with Multiple Physical Entities in Market Environment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problems of intermittent and fluctuating distributed energy,took three major physical entities in the demand response project,namely system operator,load aggregator and load end user,as the research object,the transactions between supply and demand within the power system composed by them were analyzed,and the objective conditions of the benefits of the whole system load user were considered. The factors affecting the income of load aggregators,system operators and users at the load end were proposed to combined,and an optimal bidding model with multiple types of physical entities under the market environment with the income of load aggregators as the optimization objective was constructed. In the model,the surplus and shortage of system scheduled electricity were directly connected with the power market. A typical case study shows that the optimal bidding model can effectively improve the benefits of load aggregators,and to some extent increase the benefits of load users,and indirectly improve the stability of power system.

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为了解决分布式能源的间歇式和波动性的问题,以需求响应项目中的系统运营商、负荷聚合商以及负荷端用户这三个主要的物理实体为研究对象,分析了其组成的电力系统内部供需之间的交易,考虑到整体系统负荷用户端的收益客观条件,提出将负荷聚合商、系统运营商以及负荷端用户的收益影响要素相结合,以负荷聚合商的收益为优化目标,构建市场环境下含多类物理实体的优化竞价模型,模型中系统调度电量的余量和缺额量直接和电力市场相衔接。对一个典型案例进行研究,结果表明最优竞价模型可有效地提高负荷聚合商的收益,并且一定程度上增加了负荷用户的收益,进而间接地提高了电力系统的稳定性。

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袁少伟(1992—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统分析、调度控制以及自动化,Email:

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袁少伟(1992—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统分析、调度控制以及自动化,Email:

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袁少伟(1992—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统分析、调度控制以及自动化,Email:

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市场环境下含多物理实体的最优竞价策略研究
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袁少伟 1 , 李宇翔 1 , 姜杰 1 , 张贝 1 , 朱庆 2
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(7): 73-78
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(7): 73-78
市场环境下含多物理实体的最优竞价策略研究
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袁少伟1 , 李宇翔1, 姜杰1, 张贝1, 朱庆2
作者信息
  • 1 国网新疆电力有限公司乌鲁木齐供电公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2 南京南瑞信息通信科技有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
  • 袁少伟(1992—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统分析、调度控制以及自动化,Email:

Research on Optimal Bidding Strategy with Multiple Physical Entities in Market Environment
Shaowei YUAN1 , Yuxiang LI1, Jie JIANG1, Bei ZHANG1, Qing ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Urumqi Power Supply Company of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Urumqi 830000,Xinjiang,China
  • 2 Nanjing NARI Information & Communication Technology Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210000,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24872
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为了解决分布式能源的间歇式和波动性的问题,以需求响应项目中的系统运营商、负荷聚合商以及负荷端用户这三个主要的物理实体为研究对象,分析了其组成的电力系统内部供需之间的交易,考虑到整体系统负荷用户端的收益客观条件,提出将负荷聚合商、系统运营商以及负荷端用户的收益影响要素相结合,以负荷聚合商的收益为优化目标,构建市场环境下含多类物理实体的优化竞价模型,模型中系统调度电量的余量和缺额量直接和电力市场相衔接。对一个典型案例进行研究,结果表明最优竞价模型可有效地提高负荷聚合商的收益,并且一定程度上增加了负荷用户的收益,进而间接地提高了电力系统的稳定性。

需求响应  /  竞价模型  /  负荷聚合商  /  优化策略

In order to solve the problems of intermittent and fluctuating distributed energy,took three major physical entities in the demand response project,namely system operator,load aggregator and load end user,as the research object,the transactions between supply and demand within the power system composed by them were analyzed,and the objective conditions of the benefits of the whole system load user were considered. The factors affecting the income of load aggregators,system operators and users at the load end were proposed to combined,and an optimal bidding model with multiple types of physical entities under the market environment with the income of load aggregators as the optimization objective was constructed. In the model,the surplus and shortage of system scheduled electricity were directly connected with the power market. A typical case study shows that the optimal bidding model can effectively improve the benefits of load aggregators,and to some extent increase the benefits of load users,and indirectly improve the stability of power system.

demand response(DR)  /  bidding model  /  load aggregator  /  optimization strategy
袁少伟, 李宇翔, 姜杰, 张贝, 朱庆. 市场环境下含多物理实体的最优竞价策略研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (7) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24872
Shaowei YUAN, Yuxiang LI, Jie JIANG, Bei ZHANG, Qing ZHU. Research on Optimal Bidding Strategy with Multiple Physical Entities in Market Environment[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (7) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24872
在现今世界经济快速发展的背景下,电力需求也在快速地增长,同样也带来了能源资源短缺、环境污染、气候变化等多种问题,这些问题严重地威胁着整个社会的可持续发展。此外,随之带来了居民用户的生活需求对电能质量的要求也逐渐提高,因此,对于传统电网而言,稳定地维护和运行电力系统的压力越来越大。为了解决这一问题,智能电网的概念应运而生。近年来,它逐渐成为世界电力行业的热点话题之一[1]。虽然各国智能电网的发展和研究进展不尽相同,但都以信息化、自动化和互动性为重点[2],致力于将未来电网建设成为低碳、清洁、智能、高效、强大、稳定的电网[3]。在智能电网建设的带动下,需求响应技术也取得了前所未有的发展,两者相辅相成,相互促进[4]。需求响应业务逐步从本地试点向常态化推进,用户端资源的智能化管理已成为智能电网的重要组成部分[5]
目前国内外对需求响应(demand response,DR)建模的角度有所不同。文献[6]对居民用户的电器设备进行系统性地分类,依据智能电表所采集到的用电量数据,将电价和响应负荷反复迭代直至收敛。文献[7]提出了一种对居民用户的用电需求进行层次型估算,此方法很大程度上将用户的能源消费类型进行分类和量化。并且此种方法可以大规模地适用于防反弹高峰,有助于系统整体的稳定运行。文献[8]提出了一种系统性的智能家庭能源管理系统,可将用户的家庭电器设备分为可控和不可控的设备,其中可控设备又分为可推迟的、热相关的、可中断的设备。此类型系统可以较为轻易地估算用户的使用意向。上述多篇文献对负荷端用户分类方法过于单一,本文根据以往用电量作为初步依据,再以上述引用文献中的层次型分类方法对用户端进行两次分类(第一次分类是将小型用电厂家与居民用户分类,第二次分类是对居民用户详细划分),根据不同的负荷用户类型,对初始各时段内的用户使用电量进行二次预估,充分利用用户的使用意向估算出居民用户各时段可转移负荷量,大大缩减了算例的计算时间。
在需求响应项目中,由于其所服务的对象众多,且在整个需求响应运行的流程中,所要计算的周期、节点等各类参数众多,使得算例中的维度大幅度地增加,因此,对于需求响应竞价策略问题求解过程将是相当庞大[9]。文献[10]设计了一种产电和用电两方非合作式竞价双层模型,此模型基于动态博弈理论并且以电网的经济性调度为目标。文献[11]提出了含电动汽车、可转移负荷和其他分布式电源(柴油机和储能单元)的微电网经济调度多目标模型,以研究电动汽车充放电行为和需求侧响应资源对光伏并网微电网系统经济运行的影响。综上所述,目前研究主要针对于负荷聚合商的参与需求响应的交易模式,对负荷聚合商之间的竞价参数的研究较少,本文主要以负荷聚合商的收益为研究对象,并且结合需求响应项目中其他多物理实体的收益为辅助评论指标,与此同时,在收益相对最大化的同时要求竞价参数值符合竞价标准,解决了负荷聚合商的收益最大化与竞价参数达标相矛盾的问题,达到了竞价参数达标的情况下聚合商的收益最大化的效果。
负荷聚合商作为电力市场的交易主体,其负荷特性在电力需求响应市场中的参与交易形式为双边交易,如图1所示。
图1可知,在双边交易中,负荷聚合商在接收到系统运营商发布的需求响应信号的同时,其会依据信号的规定要求与内容,并考虑负荷聚合商自身的实际情况,制定出合适的竞价策略进行投标。此外,负荷聚合商还应以自身为主体,进行统计其所管辖服务居民用户的可响应资源,对需求端进行合理的协调,从而制定出最佳的激励政策。对于用电端,负荷用户也会根据激励政策和自身的负荷用电情况,将自身的用户信息和用电情况反馈于负荷聚合商。从交易架构的过程可知,负荷聚合商在需求响应的交易流程中,所需要处理的上下级交互信息、变量关系以及成本计算较为复杂,并且由于需求响应整体本身的实时性和随机性特点,在实现过程中,无法重新调整策略,因此负荷聚合商在设计其响应的策略中,策略的合理性和可盈利性显得更为重要。
在竞价策略的优化设计中,本文将各阶段可响应量和响应贡献度(实际响应量与未参与需求响应技术时总负荷容量的比值)这两个关键因素作为竞价的评判标准。
响应贡献度与收益关系如图2所示,这两个评判指标与负荷聚合商在激励政策中的支出成本和补贴策略收益密切相关,合理的申报可响应量需要负荷聚合商对其所服务用户的响应能力和响应波动要有准确的预测,根据所预测的数值可最大程度地在需求响应项目中获得最佳的补贴奖励。与此同时,也不可以一味地追求补贴收益,而忽略因预测负荷响应申报值与实际响应负荷值差距过大而带来的惩罚。
此外,负荷响应贡献度这一因素在需求响应项目中将会很大程度地影响系统运营商给予负荷聚合商的补贴收益,补贴利益与响应贡献度在一定程度上显现正相关,因此,负荷聚合商为了使自身的收益最大化,将会很大程度上通过激励政策来鼓励所服务的居民用户来参与需求响应项目。但是,负荷聚合商对于居民用户的激励政策应该根据实际情况合理地制定,过量的激励支出在高参与的情况下所引起的居民用户参与率将只有小幅度的增长,与此同时,负荷聚合商的收益变化率也将可能显现下降趋势。
本文的目标函数研究对象是负荷聚合商参与需求响应项目的收益,并且使其目标函数的收益达到最大化。综上模型所示,目标函数中负荷聚合商的经济效益主要分为两大部分,其中收益部分包括系统运营商给予负荷聚合商的需求响应补贴,支出部分为未达到申报负荷响应值的惩罚支出和负荷聚合商给予居民用户负荷需求响应激励支出。除此之外,负荷聚合商的经济效益还涉及空余电价的二次购买费用或者多余电量的售卖经济收益,如下式所示:
m a x   S L A ( t ) = I g r i d L A ( t ) - I L A c u s ( t ) - I p e n ( t ) + I s e c o ( t )
式中: S L A为负荷聚合商的收益; I g r i d L A为系统运营商给予负荷聚合商的补贴收益; I L A c u s为负荷聚合商对居民用户的激励支出; I p e n为用户实际负荷响应量未达到申报负荷响应标准时系统运营商对负荷聚合商要求的惩罚支出; I s e c o为负荷聚合商申报购电量与实际用电量之间的差值经济支出或经济收入。
1)申报响应量。根据图2所示,居民用户的负荷类型分为可转移负荷和不可转移负荷,而其中负荷响应量主要由可转移负荷来承担,申报响应量 Q d ( t )数值如下式所示:
Q d t = θ Q L A ( t )
式中: Q L A ( t )t时段负荷聚合商申报的总电量; θ为申报响应量 Q d ( t ) Q L A ( t )的比值。
2)补贴价格。系统运营商给予负荷聚合商的补贴价格主要由实时电价和响应贡献度组成,如下式所示:
P g r i d L A ( t ) = k 1 ε P ( t )
式中: P g r i d L A ( t )为系统运营商给予负荷聚合商的补贴价格标准; P ( t )为实时电价; ε为预测得到的响应贡献度;k1为模拟系数。
3)惩罚价格如下:
P p e n ( t ) = μ P g r i d L A ( t )
式中: μ为惩罚系数。
4)激励价格如下:
P L A c u s ( t ) = β P ( t )
式中: β为负荷聚合商对居民用户响应量的预测激励价格系数(其在不同的时段会随着居民用户响应量发生变化,受预测响应量与预测用电量的比值影响)。
5)负荷聚合商的补贴收益模型:
I g r i d L A ( t ) = P g r i d L A ( t ) Q d ( t )         Q a Q d P g r i d L A ( t ) Q a ( t )         Q a < Q d
式中: Q a t为响应t时段实际负荷聚合商所服务居民用户响应负荷量。
6)负荷聚合商对居民用户的激励支出模型:
I L A c u s ( t ) = P L A c u s ( t ) Q a ( t )
式中: P L A c u s ( t )为负荷聚合商给予居民用户的响应负荷的激励单价。
7)负荷聚合商受到的惩罚支出模型:
I p e n ( t ) = 0                                                                                                   Q a Q d P p e n ( t ) [ Q d ( t ) - Q a ( t ) ]         Q a < Q d
式中: P p e n ( t )为负荷聚合商所服务的居民用户响应总量未达到申报响应量时,系统运营商对负荷聚合商未达到申报量差值电量的惩罚单价。
8)负荷聚合商额外二次交易模型:
I s e c o ( t ) = Δ P 1 ( t ) [ Q L A ( t ) - Q t o t ( t ) ]           Q L A ( t ) Q t o t ( t ) Δ P 2 ( t ) [ Q L A ( t ) - Q t o t ( t ) ]         Q L A ( t ) < Q t o t ( t )
式中: Δ P 1 ( t )为负荷聚合商售出多余电量的单价利润值; Δ P 2 ( t )为负荷聚合商购买不足电量时单价亏损点; Q L A ( t )为负荷聚合商申报电量; Q t o t ( t )为实际居民用户用电量。
9)负荷聚合商的竞价系数:
ϒ = c 1 θ + c 2 ε + c 3 P L A c u s P g r i d L A
式中:c1为申报响应量 Q d ( t ) Q L A ( t )的比值系数;c2为预测得到的响应贡献度系数;c3为负荷聚合商价格预测系数。
1)价格约束:
P g r i d L A ( t ) k 2 P L A c u s ( t ) - k 3 Δ P 1 ( t ) + k 4 Δ P 2 ( t )
式中:k2为负荷聚合商给予居民用户的响应负荷的激励单价的比重系数;k3为多余电量的单价利润值比重系数;k4为购买不足电量时单价亏损点比重系数。
2)功率平衡约束:
Q L A ( t ) = Q t o t ( t ) + Δ Q
式中: Δ Q为多余售电量或者不足弥补电量,具体数值由式(9)确定。
3)单价价格约束:
P p e n ( t ) > P g r i d L A ( t )
4)申报电量约束:
0 < Q d ( t ) 0.2 Q L A ( t )
可知,由于申报值无上限,则有可能使得负荷聚合商过多虚报来获得高利润,而使得电网稳定性下降。
本文算例选取某典型日的数据,总共时段为96个小时段组成24个大时段,每个时间段的时长为15 min,在Matlab环境下调用最优工具箱对算例求解。图3为典型的日电负荷曲线,为了准确地达到符合现实中居民用户使用电能的波动性与随机性的情况,本文算例事先给出预测和实际居民用户两种用电量变化曲线,两条曲线之间进行对比,在一次调度中两者相近,但由于用电波动性的影响以及二次调度的必要性,两条曲线各时间段都具有一定数值差异。其中由于各时段用电总量的不同,本文电量的实时价格也是随着各时段用电总量的上升而增加,符合现实情况。并且对于负荷聚合商而言,对其所服务的居民用户以往的用电总量和可转移负荷量充分了解是非常有必要的,因此,本文算例通过公式计算也给出了各时段用户的预测可转移负荷用电量。
为了保证所建模型的有效性,使得需求响应项目可以更好地运营,本算例以负荷聚合商在各时段收益最大化为优化目标,寻求最优解。
图4为各高峰时段不同类型电量参数数值变化图。对图中数值分析,由于负荷聚合商在不同时段预测购电量都会与实际用电量有所差异,因此,必须进行二次购电或者售电,来对需求端居民用户的用电量进行弥补或者对多余电量进行盈利,其中为了防止负荷聚合商进行过高虚报购电量进行二次售电,系统运营商将会对其申报电量与以往的用电量进行对比,设置上限。并且由于受到用户对负荷响应灵敏度的影响,部分用户并不会将全部的可转移负荷量转移到低谷期,其原因包括居民用户使用电量时的舒适度、用电习惯以及激励价格太低效果不佳等。
各时段价格参数的变化如图5所示。从图5分析可知,本算例中补贴单价、惩罚单价以及激励单价这三种价格参数不仅会受到居民用户总用电量的影响,它们相互之间也会相互作用,以保证负荷聚合商可以从申报的负荷转移响应量中获得收益,防止负荷聚合商亏损,导致整个需求响应项目无法维持下去。
图6为各时间段未参与和参与需求响应用户的成本费用对比,在总使用电量相对均衡的情况下,由于参与需求响应的用户将高峰期负荷转移到低谷期,所以转移部分的负荷使用电量的购买价格为低谷期不同时段的电价,使得参与需求响应用户的电量购买成本费用有所降低。
高峰各时段负荷聚合商和用户的收益如图7所示。从图7可以看出,当负荷端用户将自身原本高峰时段的部分负荷转移到低谷期时,将会获得负荷聚合商给予其的激励补贴,同时负荷聚合商也会获得系统运营商给予自己高峰时段总转移电量的补贴。通过两者数值的对比分析,负荷聚合商的收益要大于用户的收益,是由于需求响应项目的持续运营离不开负荷聚合商的作用,其收益不能为负。
A型与B型负荷聚合商高峰时刻竞价图如图8所示。在图8中,主要对比A型与B型负荷聚合商高峰时刻竞价系数,A型负荷聚合商为本文的主体,其竞价系数由式(10)所得;B型负荷聚合商为本文所要对比的对象,其竞价系数是由上次成功竞价系数确定。从图8中可以看出,在高峰时刻A型负荷聚合商的竞价系数总是优于B型负荷聚合商,所以本文的竞价成立。
本文模拟了多物理实体之间电量供需交易,其中以各主体之间的策略规则为基础(主要包括系统运营商对负荷聚合商的补贴和惩罚策略以及负荷聚合商对居民用户的激励政策),进行构建负荷聚合商的收益模型,并且以此进一步构建负荷聚合商收益的目标函数,求解其最优值。并且以最优值中得出的多类与之相关的参数进行评估竞价分值。通过对其模型的求解得到以下结论:从优化模型运行所产出的仿真结果可以分析得出,当负荷用户端的响应效果达到适当程度时,在原有的激励政策基础上,再以过高的金额来继续增加奖赏激励数额,反而对负荷用户端所能引起相应的参与响应效果增长程度不明显,并且会直接增加系统运营商的财政压力。同时,较大的惩罚制度也会降低响应者的参与率和响应量,因此,应当根据潜在的响应量和已响应量给出合适的奖罚激励制度。系统运营商对负荷聚合商的补贴策略可以很好地促进负荷聚合商制定合适的激励政策,间接地激励居民用户参与需求响应,从而达到削峰的良好效果。与此同时,补贴政策也可以增加负荷聚合商的收益,进一步使得需求响应项目可以持续运行。而系统运营商对负荷聚合商的惩罚策略,也可以有效地制止负荷聚合商为了达到高收益而进行大规模虚报的行为,间接维护整个系统的稳定运行。
  • 国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(SGXJWL00DKJS2200567)
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2024年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24872
  • 接收时间:2022-12-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-26
  • 修回日期:2023-02-23
基金
国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(SGXJWL00DKJS2200567)
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    1 国网新疆电力有限公司乌鲁木齐供电公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2 南京南瑞信息通信科技有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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