Article(id=1203038988127924457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1203038986534085494, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25258, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764756446153, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764756446153, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764756446153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756446153, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203038986534085494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764756445773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756666322, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203039911638163741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1203038986534085494, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203039911638163742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1203038986534085494, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203038988316668144, articleId=1203038988127924457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Systems Based on Crisscross Optimization Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When a large number of energy storage devices are integrated into the power grid through a virtual synchronous generator (VSG),improper selection of control parameters in traditional fixed inertia and damping control strategies can lead to long adjustment times or large overshoot,and fail to fully leverage the flexible advantages of VSG control. To address this issue,an adaptive control strategy for energy storage system based on the crisscross optimization (CSO) algorithm was proposed. Firstly,the VSG model of the energy storage system was established,and the minimum value of the sum of the frequency error of the VSG system and the total harmonic distortion of the voltage was taken as the objective function of CSO. The battery state of energy (SOE) constraint was introduced to solve the optimal inertia and damping. This algorithm has a faster convergence speed and effectively avoids parameter local solutions. On this basis,an improved inertia and damping adaptive control strategy was designed to effectively improve the dynamic performance of VSG. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by building a simulation model using Matlab/Simulink.

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大量储能设备通过虚拟同步机(VSG)并入电网时,传统固定惯量和阻尼控制策略中,控制参数选取不当会造成调节时间长或超调量大,且无法充分发挥VSG控制灵活的优势。为此,提出了基于纵横交叉(CSO)算法的储能系统自适应控制策略,首先,建立了储能系统VSG系统,将储能VSG系统频率的误差与电压总谐波畸变率之和的最小值作为CSO的目标函数,并引入电池的荷电状态(SOE)约束求解最佳惯量以及阻尼,该算法收敛速度更快且有效地规避了参数局部解。在此基础上,设计一种改进的惯量阻尼自适应控制策略,有效地改善了VSG的动态性能。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink搭建仿真模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

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任萱(1973—),女,硕士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

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任萱(1973—),女,硕士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

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任萱(1973—),女,硕士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

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ArticleFig(id=1203077816045777287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1203038988127924457, language=CN, label=图10, caption=自适应控制下VSG的动态响应曲线, figureFileSmall=JjByaqxPInaKnxiTyqQm8w==, figureFileBig=DB5aMuGHPcqDwwWxWIJDHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203077816146440585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1203038988127924457, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The law of VSG inertia damping adaptive control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间序号 频率偏差 频率变化率 惯量 阻尼
1 >0 >0 增大 增大
2 >0 <0 减小 增大
3 <0 <0 减小 增大
4 <0 >0 增大 增大
), ArticleFig(id=1203077816226132364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1203038988127924457, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制的规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间序号 频率偏差 频率变化率 惯量 阻尼
1 >0 >0 增大 增大
2 >0 <0 减小 增大
3 <0 <0 减小 增大
4 <0 >0 增大 增大
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基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统自适应控制策略
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任萱 1 , 陈通 1 , 董立志 2 , 黄灵通 1 , 张明霞 2
电气传动 | 新能源输配电系统柔性互联装备及控制技术 2024,54(4): 4-10
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电气传动 | 新能源输配电系统柔性互联装备及控制技术 2024, 54(4): 4-10
基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统自适应控制策略
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任萱1 , 陈通1, 董立志2, 黄灵通1, 张明霞2
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司镇江供电分公司,江苏 镇江 212000
  • 2 中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
  • 任萱(1973—),女,硕士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Systems Based on Crisscross Optimization Algorithm
Xuan REN1 , Tong CHEN1, Lizhi DONG2, Lingtong HUANG1, Mingxia ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd. Zhenjiang Power Supply Branch,Zhenjiang 212000,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 China Electric Power Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100192,China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25258
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大量储能设备通过虚拟同步机(VSG)并入电网时,传统固定惯量和阻尼控制策略中,控制参数选取不当会造成调节时间长或超调量大,且无法充分发挥VSG控制灵活的优势。为此,提出了基于纵横交叉(CSO)算法的储能系统自适应控制策略,首先,建立了储能系统VSG系统,将储能VSG系统频率的误差与电压总谐波畸变率之和的最小值作为CSO的目标函数,并引入电池的荷电状态(SOE)约束求解最佳惯量以及阻尼,该算法收敛速度更快且有效地规避了参数局部解。在此基础上,设计一种改进的惯量阻尼自适应控制策略,有效地改善了VSG的动态性能。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink搭建仿真模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

储能系统  /  虚拟同步机  /  惯量阻尼自适应控制  /  电池荷电状态  /  纵横交叉算法

When a large number of energy storage devices are integrated into the power grid through a virtual synchronous generator (VSG),improper selection of control parameters in traditional fixed inertia and damping control strategies can lead to long adjustment times or large overshoot,and fail to fully leverage the flexible advantages of VSG control. To address this issue,an adaptive control strategy for energy storage system based on the crisscross optimization (CSO) algorithm was proposed. Firstly,the VSG model of the energy storage system was established,and the minimum value of the sum of the frequency error of the VSG system and the total harmonic distortion of the voltage was taken as the objective function of CSO. The battery state of energy (SOE) constraint was introduced to solve the optimal inertia and damping. This algorithm has a faster convergence speed and effectively avoids parameter local solutions. On this basis,an improved inertia and damping adaptive control strategy was designed to effectively improve the dynamic performance of VSG. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by building a simulation model using Matlab/Simulink.

energy storage system  /  virtual synchronous generator(VSG)  /  adaptive control of inertia and damping  /  state of energy (SOE) of batteries  /  crisscross optimization(CSO) algorithm
任萱, 陈通, 董立志, 黄灵通, 张明霞. 基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统自适应控制策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (4) : 4 -10 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25258
Xuan REN, Tong CHEN, Lizhi DONG, Lingtong HUANG, Mingxia ZHANG. Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Systems Based on Crisscross Optimization Algorithm[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (4) : 4 -10 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25258
为了解决“环境污染”、“能源紧缺”的问题,推进国家“双碳战略”落地,新型储能得到大力发展。大量电化学储能设备通过电力电子装置并网,电力电子装置不同于传统的旋转设备,具有无转动惯量的特点,导致电力系统的整体惯性大幅度下降,影响电力系统的稳定性[1]。虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)是当前改善逆变器的动态稳定性的方案。众多学者对虚拟同步机进行了大量的研究,其主要的思想是逆变器模拟同步机的运行特性,为分布式电源提供惯性和阻尼支撑[2]。文献[3]通过建立VSG的小信号模型,提出了设计VSG控制参数的方法,将VSG更广泛地应用于储能系统中。文献[4]通过考虑蓄电池模型,提出了一种优化虚拟同步电机下垂系数的控制策略。但并未兼顾系统的稳定性能。文献[5]将蓄电池的SOC边界条件考虑到虚拟同步机系统中,但对于提升储能系统下的虚拟同步机的性能的工作尚未进行。文献[6]提出一种基于储能协调的虚拟同步机的控制策略,但是在参数整定设计上存在不足。
近年来,随着人工智能技术的不断发展,人工智能技术逐渐应用到优化VSG的性能中[7-10]。文献[7]首次在虚拟同步机中引入粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法,实现了对VSG的控制参数的优化。文献[8]结合粒子群算法和天牛须算法优化得到VSG的最佳惯量和阻尼。文献[9]提出了一种淘汰粒子群优化算法,增强了粒子群算法对VSG控制参数的寻优能力。文献[10]对粒子群算法的惯性权重以及目标函数加以改进,更进一步提升了粒子群算法寻优能力。然而,粒子群算法自身存在一定的缺陷。文献[11]首次提出一种纵横交叉优化(crisscross optimization,CSO)算法,该算法能够实现全局并行搜索且迭代次数更少,在电力系统中得到广泛的应用。文献[12]将纵横交叉算法应用到电力市场的电价预测中。文献[13]将纵横交叉算法应用到直流微电网中并有效优化系统参数。然而现阶段,尚未有文献将纵横交叉算法应用到虚拟同步机中。
智能优化算法通过不断迭代VSG的参数,寻找最优参数应用到VSG系统中,然而VSG动态响应优化也同等重要。文献[14]首次提出自适应控制算法应用于虚拟同步机中。文献[15]提出了一种改进的自适应控制算法,提升了虚拟同步机的动态调节性能。文献[16]提出了一种基于RBF神经网络自适应调节惯量和阻尼的控制策略。但上述自适应控制算法皆基于理想电源进行动态响应优化。
综上,当VSG的直流侧为理想电压源,则忽略了储能设备的充放电功率限定约束。在实际应用中,当VSG的输出功率的最大值大于储能设备的充放电的功率时,系统会发生剧烈振荡。且PSO算法存在容易出现陷入局部解和收敛速度时间长的问题,需要采用更先进的算法加以改善。
因此,针对上述问题,本文的主要工作如下:1)基于电池功率限定的约束条件,得到VSG的惯量阻尼的取值范围。2)基于上述的取值范围,利用CSO算法计算VSG在稳态运行下的最佳惯量与阻尼。3)设计一种惯量和阻尼自适应控制策略,改善VSG输出功率以及频率变化的动态响应。
储能VSG电气拓扑结构如图1所示。其中Q1~Q6为IGBT,逆变器侧的电感Ls与电容C构成LC滤波器,Rs与Rc分别为LC滤波器的寄生电阻,Lg与Rg分别为电网电感和电网电阻,Ug为无穷大电源。
储能VSG的有功环与无功环的控制方程分别为
J d ω d t - D ( ω - ω o ) = P r e f - P e ω o θ = ω d t E = K s D q ( U r e f - U e ) + ( Q r e f - Q e )
式中:J为惯量参数;D为阻尼参数;ω为VSG的角频率;ωo为额定角频率;Pref为给定的输出有功功率;Pe为VSG的输出有功功率;θ为VSG的功角;K为电压调节系数;Dq为无功调节系数;Uref为给定的输出电压;Ue为VSG的实际输出电压;Qref为给定的输出无功功率;Qe为VSG的输出无功功率。
根据文献[13]分析可以得出,在设计有功环的时候可以忽略无功环的影响。储能VSG系统的输出功率与额定功率的传递函数如下:
G ( s ) = K J ω o s 2 + D J s + K J ω o
通过式(2)得到二阶系统的阻尼比ξ以及自然振荡频率ωn,其表达式如下:
ξ = D 2 ω o J K
ω n = K J ω o
根据式(3)和式(4)可以得出惯量J与阻尼D对储能VSG的影响较大,不同的惯量J与阻尼D对VSG的动态性能具有不同影响,如图2所示。
图2a为阻尼D一定时,不同惯量J对VSG的动态性能的影响。由图2a可知,惯量越大,振荡的幅值越小,但调节时间越长,同理,惯量越小,振荡的幅值越大,但调节时间越短。
图2b为惯量J一定时,不同阻尼D对VSG的动态性能的影响。由图2b可知,阻尼越小,振荡的幅值越大且调节时间越长,阻尼越大,振荡的幅值越小且调节时间越短。
在电池的充放电过程中,其端口电压和内阻等参数会随着其剩余容量的变化而发生变化。这个剩余容量通常用电池荷电状态(state of energy,SOE)表示。在相同的SOE状态下,电池在面对不同方向的负载波动时,其充放电功率限制值也会随之发生变化。此外,在应对相同负载功率波动时,不同SOE状态下的充放电功率限制值也会有所不同。
因此,当储能VSG系统发生阶跃响应,电池通过充放电向储能VSG系统提供功率,其功率的表达式为[10]
P r e f = K J ω o s 2 + D J s + K J ω o P e s
从式(5)可以得到,在欠阻尼状态下,电池在响应负载变化产生超过功率波动值的最大充放电功率的表达式为
P m a x = ( 1 + e - π D X 4 J E U ω o ) P e
根据电池的充放电特性[5],可以得到电池充、放电功率限值表达式为
P = - ( 1 - S O E ) S n μ r e f
P = S O E S n μ r e f
因此,基于电池SOE的功率约束条件,得到惯量和阻尼取值范围的步骤如下:
首先,当电池的SOE为68%,根据式(7)和式(8)可得,放电功率限制值可达到1.8Pref,而充电功率限制值为1.6Pref。选取两者的功率限制值的最小值作为储能系统的约束条件。
其次,由于VSG处于欠阻尼状态下,阻尼比ξ在(0,1)的范围之内,惯量J与阻尼D满足不等式:
J > D 2 X E U ω o
最后,设计VSG频率变化为2 Hz,其中逆变器有功功率的变化范围在额定功率的40%~100%之间,因此,阻尼D可以表示为
D = P ω o ω m a x
基于储能系统的约束下惯量和阻尼的取值范围如图3所示。
基于上述条件,得到惯量与阻尼的取值范围。因此,基于PSO寻优VSG惯量和阻尼参数时,需要在此约束范围内保证VSG能够在储能系统下稳定运行。
传统PSO算法容易陷入局部最优解,导致无法得到全局最优解[5]。而CSO算法收敛速度更快且有效地规避了参数局部解。
CSO算法是通过将不同维度的趋优参数进行交叉,产生新的个体,增加种群的多样性,促进算法的全局搜索能力,纵向交叉通过对父代趋优参数进行算术运算,生成新的子代趋优参数,从而实现交叉操作[13]。其表达式为
M v c ( i , d 1 ) = r X ( i , d 1 ) + ( 1 - r ) X ( i , d 2 ) + c [ X ( i , d 1 ) - X ( i , d 2 ) ]
式中:r为0到1之间的随机数;c为0到1之间的随机数; X ( i , d 1 ) X ( i , d 2 )为不同维度的父代趋优参数; M v c ( i , d 1 )为父代不同维度纵向交叉产生的子代趋优参数;i为个体编号,取值范围为1到QQ为种群规模;d1d2为趋优参数的维度编号,取值范围为1到CC为种群的维度数量。
本文采用的CSO竞争算子通过比较两者的适应度值,选取适应度值最小的参数进行下一次迭代,使得整体竞争算子趋向最好的方向。
本文提出CSO的适应度函数为储能VSG系统频率的误差与储能VSG系统电压总谐波畸变率(THD)之和,其函数表达式为
f i t n e s s = 0 t t | ( f - f r e f ) | d t + 2 U n 2 U 1 × 100 %
因此,CSO优化算法的流程如下:
1)设定竞争算子的初值(包括竞争算子大小,初始位置以及初始速度);
2)设定竞争算子的上、下限以及竞争算子的最大迭代次数;
3)根据适应度函数计算竞争算子适应度值;
4)更新竞争算子的位置与速度;
5)判断是否完成迭代次数。若满足,直接执行步骤6),若不满足,返回步骤3);
6)结束迭代,寻优结束。通过CSO优化算法寻优后的初值,得到最佳惯量Jbest以及最佳阻尼Dbest
VSG具有类似同步发电机的外特性和转子惯量特性,且VSG的惯量和阻尼参数具有一定的灵活性,惯量可以根据储能系统的场景来自适应地选择更合适的数值。为了更好地掌握VSG的动态特性,设计了一种储能系统惯量阻尼自适应控制策略。
为了更好地设计VSG的惯量阻尼自适应控制策略,需要对VSG的功角曲线以及转子角频率振荡曲线进行分析,如图4所示。由图4可知,输入功率增加时,虚拟转子的角速度会加快,应采用较大的惯量,限制虚拟转子角速度的增加,避免转速超调。当虚拟转子角速度进入减速状态时,应采用较小的惯量,限制虚拟转子角速度减缓,并尽快将功率的振荡达到最佳值。在不同的输入功率范围内,需要选择不同大小的惯量J,使虚拟转子角速度能够更好地适应电网的变化。而阻尼D需要随着虚拟同步机的虚拟转子角速度的变化而增大。
VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制的规律如表1所示,频率偏差为ω-ωo,频率变化率为dω/dt
根据表1的VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制的规律,本文设计的VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制方程如下:
J = J b e s t + k a r c t a n ( Δ ω / d ω d t ) Δ ω / d ω d t   Δ ω d ω d t > 0 | Δ ω | > 2 π f s J b e s t - k a r c t a n ( Δ ω / d ω d t ) Δ ω / d ω d t   Δ ω d ω d t > 0 | Δ ω | > 2 π f s J b e s t         | Δ ω | < 2 π f s
D = D b e s t + k a r c t a n ( Δ ω / d ω d t ) Δ ω / d ω d t   | Δ ω | > 2 π f s D b e s t     | Δ ω | < 2 π f s
综上,基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统虚拟同步机惯量自适应控制策略流程图如图5所示,具体步骤如下:
步骤1:基于储能约束得到JD的取值范围:[JminJmax],[DminDmax]。
步骤2:基于粒子群算法得到最佳惯量Jbest和最佳阻尼Dbest,其具体步骤为:
首先,初始化粒子种群大小,迭代最大次数、位置和速度;
其次,更新每个粒子的速度和位置,当前个体最优质的全局最优值;
最后,判断迭代是否满足要求。若满足要求,则得到最佳惯量Jbest和最佳阻尼Dbest;若不满足,重新迭代粒子的速度与位置。
步骤3:根据上述的惯量与阻尼的取值范围以及最佳惯量和最佳阻尼,进行惯量阻尼自适应控制,改善系统的动态响应。
为了验证本文所提控制策略的有效性,利用Matlab/Simulink软件建立储能虚拟同步控制模型,并进行仿真验证,具体参数如下:直流电压为2 500 V,滤波电感为4 mH,参考输出功率1.5×105 W,滤波电容1 μF,额定频率为50 Hz,并网电压为220 V,铅酸电池SOE为68%,铅酸电池储能容量为10 A·h。
为了分析储能系统惯量和阻尼参数取值范围的正确性,设定不同情况。
情况1:当JD在取值范围内,给定惯量J=2,给定阻尼D=20。
情况2:当JD超出取值范围,给定惯量J=20,给定阻尼D=5。
将情况1和2分别代入储能VSG系统中,其频率动态响应曲线如图6所示。当惯量J与阻尼D超过了取值范围,在3.5 s后储能VSG系统不稳定。因此,当惯量J与阻尼D取值合理时,系统才能稳定。
为了验证惯量J与阻尼D超过了电池约束条件时,系统发生剧烈振荡。
情况3:在电池作为直流电源时,给定惯量J=20,给定阻尼D=5。
情况4:在理想电压源作为直流电源时,给定惯量J=20,给定阻尼D=5。
将情况3和4分别代入VSG的系统中,其频率动态响应曲线如图7所示,当电池作为直流电源,超过储能约束条件时系统会导致发生剧烈振荡。同等条件下,当理想直流电源作为直流电源,系统并未发生剧烈振荡。
为了分析当电池在SOE=68%状态下,电池的充放电功率限制的正确性,电池作为直流电源,给定惯量J=2和阻尼D=20。
情况5:在2.2 s—2.5 s时刻,将VSG的有功功率的参考值上升50 kW,使得VSG的输出功率不超过功率限制1.6Pref
情况6:在2.2 s—2.5 s时刻,将VSG的有功功率的参考值上升150 kW,使得VSG的输出功率超过功率限制1.6Pref
将情况5和6分别代入VSG的系统中,其频率的动态响应曲线如图8所示。若突增功率超过功率限值,储能VSG系统不稳定,会导致系统的崩溃。若突增功率低于功率限值,储能VSG系统会趋向于稳定。
CSO算法参数设置以及寻优后的结果如下:种群数量为5,最大迭代次数为100,寻优后,最佳惯量Jbest为0.64,最佳阻尼Dbest为38,适应度值为0.522 4×10-3。为了验证本文设计的CSO算法的优越性。图9分别为CSO算法与PSO算法对储能VSG惯量、阻尼参数的寻优结果。从图9可以得到,CSO算法在第6次迭代中找到最优值,而PSO算法在第16次迭代中找到最优值。因此,CSO算法比PSO算法收敛速度更快,迭代次数更少。
为了验证本文设计的惯量阻尼自适应控制策略的优越性。在0~2 s将有功功率的参考值设为100 kW,在2~4 s将有功功率的参考值上升为150 kW。
情况7:本文设计的自适应控制作用于储能VSG系统中。
情况8:当惯量和阻尼为常数,J=0.64,D=38。
将情况7和8分别代入储能VSG系统中,其频率与功率的动态响应曲线如图10所示。在自适应惯量阻尼控制下,有功功率和频率的动态响应明显优于常量惯量阻尼的控制。当功率发生波动时,自适应惯量阻尼控制下的储能VSG系统频率变化率更小,功率变化率更小。
本文提出了基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统自适应控制策略。考虑了电池能量状态约束以及电池充放电功率约束作为惯量与阻尼参数计算的约束条件,得到惯量与阻尼的取值范围。同时利用基于纵横交叉算法,以储能VSG系统的电压总谐波畸变率THD最优以及储能VSG系统的频率变化最小为优化目标,对VSG的惯量J与阻尼D进行寻优,得到最佳惯量Jbest与阻尼Dbest。最后,设计惯量阻尼自适应控制策略,改善了VSG的动态性能。
  • 国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2022112)
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2024年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25258
  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
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国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2022112)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司镇江供电分公司,江苏 镇江 212000
    2 中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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