Article(id=1200482476465443622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24782, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668614400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-17, revisedDate=1670428800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146926274, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146926274, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146926274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146926274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482473936286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146925672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224860848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482476708713259, articleId=1200482476465443622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Harmonic Evaluation Index Based on Maximum Entropy Principle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the accelerated construction of new power system,the harmonic characteristics of power grid are becoming more and more complex. It is of great significance to study the effective statistical management of harmonic data for evaluating the power quality of power grid. A statistical method of harmonic evaluation index based on maximum entropy principle was proposed. By recording and saving the average value and center distance of harmonic data,the maximum entropy principle was used to fit the probability distribution of harmonics,so as to save and identify the harmonic characteristics and facilitate data storage. Two harmonic evaluation criteria of harmonic 95% probability value and 99% probability value were obtained by using the fitted probability distribution,which ensures the accuracy and consistency of the index. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the example analysis of harmonic measured data.

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随着新型电力系统的加速构建,电网的谐波特性日益复杂,研究谐波数据的有效统计管理,对评估电网电能质量好坏具有重要意义。提出一种基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标统计方法,通过记录并保存谐波数据的平均值、中心距等数字特征,使用最大熵原理对谐波进行概率分布拟合,达到保存并识别谐波特征的目的,方便数据储存;利用拟合的概率分布获取谐波95%概率值和99%概率值两种谐波评估标准,保证了指标的准确性和一致性。最后通过谐波实测数据进行算法实例分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

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景巍巍(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统规划,Email:

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景巍巍(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统规划,Email:

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景巍巍(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统规划,Email:

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Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2021, 40(9):27-34., articleTitle=Runoff analysis based on local mean decomposition and maximum entropy spectrum estimation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200861805066179103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, awardId=5700-202018485A-0-0-00, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网有限公司科技项目(5700-202018485A-0-0-00), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200861799231902178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200861799240290787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, companyId=1200861799231902178, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210024,Jiangsu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200861799248679396, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200861802725757457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=95% probability value of harmonic wave of a 110 kV wind power line 1, figureFileSmall=l3Dl+QwowjlA4PRA7oz/fg==, figureFileBig=v+7jnfC4ueVb1a0PfcpQgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861802797060626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=图1, caption=某110 kV风电线路1谐波95%概率值, figureFileSmall=l3Dl+QwowjlA4PRA7oz/fg==, figureFileBig=v+7jnfC4ueVb1a0PfcpQgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861802885141011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=95% probability value of harmonic wave of a 110 kV wind power line 1 and line 2, figureFileSmall=gduljOEfomLe1GllfMpeyw==, figureFileBig=LPicL1EMKPG2mZpx2hin3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861802969027092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=图2, caption=某110 kV风电线路1和线路2谐波95%概率值, figureFileSmall=gduljOEfomLe1GllfMpeyw==, figureFileBig=LPicL1EMKPG2mZpx2hin3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803031941653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fitting effect of the probability density of the 5th,7th,11th and 13th voltage of 220 kV electrified railway, figureFileSmall=7ST0YAtFkVy9fr3DMjjqsQ==, figureFileBig=/FOz94V7G6fGlmks1/XxXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803136799254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=图3, caption=220 kV电气化铁路5次、7次、11次、13次电压概率密度拟合效果, figureFileSmall=7ST0YAtFkVy9fr3DMjjqsQ==, figureFileBig=/FOz94V7G6fGlmks1/XxXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803199713815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitting effect of probability density of the 3th,5th,7th and 11th voltage of 35 kV photovoltaic, figureFileSmall=503IoqN7NsD/sJOBn+wVDQ==, figureFileBig=jbsOie0Q9/lh/CyFzUhYvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803296182808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=图4, caption=35 kV光伏3次、5次、7次、11次电压概率密度拟合效果, figureFileSmall=503IoqN7NsD/sJOBn+wVDQ==, figureFileBig=jbsOie0Q9/lh/CyFzUhYvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803375874585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fitting effect of probability density of the 5th,7th, 11th and 13th current of 110 kV wind power, figureFileSmall=vchWj/hxdm+AuFxH/i6ESg==, figureFileBig=Fht6Q5vDzatb6N5Ou5pibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803438789146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=图5, caption=110 kV风电5次、7次、11次、13次电流概率密度拟合效果, figureFileSmall=vchWj/hxdm+AuFxH/i6ESg==, figureFileBig=Fht6Q5vDzatb6N5Ou5pibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200861803560423963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

ARMS of statistical data in three scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ARMS1/% ARMS2/% ARMS3/%
0.57 1.37 0.13
0.51 0.17 0.47
1.04 0.27 0.20
1.23 0.22 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1200861803635921436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种场景下统计数据的ARMS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ARMS1/% ARMS2/% ARMS3/%
0.57 1.37 0.13
0.51 0.17 0.47
1.04 0.27 0.20
1.23 0.22 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1200861803703030301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fitting effect of 2th~10th harmonic current evaluation index for 110 kV wind power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谐波
次数
谐波评估指标/A 绝对
误差/A
相对
误差/%
传统值 拟合值
95%
概率值
2 0.703 1 0.721 9 -0.018 7 2.666 1
3 0.596 9 0.623 5 -0.026 5 4.443 9
4 0.230 7 0.228 3 0.002 4 -1.037 9
5 2.889 4 2.910 0 -0.020 6 0.713 6
6 0.179 4 0.168 5 0.011 0 -6.120 0
7 2.658 7 2.677 7 -0.019 0 0.714 0
8 0.142 8 0.145 2 -0.002 3 1.643 9
9 0.179 4 0.177 2 0.002 2 -1.227 6
10 0.161 1 0.168 2 -0.007 1 4.404 4
99%
概率值
2 0.772 7 0.772 9 -0.000 2 0.021 5
3 0.758 1 0.743 5 0.014 6 -1.926 8
4 0.256 3 0.246 3 0.010 0 -3.912 5
5 3.193 4 3.175 0 0.018 3 -0.574 2
6 0.212 4 0.189 5 0.022 9 -10.800 7
7 3.076 2 2.835 7 0.240 5 -7.818 1
8 0.172 1 0.158 2 0.013 9 -8.104 4
9 0.212 4 0.194 2 0.018 2 -8.550 7
10 0.172 1 0.183 2 -0.011 1 6.455 4
), ArticleFig(id=1200861803791110686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482476465443622, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

110 kV 风电2~10次谐波电流评估指标拟合效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谐波
次数
谐波评估指标/A 绝对
误差/A
相对
误差/%
传统值 拟合值
95%
概率值
2 0.703 1 0.721 9 -0.018 7 2.666 1
3 0.596 9 0.623 5 -0.026 5 4.443 9
4 0.230 7 0.228 3 0.002 4 -1.037 9
5 2.889 4 2.910 0 -0.020 6 0.713 6
6 0.179 4 0.168 5 0.011 0 -6.120 0
7 2.658 7 2.677 7 -0.019 0 0.714 0
8 0.142 8 0.145 2 -0.002 3 1.643 9
9 0.179 4 0.177 2 0.002 2 -1.227 6
10 0.161 1 0.168 2 -0.007 1 4.404 4
99%
概率值
2 0.772 7 0.772 9 -0.000 2 0.021 5
3 0.758 1 0.743 5 0.014 6 -1.926 8
4 0.256 3 0.246 3 0.010 0 -3.912 5
5 3.193 4 3.175 0 0.018 3 -0.574 2
6 0.212 4 0.189 5 0.022 9 -10.800 7
7 3.076 2 2.835 7 0.240 5 -7.818 1
8 0.172 1 0.158 2 0.013 9 -8.104 4
9 0.212 4 0.194 2 0.018 2 -8.550 7
10 0.172 1 0.183 2 -0.011 1 6.455 4
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基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标研究
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景巍巍 1 , 付慧 1 , 郑仙 2 , 李双伟 1 , 史明明 2 , 曾江 3
电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024,54(5): 73-79
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电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024, 54(5): 73-79
基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标研究
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景巍巍1 , 付慧1, 郑仙2, 李双伟1, 史明明2, 曾江3
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司,江苏 南京 210024
  • 2 国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
  • 3 华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 景巍巍(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统规划,Email:

Research on Harmonic Evaluation Index Based on Maximum Entropy Principle
Weiwei JING1 , Hui FU1, Xian ZHENG2, Shuangwei LI1, Mingming SHI2, jiang ZENG3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210024,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 211103,Jiangsu,China
  • 3 School of Electric Power Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24782
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随着新型电力系统的加速构建,电网的谐波特性日益复杂,研究谐波数据的有效统计管理,对评估电网电能质量好坏具有重要意义。提出一种基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标统计方法,通过记录并保存谐波数据的平均值、中心距等数字特征,使用最大熵原理对谐波进行概率分布拟合,达到保存并识别谐波特征的目的,方便数据储存;利用拟合的概率分布获取谐波95%概率值和99%概率值两种谐波评估标准,保证了指标的准确性和一致性。最后通过谐波实测数据进行算法实例分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

最大熵原理  /  谐波评估  /  95%概率值  /  99%概率值

With the accelerated construction of new power system,the harmonic characteristics of power grid are becoming more and more complex. It is of great significance to study the effective statistical management of harmonic data for evaluating the power quality of power grid. A statistical method of harmonic evaluation index based on maximum entropy principle was proposed. By recording and saving the average value and center distance of harmonic data,the maximum entropy principle was used to fit the probability distribution of harmonics,so as to save and identify the harmonic characteristics and facilitate data storage. Two harmonic evaluation criteria of harmonic 95% probability value and 99% probability value were obtained by using the fitted probability distribution,which ensures the accuracy and consistency of the index. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the example analysis of harmonic measured data.

maximum entropy principle  /  harmonic evaluation  /  95% probability value  /  99% probability value
景巍巍, 付慧, 郑仙, 李双伟, 史明明, 曾江. 基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (5) : 73 -79 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24782
Weiwei JING, Hui FU, Xian ZHENG, Shuangwei LI, Mingming SHI, jiang ZENG. Research on Harmonic Evaluation Index Based on Maximum Entropy Principle[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (5) : 73 -79 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24782
近年来,新能源发电系统和非线性电力电子装置的快速发展应用,成为电网新的谐波源,直接或间接影响到输电网的安全可靠运行[1-4]。电网谐波污染已成为电力系统电能质量最重要的问题之一。为了评估谐波对电网的污染程度,国际上颁布的IEC 61000-4-7,IEC 61000-4-30标准,提到将95%概率值作为电能质量的评估指标;根据国标《电能质量公用电网谐波》(GB/T 14549—1993),规定了公用电网谐波的允许值及其测试方式,将谐波实际测量中的95%概率值作为评判电网谐波电压电流是否越限的标准[5]。作为谐波指标,95%概率值、99%概率值等数值的求取,传统主流采取排序的方式,该方法简单易实现,但是在实践应用当中,随着电能质量监测系统记录的谐波原始数据成倍增加,排序寻找概率大值的性能迅速下降[6]。文献[7]指出,基于谐波离散原始数据求取的概率大值,在极端情况下可能存在对不同谐波用户评价不公、破坏数据一致性和连续性的缺陷。
使用合适的函数精确地拟合出各频次谐波的概率分布,可以得到对不同场景下不同频次的谐波概率分布特征,能够从中提取涵盖传统如平均值、最大值、95%概率值等指标,有利于对典型场景下的谐波进行分析。文献[8]采用最佳平方逼近法对电气化铁道牵引负载谐波进行概率分布拟合,并考虑了该场景下谐波的随机波动性。文献[9]采用非参数核密度估计理论求取了电气化铁路的谐波电流模型,但是需要对最优带宽进行估计,平衡模型的偏差和方差。文献[10]针对电解整流系统背景谐波,采用正态分布、对数正态分布和Weibull分布进行概率分布拟合,但是对拟合的负荷数据类型具有较大局限性。文献[11]以指数分布表示三相不平衡因子幅值的概率密度函数,建立了一种关于三相桥式全控整流电路的概率模型,采用Monte Carlo方法对比验证。
最大熵原理是在满足已知信息约束的情况下,以随机量的信息熵为最大值作为目标,对未知信息不做任何主观假设而得到的最客观的概率分布[12-14]。文章提出基于最大熵原理的谐波评估指标拟合方法,对实测的谐波电压、电流数据,计算并记录数据的平均值和1~4阶中心矩,以熵函数为目标函数、以数据的平均值和中心矩为约束条件,求解数据的概率密度函数,最终从函数曲线中获取谐波95%概率值、99%概率值等指标作为评判电网谐波是否越限的标准。该方法得到的指标具有准确性、一致性,且能够解决传统算法耗费时间长、数据所需存储量大的问题。最后,以某电气化铁路风电和光电多个电压等级下的各频次电压、电流的实测数据为例,验证了所提方法的有效性。
针对谐波污染水平的评估,GB/T 14549—1993规定95%概率值的取法为:将实测值按由大到小次序排列,舍弃前面5%大值,取剩余实测值中的最大值。这种方法在实际应用中存在数据处理困难[15-16]和指标一致性不足[7]的缺陷。
传统排序求取谐波评估指标95%概率值算法[16]需要将海量数据采集到报表中,涉及到的数据计算量和存储量随着时间和监测点的增加而迅速增加;同时,对多个监测点总列数为n的数据同时进行计算的空间复杂度为Οn2),会导致巨大的内存资源消耗[17]。针对这些问题,有文献提出减少对原始数据后95%部分的存储和优化统计算法,虽然从实现手段上节省了空间和时间,但是没有从根本原理上解决问题,监测系统仍然需要进行大量的数据处理。因此,研究一种统计谐波评估指标的新算法是十分迫切的。
当运行工况微小变动或谐波波动幅度不同时,采用传统排序方法可能会导致指标一致性不足。以采用传统方法计算的95%概率值为例,图1a图1b分别为在运行工况微小变动前、后,某110 kV风电线路1的一周内谐波数据。
图1中看出,线路的运行工况只发生了微小变动,谐波污染情况基本一致,但是变动前、后的95%概率值分别为1.029 A和1.572 A,指标对谐波污染水平的描述相差了近50%,造成了评估的不公平。
选取谐波波动幅度不同的两条线路,图2为某110 kV风电线路1和线路2的一周内谐波数据,该图为采用传统方法计算的95%概率值情况比较。
图2中看出,线路2的谐波波动幅度较小,整体谐波污染水平较低;线路1的谐波波动幅度较大,且前5%明显过高的谐波含量容易对电网造成危害,线路1的谐波污染应大于线路2。但是根据传统排序方法求取的95%概率值,线路1为1.029 A小于线路2的1.181 A,造成了评价的不公平。
1957年,Jaynes E T提出了最大熵原理:为了不让主观因素影响拟合结果,在已知条件(信息)的约束条件下,让随机量的信息熵达到最大值,认为这样得到的概率分布是最符合实际情况的。从最大熵原理被提出以来,国内外学者已经使用这一原理不断在电力、生物、力学、水力等行业取得成果[18-21]
最大熵原理一般在数学上表述为
m a x [ H ( x ) ] = - Ω f ( x ) l n f ( x ) d x
s . t . Ω f ( x ) d x = 1 Ω u i ( x ) f ( x ) d x = φ i           i = 1,2 , , m
式中:Hx)为随机变量x的熵;fx)为随机变量的概率密度函数;ui为权函数;φi为常数;Ω为积分区间。
对于谐波实际测量数据,在不同场景下,或是不同频次的谐波电压、电流,会呈现不同特征的概率分布,因此,直接使用正态分布、t-分布等确定类型的概率密度函数去对不同类型的谐波进行拟合是不合理的,适用范围难以确定。引入最大熵原理后,不需要预先确定谐波可能的概率分布,最大程度地避免了主观想法对结果的影响。
变量的权函数uix)和谐波数据的各阶中心矩φi如下式所示:
u i ( x ) = x i φ i = E { [ X - E ( X ) ] i } i = 1,2 , , m
式中:X为实际测量的谐波数据。
根据式(3)选择uix)和φi作为最大熵模型的约束条件,代入式(2)。
使用拉格朗日算法求出符合上述最大熵模型条件下的概率函数,令
L ( x ) = - Ω f ( x ) l n f ( x ) d x + ( λ 0 + 1 ) [ Ω f ( x ) d x - 1 ] + i = 1 m λ i [ Ω u i ( x ) f ( x ) d x - φ i ]                                                        
式中:Lx)为构造的拉格朗日函数;λ0λi为拉格朗日系数。
将式(4)对fx)求偏导数,求得符合最大熵分布下的概率密度函数:
f ( x ) = e x p [ λ 0 + i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ]
求解式(5)需要求出拉格朗日系数λ0λi,将式(2)代入式(5),求得:
e x p ( - λ 0 ) = Ω e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] d x
化简得:
λ 0 = - l n { Ω e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] d x }
对式(6)求偏导数∂λ0/∂λi,得到:
λ 0 λ i = - Ω u i ( x ) { e x p [ λ 0 + i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] } d x = - φ i
对式(7)求偏导数∂λ0/∂λi,得到:
λ 0 λ i = - Ω u i ( x ) { e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] } d x Ω e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] d x
联立式(8)、式(9)得:
φ i = Ω u i ( x ) { e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] } d x Ω e x p [ i = 1 m λ i u i ( x ) ] d x         i = 1,2 , , m
取谐波数据的中心距1~4阶,即当i=1,2,3,4时,可以列写关于λi的四阶非线性方程组,利用数值分析解法求解,获取λi的估计值,代入式(5),求得谐波的概率密度函数。
基于2.1节、2.2节的求解方法,利用谐波原始数据拟合得到谐波概率密度函数,同时统计原始数据的最大、最小值,作为积分区间的上、下限,对函数求积分,获得谐波概率分布函数。在拟合的谐波概率分布函数的基础上,根据实际需要,选取曲线上的90%概率值、95%概率值、99%概率值和最大值等统计数据共同组成谐波评估指标。
文章选取了3个典型场景来验证上述策略的有效性,分别为电气化铁路、光伏发电和风力发电,包含各场景不同电压等级下的三相谐波电压、电流在一周内的实测数据,数据依据GB/T 19862—2005测量标准采集,具备对应场景电气特征,专门用于对谐波概率分布特征进行分析,具有典型代表性。应用前述的基于最大熵原理的求取谐波评估指标方法,其中选取数据特征时,取谐波原始数据的1~4阶中心距,兼顾算法的速度及精度。选取谐波评估指标时,以常用的95%概率值、99%概率值为例,验证拟合效果。
首先验证基于最大熵原理的谐波概率密度函数拟合效果,分别选取220 kV电气化铁路电压、35 kV光伏电压和110 kV风电电流数据进行函数拟合。图3~图5为各组数据2~50次谐波中污染程度最严重的4个频次谐波概率密度拟合效果。
图3~图5所示,基于最大熵原理的概率密度拟合曲线与实际概率密度直方图基本吻合,最大熵原理避免了对谐波概率分布特征作提前假设,对不同特征的概率分布都能有效拟合,保证了谐波数据信息的完整。为进一步评估拟合效果,选取平均值均方根误差ARMS来表征曲线拟合精度,定义
A R M S = i = 1 n ( X i - Y i ) 2 n × 100 %
式中:Xi为真实值,取经验直方图中的数值代替;Yi为最大熵拟合函数值;n为采样点数。
ARMS拟合结果由表1给出。其中,ARMS1ARMS2ARMS3分别为电气化铁路、光伏、风电数据的统计结果。
表1得出,最大熵原理拟合谐波概率密度曲线的平均值均方根误差ARMS均小于2%,满足工程实际使用要求,证明了拟合方法的有效性。在实际应用中,只需要使用到原始数据的少量数据特征,就能将原本的离散谐波数据用连续的函数表示,直观地展现谐波污染情况。
基于拟合的谐波概率密度函数,进一步拟合得到谐波概率分布函数,选用合适的谐波评估指标对谐波污染水平进行评估。以常用的95%概率值、99%概率值为例,选用110 kV 风电2~10次谐波电流数据,拟合这两种概率大值,与传统获取概率大值的算法相比,验证本文算法拟合谐波评估指标的准确性与一致性。
表2为110 kV 风电2~10次谐波电流评估指标拟合效果。其中,传统值和拟合值分别为采用传统排序方法和文章拟合方法求得的谐波评估指标值。
表2中可以看出,对于95%概率值和99%概率值两种评估指标,相对误差较大的数据对应的传统值都很小,这是由于本身这些频次的谐波电流污染情况非常小,远小于国标要求的限值,观察这些频次评估指标的绝对误差,可以发现其绝对值基本小于0.025,因此拟合出来的评估指标也是远小于国标对应限值,对实际谐波含量的测算判断污染情况或是否越限并不会产生影响;而对于评估指标实际值大于约0.2的谐波次数,拟合的评估指标相对误差基本小于5%,绝对误差基本小于0.05,拟合效果优秀,依据文章方法拟合出来的谐波评估指标能够很好地评估谐波污染程度。
针对1.2节提出的传统排序算法求取谐波评估指标的一致性不足的问题,使用文章算法重新对该110 kV风电线路1与线路2的一周内谐波数据进行谐波评估指标拟合。
以95%概率值为例,线路1在运行工况发生微小变动前、后,计算的95%概率值分别为1.244 5 A和1.257 4 A,谐波评估指标基本不变,证明文章算法保证了谐波评估指标的一致性。线路1与线路2对比,线路2的95%概率值为0.983 8 A,小于线路1,证明线路2的谐波污染程度小于线路1,符合实际谐波数据的情况,保证了评价指标的公平。
综上所述,文章算法能够精确拟合谐波数据的概率分布曲线和谐波评估指标,指标能够正确表征谐波污染情况。在实际应用中,通过谐波概率分布函数拟合的各类评估指标,有助于在新型电力系统下,准确判断日渐复杂的谐波特性及其污染情况。
文章基于最大熵原理,提出了一种有效获取谐波评估指标的方法。通过统计谐波原始数据少量数据特征,使用最大熵原理拟合谐波的概率分布,获取95%概率值、99%概率值等谐波评估指标。以电气化铁路、光伏和风电3种典型场景谐波电压、电流为例进行实例计算,证明了方法具有如下优点:
1)原始数据样本库的建立只需要统计谐波数据的平均值、中心距、最小值和最大值等少量数据特征,就能拟合出基本涵盖全部谐波数据信息的概率分布函数,与传统基于排序法的谐波统计方法相比,统计过的原始谐波数据不再需要存储和重复计算,将大大节省数据存储空间和减少运算时间。
2)方法拟合的谐波概率分布函数与真实情况吻合,包含了完整的谐波信息,具有准确性;方法拟合的95%概率值、99%概率值等谐波评估指标,在不同的线路工况或不同的谐波波动情况下能保证对谐波污染水平进行公平的评价,评估指标具有一致性。
面对新型电力系统日渐复杂的谐波特性,优化算法的推广需要更多实际应用场景的验证及考验。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(5700-202018485A-0-0-00)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24782
  • 接收时间:2022-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-17
  • 修回日期:2022-12-08
基金
国家电网有限公司科技项目(5700-202018485A-0-0-00)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司,江苏 南京 210024
    2 国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
    3 华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510640
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