Article(id=1200482475744031313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24797, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668960000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-21, revisedDate=1673366400000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146926102, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146926102, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146926102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146926102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482473936286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146925672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224860848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=80, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482475983106648, articleId=1200482475744031313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Ground Fault Detection Technology of DC System Based on DT-CWT and SVD, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The state of the DC system of substation is directly related to the normal operation of the substation. A new method for ground fault detection in substation DC systems,which is a combination of double-tree complex wavelet transform and singular value decomposition,was proposed to achieve fast and accurate location of ground faults occurring in substation DC systems. Firstly,the method constructed a Hankel matrix to decompose the branch current signal through a dual-tree complex wavelet transform(DT-CWT). Secondly,the Hankel matrix was decomposed by the singular value decomposition(SVD)method with the aim of obtaining a series of singular eigenvalues. Thirdly,the singular value difference spectrum was constructed using the adjacent singular value differences,and the number of singular values was retained by the maximum peak of the singular value difference spectrum. Finally,the low-frequency signal was reconstructed by the retained singular values. The analysis results of the algorithm show that the method can accurately extract the low-frequency AC signal from the branch current signal and achieve the accurate location of the DC system ground fault in the substation,which can largely reduce the influence of the ground capacitance on the detection accuracy.

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变电站直流系统的状态直接关系到变电站的正常运行,为了对变电站直流系统出现的接地故障快速、准确定位,提出了一种双树复小波变换(DT-CWT)和奇异值分解(SVD)相结合的变电站直流系统接地故障检测新方法。该方法首先利用DT-CWT对支路电流信号进行分解来构建Hankel矩阵;然后对Hankel矩阵进行SVD分解,得到一系列奇异特征值;再次,利用相邻奇异值差值构建奇异值差分谱,通过奇异值差分谱最大峰值来保留有效的奇异值个数;最后,利用保留的奇异值来重构低频信号。算例分析结果表明,该方法能够准确地从支路电流信号中提取出低频交流信号,可以对变电站直流系统接地故障进行准确定位,很大程度上减小对地电容对检测精度的影响。

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李能俊(1988—),男,本科,工程师,Email:

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李能俊(1988—),男,本科,工程师,Email:

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李能俊(1988—),男,本科,工程师,Email:

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ArticleFig(id=1200501654211646351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475744031313, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Table of different operation schemes

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设定值 Morlet小波变换 DT-WCT+SVD
幅值/mA 6.000 5.914 5.947
相角/rad 1.309 1.309 7 1.309 27
幅值误差/% 1.433 0.883
相角误差/% 0.053 0.026
), ArticleFig(id=1200501655386051475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475744031313, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种处理信号方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设定值 Morlet小波变换 DT-WCT+SVD
幅值/mA 6.000 5.914 5.947
相角/rad 1.309 1.309 7 1.309 27
幅值误差/% 1.433 0.883
相角误差/% 0.053 0.026
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基于DT-CWT和SVD的变电站直流系统接地故障检测技术研究
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李能俊 1 , 杨海成 1 , 许显科 1 , 李书山 2 , 高玉玲 2
电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024,54(5): 80-85
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电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024, 54(5): 80-85
基于DT-CWT和SVD的变电站直流系统接地故障检测技术研究
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李能俊1 , 杨海成1, 许显科1, 李书山2, 高玉玲2
作者信息
  • 1 国网青海省电力公司西宁供电公司,青海 西宁 810000
  • 2 中国电建集团青海省电力设计院有限公司,青海 西宁 810000
  • 李能俊(1988—),男,本科,工程师,Email:

Research on Ground Fault Detection Technology of DC System Based on DT-CWT and SVD
Nengjun LI1 , Haicheng YANG1, Xianke XU1, Shushan LI2, Yuling GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Co.,Ltd. Xining Power Supply Company,Xining 810000,Qinghai,China
  • 2 Power China Qinghai Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Xining 810000,Qinghai,China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24797
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变电站直流系统的状态直接关系到变电站的正常运行,为了对变电站直流系统出现的接地故障快速、准确定位,提出了一种双树复小波变换(DT-CWT)和奇异值分解(SVD)相结合的变电站直流系统接地故障检测新方法。该方法首先利用DT-CWT对支路电流信号进行分解来构建Hankel矩阵;然后对Hankel矩阵进行SVD分解,得到一系列奇异特征值;再次,利用相邻奇异值差值构建奇异值差分谱,通过奇异值差分谱最大峰值来保留有效的奇异值个数;最后,利用保留的奇异值来重构低频信号。算例分析结果表明,该方法能够准确地从支路电流信号中提取出低频交流信号,可以对变电站直流系统接地故障进行准确定位,很大程度上减小对地电容对检测精度的影响。

直流系统  /  接地故障检测  /  双树复小波变换  /  奇异值分解

The state of the DC system of substation is directly related to the normal operation of the substation. A new method for ground fault detection in substation DC systems,which is a combination of double-tree complex wavelet transform and singular value decomposition,was proposed to achieve fast and accurate location of ground faults occurring in substation DC systems. Firstly,the method constructed a Hankel matrix to decompose the branch current signal through a dual-tree complex wavelet transform(DT-CWT). Secondly,the Hankel matrix was decomposed by the singular value decomposition(SVD)method with the aim of obtaining a series of singular eigenvalues. Thirdly,the singular value difference spectrum was constructed using the adjacent singular value differences,and the number of singular values was retained by the maximum peak of the singular value difference spectrum. Finally,the low-frequency signal was reconstructed by the retained singular values. The analysis results of the algorithm show that the method can accurately extract the low-frequency AC signal from the branch current signal and achieve the accurate location of the DC system ground fault in the substation,which can largely reduce the influence of the ground capacitance on the detection accuracy.

DC system  /  ground fault detection  /  double-tree complex wavelet transform(DT-CWT)  /  singular value decomposition(SVD)
李能俊, 杨海成, 许显科, 李书山, 高玉玲. 基于DT-CWT和SVD的变电站直流系统接地故障检测技术研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (5) : 80 -85 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24797
Nengjun LI, Haicheng YANG, Xianke XU, Shushan LI, Yuling GAO. Research on Ground Fault Detection Technology of DC System Based on DT-CWT and SVD[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (5) : 80 -85 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24797
随着电力系统(尤其是电力网络)的发展,大容量、大枢纽变电站越来越多,作为连接发电与输电、输电与配电的枢纽,变电站的地位及重要性不言而喻[1-2]。直流系统关系着高压系统保护、监测、控制等重要的功能,对保障高压电力系统的安全稳定运行起着十分重要的作用[3],而接地故障又是直流系统最容易出现的故障。因此,开展针对直流系统接地故障定位方法的相关研究对保障变电站的正常运行具有重要意义[4-5]
目前,国内外对于直流供电系统的接地故障检测主要采用低频信号注入法[6]。由于低频信号检测法主要通过向直流系统注入低频信号来检测接地电阻从而判断故障支路,因此,该方法易受对地电容的影响,往往不能准确检测出故障支路。基于此,文献[7]提出了一种基于小波变换的直流系统接地故障检测方法,该方法通过计算各支路接地电阻值来挑选出故障支路。在小波变换的基础上,文献[8]引入了熵理论,通过求解接地故障时各支路的小波熵来实现变电站直流系统的故障定位。
近年来,将小波变换和奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)相结合的方法应用于信号处理、故障诊断、模态参数识别等方面取得了良好的效果[9-10]。它们主要是将通过小波变换的系数矩阵利用SVD进行处理,从而提取特征量来实现故障诊断以及模态参数识别等。文献[11]通过离散小波变换对局部放电信号进行处理,形成模极大值矩阵,再利用SVD对该矩阵进行分解,提取特征量来实现电缆缺陷的识别,结果表明,该方法能够很好地对局部放电模式进行识别。
本文在低频信号注入法的基础上,采用双树复小波变换(dual-tree complex wavelet transform,DT-CWT)对支路电流信号进行分解来构建Hankel矩阵,再利用SVD对Hankel矩阵进行分解,然后构建奇异值差分谱,选取有效的奇异值矢量对信号进行重构,通过提取出支路电流信号中的低频信号来挑选出直流系统的接地支路,以实现对变电站直流系统接地故障的定位。
正常情况下,通过电路电桥对直流系统正、负母线对地绝缘电阻进行连续检测,当检测到母线绝缘电阻值低于设定值时,启动低频信号源。低频信号源向直流系统内注入10~30 Hz的交流信号[12]。低频信号注入法原理如图1所示。
图1中,直流系统中每个支路上都安装电流互感器(current transformer,CT),CT采集电流并发送到控制平台上进行分析。对于发生接地故障的支路,与低频信号源形成回路,低频信号通过接地电阻产生低频电流,根据欧姆定律计算出接地电阻值,从而判断该支路是否接地。
实际应用中,由于变电站直流系统存在各种各样的干扰,CT检测出的电流信号包含其它成分,对于接地电阻的计算存在误差:
1)低频电流信号主要有接地电阻产生的阻性分量以及对地电容产生的容性分量;
2)直流系统采用环网形式,提高控制和信号回路地供电可靠性。但是采用环网时,支路并不是独立的,此时会使得支路中存在谐波电流;
3)各种干扰信号也是支路电流的一个组成部分。对于直流系统来说,工频干扰是一种主要的干扰方式。
4)CT在工作过程中产生的测量噪声也会对电流信号造成干扰。
通过上述分析,支路电流是一个成分复杂的混合信号,由低频特征信号、基波分量、谐波分量以及噪声干扰信号等组成。若要实现对直流系统接地故障支路的准确检测,从而实现对变电站直流系统接地故障的精准定位,那么如何从复杂的干扰信号中准确快速地提取出低频特征信号是关键。
小波变换是一种能够对信号进行时频分析处理的方法。它主要通过对小波母函数进行缩放和平移来获得信号的频率和时间特征,是一种时频局部化的信号处理方法,能够自动适应时频信号分析的需求。相比于傅里叶变换,更适合复杂信号的分层分析[13-14]。算法步骤如下:
L 2 ( R )R上平方可积函数构成的函数空间,设 Ψ ( t ) L 2 ( R ),且其傅里叶变换 Ψ ( t )满足下式:
Ψ ( t ) d t = 0 | Ψ ( t ) | d t + C Ψ = R | Ψ ^ 2 ( ω ) / ω | d ω
Ψ ( t )称为基本小波或者小波母函数。由式(1)可知, Ψ ( t )为正负交替或振荡的函数,且能量有限,在时域上是快速衰减的。对 Ψ ( t )进行平移τ后再进行缩放或者膨胀a倍,得到小波序列如下式所示:
Ψ a , τ ( t ) = a - 1 2 Ψ ( t - τ a )
式中:a为伸缩因子,a > 0;τ为平移因子。
基波函数 Ψ ( t )的连续小波变换如下式所示:
C W T f ( a , τ ) = 1 a R f ( t ) Ψ * ( t - τ a ) d t
式中:CWTf (·)为连续小波变换函数;ft)为待分析信号。
基波函数 Ψ ( t )的小波逆变换如下式所示:
f ( t ) = 1 C Ψ R 1 a 2 W T f ( a , τ ) Ψ a , τ ( t ) d a d τ
a = a 0 m τ = n τ 0 a 0 m,且 m , n Z,将其代入式(3)得到离散小波函数,相应的离散小波变换如下式所示:
D W T f ( a , τ ) = a - m 2 R f ( t ) Ψ ( a 0 - m t - n b 0 ) d t
式中:DWTf (·)为离散小波变换函数。
DT-CWT通过实数的小波变换定义,实现了一系列参数的实数和虚数分量到复合小波[15],基于DT-CWT的信号分解过程如图2所示。
图2中,原始信号st)经过了2个并行的离散小波变换,一树生成实部,一树生成虚部。实部树和虚部树滤波器采样频率相同,但是它们之间的延迟恰好是一个采样间隔,这样使得虚部树中第1层的二抽取恰好采到实部树中二抽取所丢掉的采样值,在获得了复小波变换的平移不变性的同时避免了大量的计算,并且具有容易实现的优势。
相较于传统小波变换,DT-CWT采用二叉树结构的两路滤波器对信号进行分解,不仅具有传统小波的实频局部化分析能力,而且有离散小波所不具备的抗频率混叠性、近似平移不变性、完全重构性、有限的数据冗余和高效的计算效率等特点[15-16]
在奇异值分解理论[17]中,对于任何m×n的阶秩为r的矩阵X,奇异值分解形式如下式所示:
X = U S V T
其中
U=[u1u2,…,um]
V=[v1v2,...,vn]
S = [diag(σ1σ2,…,σq),O]
式中:UV分别为m×mn×n维正交矩阵;O为零矩阵;q=min(mn)。
σ1 σ2 ≥… ≥σq ≥ 0,这些元素为矩阵X的奇异值,将所有的奇异值序列按照下式构造一个新的序列ai
a i = σ i - σ i + 1
式中:ai为两个相邻奇异值的差值;i为奇异值元素的下标,i∈[1,q-1]。
S或者其转置,取决于mn之间的关系。
将所有的ai形成的序列A= (a1a2,…,aq-1)绘制成奇异值差分谱,奇异值差分谱中的峰值表示通过SVD分解的连续的两个奇异值相差较大,奇异值差分谱中最大的峰值ak表示奇异值序列在k处发生了最大突变,即保留前k个奇异值就可以通过下式对信号矩阵进行估计来实现对信号的特征提取[18]
X ^ = i = 1 N σ i u i v i T
式中:N为有效的奇异值个数; X ^为矩阵X的估计矩阵。
本文通过DT-CWT及SVD相结合的方法对直流系统接地支路电流低频信号特征提取,来检测该支路是否发生接地故障,从而实现对直流系统接地故障的定位。基于DT-CWT和SVD的低频信号特征提取步骤如下:
1)通过DT-CWT分解对电流互感器采集到的电流信号进行处理,对小波系数进行重排,得到小波系数矩阵X
2)矩阵X的每一行代表在某一个尺度下的小波系数,设第i行的小波系数xi = (xi,1xi,2,…,xiN),利用xi来构造Hankel矩阵如下式所示:
H i = x i , 1 x i , 2 x i , n x i , 2 x i , 3 x i , n + 1 x i , N - n + 1 x i , N - n + 2 x i , N
其中,1< n< N。令m=N-n+1,则Hi R m × n
3)对Hi按照式(6)进行分解,得到奇异特征值σi。将求解得到的σi按照式(7)进行处理,得到序列ai
4)通过ai来绘制奇异值差分谱,根据奇异值差分谱最大峰值ak确定奇异值个数,选择前k个奇异值进行信号重构来获得特征信号。
因此,基于DT-CWT和SVD的低频特征信号提取方法,针对变电站直流系统接地故障的检测与定位流程如图3所示。
西部地区某110 kV高压变电所直流系统简化接线形式如图4所示。本文以其为基础搭建仿真模型。系统搭建以及参数设置如下:
1)设有1组蓄电池组,以浮充电方式运行;
2)系统中采用单母线接线;
3)供电方式采用集中辐射形供电方式;
参数设置如下:低频信号幅值6 mA;低频信号幅值频率30 Hz;直流负载6个;蓄电池组108 × 2 V;过渡电阻10 kΩ;采样频率1 000 Hz;对地绝缘电阻20 MΩ;直流电源电压220 V。
设置直流系统故障发生时间为0.2 s,低频交流信号源经发生装置连入直流系统,考虑在实际工作中的时间延迟,设置在直流系统发生接地故障之后的0.1 s,低频交流信号源向直流系统注入低频信号,接地故障支路设置为负载6所在支路,其余支路均正常工作。
按照3.1节中仿真条件进行仿真,利用电流互感器CT6采集得到支路电流原始信号如图5所示。
图5可知,支路电流原始信号中主要含有0,50 Hz以及其倍频分量。由于受到对地电容、工频干扰和谐波等影响,导致电流互感器所采集到的是一个混合信号,极难判断该信号中是否含有低频信号。
通过DT-CWT对电流互感器采集到的电流信号进行处理,得到小波系数矩阵X。通过DT-CWT处理的结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,经过DT-CWT分解的支路电流信号与原始信号(如图5所示)相比显得简洁清晰,其支路电流的主要成分包括低频电流信号、基波分量和谐波分量。
通过SVD方法对小波变换得到的双树复小波变换得到Hankel矩阵Hi进行分解,得到一系列奇异值,通过式(7)计算矩阵Hi的差分谱。矩阵Hi的奇异值和差分谱前100个点如图7所示。
图7可知,实部奇异值、差分谱和虚部奇异值、差分谱的最大峰值均出现在第4点,即实部奇异值和虚部奇异值在第4点出现了较大突变,依据奇异值差分谱理论,分别选择实部奇异值和虚部奇异值分解的前4个奇异值进行奇异值重构。重构信号图和频谱图如图8所示。
图8可知,最终经过奇异值重构的信号是频率为30 Hz、波形幅值为6 mA的正弦信号,这与仿真设置的低频信号源幅值以及频率相吻合,表明电流互感器CT6所采集到的电流信号含低频交流信号,即表明负载6所在的支路发生了接地故障。
为了验证本文所提方法的有效性,设置以下对比算法:1)选取基于Morlet小波变换提取的低频电流信号;2)采用DT-CWT和SVD相结合信号特征提取方法。两种方法对于信号处理结果以及计算误差如表1所示。
表1可知,基于DT-WCT和SVD提取的低频电流信号较Morlet小波变换更接近设定值,说明该方法能够更精确地提取低频信号特征。
针对变电站直流系统接地故障检测干扰复杂的问题,本文提出了一种用DT-CWT与SVD结合的接地故障检测方法,利用SVD对DT-CWT的矩阵进行分解,然后通过构建奇异值差分谱选择有效奇异值个数,从而选取有效奇异值对低频特征信号进行重构,实现对变电站直流系统接地支路故障的检测。算例分析结果说明所提基于小波变换和SVD相结合的方法能够更加准确地提取出低频信号的特征成分,挑选出发生接地故障支路,从而实现变电站直流系统接地故障定位。
  • 国网青海省电力公司管理科技项目 “变电站直流系统故障监测隔离与辅助运维技术研究”(522801220002)
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2024年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24797
  • 接收时间:2022-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-21
  • 修回日期:2023-01-11
基金
国网青海省电力公司管理科技项目 “变电站直流系统故障监测隔离与辅助运维技术研究”(522801220002)
作者信息
    1 国网青海省电力公司西宁供电公司,青海 西宁 810000
    2 中国电建集团青海省电力设计院有限公司,青海 西宁 810000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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