Article(id=1200482475400090386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671465600000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-20, revisedDate=1679328000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146926021, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146926021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146926021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146926021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482473936286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146925672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224860848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482475697885977, articleId=1200482475400090386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Bi-level Planning for Active Distribution Network Considering Wind Power Timing Characteristics Based on GA-PSO Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reasonable planning of the active distribution network is an important part to improve the wind energy accommodation capability,however,the overuse of the wind power output and load timing characteristics increase the difficulty of model solving and have adverse effects on the optimal results. The Latin hypercube sampling (LHS)combined with the K-means clustering was employed to reduce the number of samples,thus a typical wind power and load multi-scenario model with higher calculation efficiency can be obtained. Considering the interests of wind power operators and the State Grid Corporation,a bi-level planning model of active distribution network considering the wind power timing characteristics was established. The upper level determines the wind power planning scheme with the goal of maximizing benefit of wind power operators,and the lower level optimizes the system operation state with the minimum loss of distribution network. The effectiveness verification of the planning mode was conducted based on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system. The results show that the loss cost of the distribution system is 260 400¥after planning based on the GA-PSO joint optimization algorithm,which is 5.03% and 0.77% lower than that of single GA algorithm and PSO algorithm respectively,and the scenario cost is reduced by 40 000¥compared to that of the results calculated by GA algorithm and PSO algorithm. Therefore,the validity of the planning model proposed was verified.

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合理规划配电网是提高风电消纳能力的重要一环,但风电出力与负荷时序特性场景应用较多,会增加模型求解难度,对优化配置结果有不利影响。引入拉丁超立方抽样结合K-means聚类技术削减样本数量得到典型风电与负荷多场景模型以提高模型计算效率。考虑风电运营商与国网公司利益,建立计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划模型,即上层以风电运营商收益最大为目标确定风电规划方案,下层以配电网络损耗最小优化系统运行状态。基于IEEE 33节点系统进行算例分析,验证规划模型的有效性。研究结果表明:采用GA-PSO联合优化算法规划后配电系统损耗成本为26.04万元,比单一GA算法和PSO算法规划分别降低了5.03%和0.77%,场景成本减少了4.0万元。因此,验证了所提规划模型的有效性。

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徐峰亮(1977—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统,Email:
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江建(1973—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

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江建(1973—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200503651463721910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475400090386, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the optimization results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 GA PSO GA-PSO
风电方案 7(500),10(100),13(100),18(1 000),30(600),33(300) 7(500),10(400),13(500),18(0),30(800),33(400) 7(700),10(200),13(100),18(200),30(600),33(800)
CDG/百万元 12.526 12.526 12.526
BDG/百万元 227.04 227.04 227.04
网损/万元 27.418 26.241 26.04
场景成本/万元 1 077.3 1 073.4 1 073.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200503651551802296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475400090386, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

优化规划结果对比

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算法 GA PSO GA-PSO
风电方案 7(500),10(100),13(100),18(1 000),30(600),33(300) 7(500),10(400),13(500),18(0),30(800),33(400) 7(700),10(200),13(100),18(200),30(600),33(800)
CDG/百万元 12.526 12.526 12.526
BDG/百万元 227.04 227.04 227.04
网损/万元 27.418 26.241 26.04
场景成本/万元 1 077.3 1 073.4 1 073.3
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基于GA-PSO算法计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划
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江建 , 徐峰亮 , 王发义
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(5): 47-55
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(5): 47-55
基于GA-PSO算法计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划
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江建 , 徐峰亮 , 王发义
作者信息
  • 国网河南省电力公司信阳供电公司,河南 信阳 464000
  • 江建(1973—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

通讯作者:

徐峰亮(1977—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统,Email:
Bi-level Planning for Active Distribution Network Considering Wind Power Timing Characteristics Based on GA-PSO Algorithm
Jian JIANG , Fengliang XU , Fayi WANG
Affiliations
  • State Grid Xinyang Power Supply Company,Xinyang 464000,Henan,China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865
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合理规划配电网是提高风电消纳能力的重要一环,但风电出力与负荷时序特性场景应用较多,会增加模型求解难度,对优化配置结果有不利影响。引入拉丁超立方抽样结合K-means聚类技术削减样本数量得到典型风电与负荷多场景模型以提高模型计算效率。考虑风电运营商与国网公司利益,建立计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划模型,即上层以风电运营商收益最大为目标确定风电规划方案,下层以配电网络损耗最小优化系统运行状态。基于IEEE 33节点系统进行算例分析,验证规划模型的有效性。研究结果表明:采用GA-PSO联合优化算法规划后配电系统损耗成本为26.04万元,比单一GA算法和PSO算法规划分别降低了5.03%和0.77%,场景成本减少了4.0万元。因此,验证了所提规划模型的有效性。

风电  /  时序特性  /  拉丁超立方抽样  /  主动配电网  /  双层规划

Reasonable planning of the active distribution network is an important part to improve the wind energy accommodation capability,however,the overuse of the wind power output and load timing characteristics increase the difficulty of model solving and have adverse effects on the optimal results. The Latin hypercube sampling (LHS)combined with the K-means clustering was employed to reduce the number of samples,thus a typical wind power and load multi-scenario model with higher calculation efficiency can be obtained. Considering the interests of wind power operators and the State Grid Corporation,a bi-level planning model of active distribution network considering the wind power timing characteristics was established. The upper level determines the wind power planning scheme with the goal of maximizing benefit of wind power operators,and the lower level optimizes the system operation state with the minimum loss of distribution network. The effectiveness verification of the planning mode was conducted based on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system. The results show that the loss cost of the distribution system is 260 400¥after planning based on the GA-PSO joint optimization algorithm,which is 5.03% and 0.77% lower than that of single GA algorithm and PSO algorithm respectively,and the scenario cost is reduced by 40 000¥compared to that of the results calculated by GA algorithm and PSO algorithm. Therefore,the validity of the planning model proposed was verified.

wind power  /  timing characteristics  /  Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)  /  active distribution network  /  bi-level planning
江建, 徐峰亮, 王发义. 基于GA-PSO算法计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (5) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865
Jian JIANG, Fengliang XU, Fayi WANG. Bi-level Planning for Active Distribution Network Considering Wind Power Timing Characteristics Based on GA-PSO Algorithm[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (5) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865
风电等分布式能源的广泛应用是助力我国实现“双碳”战略目标的主要途径。“双碳”背景下,大规模风电等分布式电源的接入,对配电网经济、安全、可靠的运行带来了挑战[1-3]。主动配电网[4]是目前解决分布式电源大规模并网问题的有效手段。但高比例风电、光伏等分布式能源接入主动配电网后,将加剧电网潮流分布和电压越限等问题[5-6]。因此,为了改善系统功率损失,提高电网运行经济性和供电可靠性,有必要对含分布式电源的主动配电网进行合理规划。
目前,针对含分布式电源的配电网系统规划有较多的研究。文献[7]计及多种约束,以年综合费用最小为目标,建立了需求侧管理和网络重构的分布式电源规划模型。文献[8]考虑光伏与负荷相关性以及时序差异性建立主动配电网中光伏长短期规划与运行联合优化模型,并采用模拟退火粒子群混合算法进行求解。文献[9]以网损最小为目标,考虑风速、光伏与负荷不确定性,建立系统规划优化模型,并基于IEEE 33节点系统进行了分析验证。文献[10]建立了基于改进粒子群算法的双层规划模型,在规划阶段充分考虑了主动配电网主动管理需求。上述研究工作主要集中在基于分布式电源出力不确定性,建立系统规划优化模型并求解,未充分考虑分布式电源出力时序特性。实际中,由于电网公司采用分时电价,上述研究工作得到的优化结果会导致配电网公司成本和收益与实际情况相差较大。
考虑到风电出力和负荷需求的波动性,为了更好地协调出力和负荷在时间上的供需差异,在进行风电优化配置时有必要考虑其时序特性。文献[11]以分布式电源位置和容量作为目标函数,将日负荷与分布式电源日出力序列进行聚类,并采用遗传算法对模型进行求解。文献[12]计及风光出力与负荷侧的需求响应,对系统分布式电源与储能进行联合规划。文献[13]基于四季典型日的分布式电源出力和负荷时序特性进行联合规划,但无法反映一年的时序特性。文献[14]在对分布式电源优化配置时,考虑不确定性和环境因素,且考虑全年的时序特性,但在场景构建时的聚类过程并不客观。在对主动配电网中的分布式电源进行规划时,考虑分布式电源出力和负荷时序特性对于协调二者间的供需平衡,得到合理优化配置结果至关重要。但主动配电网中分布式电源优化配置时,考虑风电出力与负荷时序性波动特性场景使用过多,会增加模型求解难度,同时也会影响优化配置的结果。
因此,为了解决上述问题,本文引入拉丁超立方抽样(Latin hypercube sampling,LHS)结合K-means聚类技术削减样本数量得到典型风电与负荷多场景模型以提高模型计算效率。考虑风电运营商与国网公司利益,建立计及风电时序特性的主动配电网双层规划模型,即上层以风电运营商收益最大为目标确定风电规划方案,下层以配电系统网络损耗最小为目标对上层规划方案进行修正。运用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)与粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)结合的混合优化算法求解风电规划,利用二阶锥规划求解网络损耗。最后,基于IEEE 33节点系统进行算例分析,验证规划模型的有效性。
风速是影响风力发电系统出力的关键因素,图1为风机在不同季节和不同时段的风电功率曲线。
图1可知,风机在夏冬两季输出功率小于春秋两季,且春秋两季风电功率最大的时间段在12:00左右,夏冬两季风电最大输出功率时间段在23:00左右。
风机出力通常由服从Weibull分布的时序风速决定[15],其概率密度函数为
f ( v ) = k c ( v c ) k - 1 e x p [ - ( v c ) k ]
k = ( σ / μ ) - 1.086 c = μ Γ [ ( 1 + k ) / k ]
式中:v为风速;c为尺度参数;k为形状参数;μ为风速期望;σ为风速方差;Г()为伽马函数。
典型日内不同时段尺度参数c与形状参数k图2所示[16]
风力发电输出有功功率PWT与时序风速之间的关系如下式所示:
P W T = 0                                   0 v v c i     v v c o P n ( v - v c i v n - v c i )       v c i v v n P n                                 v n v v c o    
式中:Pn为风机额定功率; v c i为切入风速;vn为额定风速; v c o为切出风速。
不同时段负荷有功与无功概率模型fP)和fQ)符合正态分布[17],可表示为
f ( P ) = 1 2 π σ l , P e x p [ - ( P - μ l , P ) 2 2 σ l , P 2 ] f ( Q ) = 1 2 π σ l , Q e x p [ - ( Q - μ l , Q ) 2 2 σ l , Q 2 ]
式中:PQ分别为有功和无功功率;μl,Pμl,Q分别为负荷有功、无功均值;σl,Pσl,Q分别为负荷有功、无功方差。
其不同时段负荷有功均值与方差如图3所示[18]
大规模风电的接入,对配电网系统的稳定性带来较大的负面影响。在进行含分布式风电的主动配电网系统规划时,采用确定性的出力与概率描述不确定的风电,从而建立尽可能准确描述间歇性风电的模型至关重要。
另外,用电负荷也存在着较大的不确定性,为此本文引入分时电价机制以减小发电资源的浪费,从而提高对电力资源的利用率。某地区采用分时电价制度,峰段为10:00—12:00,17:00—20:00;平段为06:00—09:00,13:00—16:00;谷段为01:00—05:00。电价单位为元/(kW·h),三阶的公司售电电价和电网购电电价分别为0.9,0.6,0.3和0.58,0.42,0.32。
场景生成及约简时,采用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)得到大样本场景数据;同时为提高优化模型计算效率,采用K-means聚类技术削减样本数量得到典型风电与负荷多场景模型。
基于LHS抽样生成日负荷曲线场景集过程如下:首先,以典型日内各个时段负荷为样本,采用LHS方法进行随机抽样;然后,通过场景约简法对经由LHS抽样得到的样本进行约简,得到典型场景;最后,通过拼接,形成典型日负荷曲线场景集。详细步骤如下[19]
1)根据风速历史数据得到典型日各时段风速期望与方差;
2)基于各时段风速概率密度函数fv),计算其累积分布函数Fv);
3)将累积分布函数曲线划分为2 000个等距不重叠区间;
4)随机选取区间作为采样点,利用反变换得到该采样点横坐标v
K-means聚类[20]步骤如下:
1)随机选取k个场景作为初始聚类中心;
2)根据聚类中心集合,确定剩余场景集合并计算剩余场景到中心的场景距离;
3)基于下式所示的欧式距离,将所有对象分配到距离本身最近的中心,并更新聚类中心;
d ( x i , x j ) = | | x i - x j | | 2 = ( k = 1 p | x i k - x j k | ) 1 / 2
4)重复步骤2)和步骤3),直到聚类中心与聚类结果不再变化,场景缩减结束。
本文建立的双层规划模型中,上层模型以风电利益最大化为目标确定风电安装位置与容量并传给下层;基于上层给定风电方案,下层模型以网络损耗最小为目标进行方案修正,决策变量包括各节点电压幅值与相角。双层协调规划模型的决策变量及上、下层模型之间的交互关系如图4所示。
当配电网风电消纳能力不足时,可以将分布式风机切出,以保证配电网系统经济安全地运行。因此,从风机运营商角度考虑,定义风机单位容量年收益BDG如下:
B D G = B t r a + B s u b - C i n v - C o p r
其中
B t r a + B s u b = 365 t = 1 24 s = 1 N s i = 1 N D G p s ( e D G + e s ) P i , t D G Δ t C i n v = r ( 1 + r ) L ( 1 + r ) L - 1 i = 1 N D G e i n v P r a t e d , i C o p r = 365 t = 1 24 s = 1 N s i = 1 N D G p s e o P i , t D G Δ t
式中:BtraBsubCinvCopr分别为风机运营商收益、政府补贴收益、投资成本和运营成本;eDGeseoeinv分别为风电上网电价、风电补贴电价、单位容量运营成本与投资成本;t为时段;s为优化场景;Ns为场景数;NDG为风机安装节点数; P i , t D G为时段t内场景s下DG消纳率;Prated,i为节点i处DG安装容量;Δt为时段长度,取1 h;ps为场景概率;r为贴现率;L为设备使用寿命。
因此,建立的上层优化模型包括目标函数和约束条件如下式所示:
m i n ( f U ) = - B D G
s . t . i Ω D G P r a t e d , i ρ P L o a d 0 P r a t e d , i P r a t e d , i m a x P r a t e d , i = A i P D G
式中:PLoad为系统总有功负荷;ρ为配电网风机最大渗透率; P r a t e d , i m a x为节点i处风机安装容量上限;PDG为风机单位额定容量;Ai为节点i处风机安装数量;ΩDG为风机安装集合。
下层模型在给定风机选址定容方案下,满足配电网各种约束条件同时最小化网络损耗,优化系统允许状态,即
m i n ( f L ) = P L o s s t ( s ) + 1 N i = 1 N | U i t ( s ) 2 - U n 2 | P L o s s t ( s ) = i j Ω B r a n c h I i j t ( s ) 2 R i j
式中: P L o s s t ( s )为时段t内场景s下系统损耗;N为系统节点数; U i t ( s ) 2为节点it时段内场景中的电压; U n 为参考电压,标幺值取1;ΩBranch为系统支路集合; I i j t ( s )为支路ij电流幅值;Rij为支路ij的电阻。
为最优化系统运行状态,下层模型还需满足功率平衡约束、节点电压约束、支路电流约束与潮流倒送约束。
1)功率平衡约束:
P i t ( s ) = j N i U i t ( s ) U j t ( s ) [ G i j c o s θ i j   t ( s ) + B i j s i n θ i j   t ( s ) ] + G i i U i t ( s ) 2
Q i t ( s ) = - j N i U i t ( s ) U j t ( s ) [ B i j c o s θ i j   t ( s ) - G i j s i n θ i j   t ( s ) ] - B i i U i t ( s ) 2
式中:PitQit为节点it时刻的有功功率和无功功率;Uits),Ujts), θ i j   t ( s )分别为时段t场景s下节点电压幅值和相角差;GiiBiiGijBij分别为节点自导纳和互导纳;Ni为与节点i相连接的节点集合。
2)节点电压约束:
U i , m i n U i t ( s ) U i , m a x
式中:Uitt时刻节点i的电压幅值;Ui,minUi,max分别为节点的电压幅值上、下限,取0.93和1.07。
3)支路电流约束:
I i j t ( s ) 2 = ( G i j 2 + B i j 2 ) [ U i t ( s ) 2 + U j t ( s ) 2 - 2 U i t ( s ) U j t ( s ) c o s θ i j   t ( s ) ] I i j , m a x 2
P s u b t ( s ) 0 Q s u b t ( s ) 0
式中:Iij,max为支路电流幅值上限; P s u b t ( s ) Q s u b t ( s )分别为时段t场景s下联络变电站低压侧注入有功功率与无功功率。
本文基于二阶锥规划算法[21-24]对配电系统的运行状态进行优化,并参考文献[25]分别将优化模型中目标函数与约束条件线性化。
配电网基本优化模型中的目标函数和约束条件均为含节点电压幅值Uits),Ujts)和相角差 θ i j   t ( s )的非线性形式,根据锥优化理论,对目标函数和约束条件线性化,具体步骤如下:
1)目标函数线性化。通过变量替换,消除目标函数中节点电压幅值 U i t ( s ) U j t ( s )和相角差 θ i j   t ( s )乘积的非线性时,具体替换公式如下:
X i t ( s ) = U i t ( s ) 2 / 2 Y i j t ( s ) = U i t ( s ) U j t ( s ) c o s θ i j t ( s ) Z i j t ( s ) = U i t ( s ) U j t ( s ) s i n θ i j t ( s )
通过变换,决策变量由节点电压的幅值 U i t ( s ) U j t ( s )和相角差θijts)变为Xits),Yijts)和Zijts)。其中, X i t ( s )针对网络中的节点,而 Y i j t ( s ) Z i j t ( s )针对网络中的支路。
因此,线性化后的目标函数如下式所示:
m i n ( f L ) = P L o s s t ( s ) + 1 N i = 1 N 2 X i t ( s ) - U n 2 |
其中
P L o s s t ( s ) = i j Ω B r a n c h { ( G i j 2 + B i j 2 ) [ 2 X i t ( s ) + 2 X j t ( s ) - 2 Y i j t ( s ) ] } R i j
2)约束条件线性化。同理,采用变量替换式(15),将约束条件式(10)~式(13)线性化处理。线性化后的约束条件如下式所示:
P i t ( s ) = j N i [ G i j Y i j t ( s ) + B i j Z i j t ( s ) ] + 2 G i j X i t ( s ) Q i t ( s ) = j N i [ B i j Y i j t ( s ) - G i j Z i j t ( s ) ] - 2 B i j X i t ( s )
U m i n 2 2 X i t ( s ) U m a x 2 2
I i j t ( s ) 2 I i j m a x 2
其中
I i j t ( s ) 2 = ( G i j 2 + B i j 2 ) [ 2 X i t ( s ) + 2 X j t ( s ) - 2 Y i j t ( s ) ]
粒子群算法(PSO)[22]是通过模拟鸟类如何快速捕获食物而设计的一种解决最优化问题的启发式算法,其收敛速度快且局部搜索能力强,但易陷入局部最优。遗传算法(GA)[23]可有效求解非线性整数优化问题,适用于全局搜索,但收敛速度慢。
为了更好解决大规模多变量非线性的双层优化问题,采用基于GA算法和PSO的联合算法进行求解。GA-PSO算法改进如下:
1)染色体记忆功能。可将PSO算法中具有记忆能力的粒子融入GA算法,用以记忆GA算法中染色体历史最优解和种群历史最优解。该过程将有利于GA算法在进行遗传操作时快速将优异子代遗传给下一代,从而显著提升GA算法的收敛速度。
2)引入新算子。将PSO算法中的自学习率和社会学习率引入GA算法的交叉过程,并在变异过程中引入自变异率。GA算法在进行遗传操作时染色体以一定概率向个体历史最优解以及社会精英学习,变异过程中染色体以一定概率对相应基因进行变异。
基于GA-PSO联合算法求解流程图如图5所示。求解步骤如下:
1)初始化算法参数;
2)产生初始化种群,初始化迭代次数;
3)基于风机方案计算配电网潮流,得到相应适应值;
4)对全部方案运用PSO更新位置并进行遗传、交叉、变异操作;
5)判断是否到达最大迭代次数,若满足则执行步骤6),否则返回步骤3);
6)输出最优解。
在4.1节中,已经分别介绍了GA算法和PSO算法的不足,由此引入了GA-PSO联合算法。为了测试GA-PSO联合算法性能,本文采用shubert函数作为测试函数,研究GA-PSO算法的全局寻优和局部寻优能力。
shubert函数的表达式为[25]
f ( x 1 , x 2 ) = 10 + 0.05 { i = 1 5 i c o s [ ( i + 1 ) x 1 + i ] } · { i = 1 5 i c o s [ ( i + 1 ) x 2 + i ] }
采用shubert函数的GA-PSO联合算法性能测试结果如图6所示。从图6中可知,与初始种群相比,收敛后的种群没有完全聚集,有一部分粒子在全局寻优,大部分粒子在最优解附近寻优。因此,GA-PSO联合算法既可以保证对最优解的求解,又避免陷入局部最优,且全局搜索能力不会降低。
基于IEEE 33节点配电系统如图7所示。本文基于该系统进行配电网双层优化分析。系统支路与节点参数参考文献[25]系统基准功率为10 MW,基准电压为12.66 kV,总有功负荷为3 715 kW,总无功负荷为2 300 kvar。风机待选节点选择{7,10,13,18,30,33},每个节点允许最大安装容量为1 000 kW,风电消纳率70%,风电相关参数数据如下:贴现率0.08;使用年限20 a;单位额定容量100 kW;切入风速3 m/s;额定风速12 m/s;切出风速25 m/s;投资费用13 000元/kW;运行维护费用0.032元/(kW∙h)。
LHS抽样数为2 000,K-means聚类中心为5个。GA算法交叉率为0.9,变异率为0.1,PSO算法惯性权重为0.65,自我学习因子为1.5,社会学习因子为1.5,GA-PSO混合算法迭代次数为100。
基于典型日数据,根据LHS与K-means聚类算法分别生成5个24 h风机出力与负荷变化特征的典型时序场景,如图8所示。
基于GA,PSO和GA-PSO三种优化算法迭代收敛曲线如图9所示。从图9中可知,GA算法在迭代至22次后出现陷入局部收敛情况,PSO算法与GA-PSO算法则能够避免局部收敛,展现出良好的全局搜索能力。PSO算法虽然全局搜索能力较强,但是收敛速度较慢,迭代至26次才达到最优解。GA-PSO算法结合前两者算法的优点,保证良好的全局搜索能力同时提高了迭代效率,迭代至10次就达到最优解。因此,GA-PSO算法的收敛速度和收敛精度均优于传统的GA算法和PSO算法。
基于生成的风机出力场景,分别采用GA,PSO和GA-PSO三种优化算法再结合锥规划算法求解双层优化模型,进行优化配置得到最优方案,并进行结果的对比分析。
表1给出了不同优化算法下优化配置结果。由表1结果可以看出三种算法均在满足风机消纳率前提下最大化风机运营商收益,为227.04百万元,而风机年成本为12.526百万元。此外,基于GA优化算法得到配电网络年损耗为27.418万元,而GA-PSO混合优化算法其配电网络年损耗为26.04万元,配电公司年成本从1 077.3万元降至1 073.3万元。由上述优化结果可知,GA-PSO联合优化算法能弥补GA算法和PSO算法的缺点,具有一定的可行性与有效性。
表1中的优化结果可知,采用GA-PSO联合优化算法得到的优化配置方案是相对最优的。其中,DG优化配置方案中7(700)表示在节点7、节点10、节点13、节点18、节点30、节点33处分别装设700 kW,200 kW,100 kW,200 kW,600 kW和800 kW容量的风机。
不同算法优化配置方案下,系统各节点电压和支路网损如图10图11所示。由图10可知,与系统规划前相比,规划后的系统各节点电压偏差要小,能够满足系统节点电压偏差范围的要求,从而使得分布式风电并入配电网有利于改善系统供电质量。由图11可知,各优化算法配置方案下系统各支路网损相差不大,即从系统支路网损来看,GA-PSO联合算法与GA算法和PSO算法相比,其优势不是特别显著。但是,GA-PSO联合算法优化配置方案下的节点电压偏移度小于GA算法和PSO算法所得到的优化计算结果。因此,GA-PSO联合算法所得到的优化配置结果更合理。
在GA-PSO联合算法获得的最优配置方案下,分布式风机接入配电网系统后对配电网系统网损和电压灵敏度系数的影响分别如图12图13所示。由图12可知,不同季节的典型日中,接入分布式风机后,系统功率损耗显著降低。由图13可知,分布式风机接入配电网后,有助于电网电压的稳定。
本文考虑风机出力与负荷的不确定性以及时序特性,基于超拉丁立方抽样(LHS)与K-means构建典型场景集。建立了源侧与网侧联合优化的双层规划模型,提出了遗传算法GA与粒子群算法PSO相结合的混合优化算法并结合二阶锥规划数学优化算法求解双层模型,并以IEEE 33节点系统为例,对规划方案有效性进行了验证。
1)考虑风机出力与负荷不确定性,基于某地历史数据采用LHS与K-means生成典型场景,提高模型计算效率同时,极大地贴合了当地风电与负荷的特性。
2)基于GA-PSO联合优化算法很好地弥补了遗传GA算法和粒子群PSO算法的缺点,有效地提升了模型求解速度与收敛精度。
3)基于GA-PSO联合优化算法规划后配电系统损耗成本为26.04万元,比单独基于GA算法和PSO算法规划分别降低了5.03%和0.77%,场景成本减少了4.0万元。合理的风电位置及容量配置,能够有效降低系统中各节点的网损和电压偏移度。
  • 国网河南省电力公司信阳供电公司科技项目(基于分布式风电、光伏的柔性管控技术研究)
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2024年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865
  • 接收时间:2022-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-20
  • 修回日期:2023-03-21
基金
国网河南省电力公司信阳供电公司科技项目(基于分布式风电、光伏的柔性管控技术研究)
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    国网河南省电力公司信阳供电公司,河南 信阳 464000

通讯作者:

徐峰亮(1977—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统,Email:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dqcd/CN/10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24865
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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