Article(id=1200482475156828745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25236, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689004800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-11, revisedDate=1693843200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146925963, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146925963, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146925963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146925963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482473936286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146925672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224860848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482475374932555, articleId=1200482475156828745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Electro-thermal Modeling and Design of High-current Pulse Power Supply for Electrically Assisted Manufacturing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrically assisted manufacturing (EAM)is a promising and rapidly developing metal processing method.The power supply is a key sub-system for EAM,which needs to be designed properly.the model-based design of a low-voltage high-current pulse power supply used for EAM was proposed based on converter-level electro-thermal modeling.The thermal stress of key components was obtained by converter-level finite element simulations.A simplified thermal modeling method was proposed to reduce the computation burden of the finite element modeling(FEM) simulation to obtain the dynamic thermal profile under pulse current operation.The impact of the duration of the current pulse on the maximum temperature and temperature variations of MOSFETs was investigated based on the thermal model.A case study of a 10 V/500 A pulse power supply was presented to demonstrate the theoretical analyses and verification. The outcomes contribute to the design optimization and virtual prototyping of pulse power supplies for EAM applications.

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电辅助制造(EAM)是一种前景广阔且发展迅速的金属加工方法。低压大电流脉冲电源是EAM中的关键子系统之一,需要进行合理设计以应对EAM场景下器件瞬态温度变化大的情况。提出了一种基于器件级电热建模的低压大电流脉冲电源的模型设计方法。首先,通过器件级有限元仿真得到了关键部件的热应力,并提出了一种简化的热建模方法,以减轻有限元模拟的计算负担,得到脉冲电流作用下的动态热剖面。其次,基于热模型,研究了电流脉冲持续时间对MOSFET最高温度和温度变化的影响。最后,以10 V/500 A脉冲电源为例进行了理论分析和验证。研究结果有助于EAM应用中脉冲电源的优化设计。

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吴佳玮(1993—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统、综合能源、电力电子,Email:

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吴佳玮(1993—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统、综合能源、电力电子,Email:

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吴佳玮(1993—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统、综合能源、电力电子,Email:

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New York,NY, USA: Springer Science+Business Media, 2007:539-564., articleTitle=Fundamentals of power electronics, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200501649765683965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200501649774072574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, companyId=1200501649765683965, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Grid Hangzhou Power Supply Company,Hangzhou 311500,Zhejiang,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200501649778266879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, companyId=1200501649765683965, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网浙江省电力有限公司杭州供电公司,浙江 杭州 311500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200501652219351885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of the proposed modeling and design process, figureFileSmall=n164tm2kWYwdYQqrrnGkWQ==, figureFileBig=j3sHt/rnn4NMPTOL9e6URA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652286460754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图1, caption=建模和设计过程流程图, figureFileSmall=n164tm2kWYwdYQqrrnGkWQ==, figureFileBig=j3sHt/rnn4NMPTOL9e6URA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652412289879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the main circuit, figureFileSmall=FJTJE57/EUmVxhCeFOycmA==, figureFileBig=gr41rIZXwiyz14yIeAF+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652496175963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图2, caption=主电路原理图, figureFileSmall=FJTJE57/EUmVxhCeFOycmA==, figureFileBig=gr41rIZXwiyz14yIeAF+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652580062046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The 3D model of the designed power supply, figureFileSmall=gcznGefsX8aUnEaE8ZYXyA==, figureFileBig=Ful2cej/8gpKeLHNiZLNoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652680725346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电源三维模型示意图, figureFileSmall=gcznGefsX8aUnEaE8ZYXyA==, figureFileBig=Ful2cej/8gpKeLHNiZLNoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652768805735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of MOSFET simplified structure, figureFileSmall=1mpczB8HtLulKKRxjRikAQ==, figureFileBig=VOcgd5KeguvFXmz9xWJc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652844303212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MOSFET简化结构示意图, figureFileSmall=1mpczB8HtLulKKRxjRikAQ==, figureFileBig=VOcgd5KeguvFXmz9xWJc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501652944966509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Output voltage of circuit simulation result, figureFileSmall=BA+7XdZ5p2aZmUCbT1rSGQ==, figureFileBig=vVztHCMtpEDoEpVBD4dtMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653062407025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电路仿真输出电压, figureFileSmall=BA+7XdZ5p2aZmUCbT1rSGQ==, figureFileBig=vVztHCMtpEDoEpVBD4dtMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653184041843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Air flow velocity diagram on horizontal intersecting surfaces, figureFileSmall=wJo96hQVpnun2/bb0c+WKQ==, figureFileBig=TacI1Ct2AklYYZu3ZtG3oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653267927927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图6, caption=空气流速仿真水平截面图, figureFileSmall=wJo96hQVpnun2/bb0c+WKQ==, figureFileBig=TacI1Ct2AklYYZu3ZtG3oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653389562743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temperature distribution in different intersection surfaces of the SR MOSFET and the corresponding heat sink, figureFileSmall=HFAe2JuMwNy9LFhudcKshQ==, figureFileBig=D2HPCvViIAt6geBdW/xRmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653502808952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SR MOSFET及其散热器的温度分布截面图, figureFileSmall=HFAe2JuMwNy9LFhudcKshQ==, figureFileBig=D2HPCvViIAt6geBdW/xRmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653599277946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Curve fifitting of temperature change process of SR MOSFET, figureFileSmall=a16Uv+heiuEH6qgCyQr7HQ==, figureFileBig=9Uj8XiISCyX4FjjI1mdoMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653716718462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图8, caption=SR MOSFET温度变化过程拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=a16Uv+heiuEH6qgCyQr7HQ==, figureFileBig=9Uj8XiISCyX4FjjI1mdoMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653842547587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of the model predicted and simulated temperature fluctuation curve of SR MOSFET (Ploss=64.4 W,ton=0.45 s,toff=1.05 s), figureFileSmall=ZdoUm7d1foSmm9Rqp7pNZA==, figureFileBig=ITH1A8egJbOhErtTNhP20g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501653951599493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图9, caption=SR MOSFET温度变化模型预测曲线及仿真模拟曲线对比图(Ploss=64.4 W,ton=0.45 s,toff=1.05 s), figureFileSmall=ZdoUm7d1foSmm9Rqp7pNZA==, figureFileBig=ITH1A8egJbOhErtTNhP20g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501654039679879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Temperature curve of different MOSFETs with the same maximum temperature change (ΔT=25 ℃) obtained by proposed model, figureFileSmall=OYMFOH9hvkP0ybGEsJOxxw==, figureFileBig=HNkwn0UzF/pT7gQpxE01Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501654186480525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=图10, caption=模型计算得不同型号MOSFET在相同最大温度变化范围(ΔT=25 ℃)下的温度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=OYMFOH9hvkP0ybGEsJOxxw==, figureFileBig=HNkwn0UzF/pT7gQpxE01Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200501655352497042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Frequency and winding turns

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/kHz 初级绕组匝数 次级绕组匝数
10 100 5
20 60 3
30 40 2
40 20 2
50 20 1
60 20 1
70 20 1
80 20 1
90 20 1
100 20 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200501655499297687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

频率和绕组匝数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/kHz 初级绕组匝数 次级绕组匝数
10 100 5
20 60 3
30 40 2
40 20 2
50 20 1
60 20 1
70 20 1
80 20 1
90 20 1
100 20 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200501655700624280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters for the main circuit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 符号 描述
前级电路 I i n . r m s 整流桥输入电流有效值 8.43 A
C i n 1 , C i n 2 输入电容 1 199 μF
R 1 , R 2 平滑电抗器 27 kΩ
L i n 输入滤波电感 1.65 mH
B m a x . L i n 最大磁通密度 1.5 T
N L i n 电感绕组匝数(单匝导线) 68
S L i n 线径(AWG) 8
变压器 B m a x 最大磁通密度 0.271 7 T
N p 初级绕组匝数(利兹线) 20
S p 初级绕组股径(AWG) ≥23
I p r i . r m s 初级线圈电流有效值 12.5 A
N s 次级线圈匝数(铜箔) 1
I s e c . r m s 次级线圈电流有效值 220.8 A
L k 泄露电感 2 μF
移相全桥电路 p h e f f 有效相移 0.389 9
I S . r m s 原边MOSFET电流有效值 8.84 A
C b 直流隔离电容 1.9 μF
同步整流器 I S . r m s 同步整流器有效电流 333.5 A
C o u t 输出电容 1 100 μF
输出滤波电感 B m a x . L 1 最大磁通密度 0.8 T
L 1 , L 2 滤波电感 2.44 μF
I L . r m s 滤波电感电流有效值 250 A
I L 滤波电感电流纹波 50 A
N L 1 滤波电感绕组匝数(铝箔) 4
), ArticleFig(id=1200501655839036316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主电路参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 符号 描述
前级电路 I i n . r m s 整流桥输入电流有效值 8.43 A
C i n 1 , C i n 2 输入电容 1 199 μF
R 1 , R 2 平滑电抗器 27 kΩ
L i n 输入滤波电感 1.65 mH
B m a x . L i n 最大磁通密度 1.5 T
N L i n 电感绕组匝数(单匝导线) 68
S L i n 线径(AWG) 8
变压器 B m a x 最大磁通密度 0.271 7 T
N p 初级绕组匝数(利兹线) 20
S p 初级绕组股径(AWG) ≥23
I p r i . r m s 初级线圈电流有效值 12.5 A
N s 次级线圈匝数(铜箔) 1
I s e c . r m s 次级线圈电流有效值 220.8 A
L k 泄露电感 2 μF
移相全桥电路 p h e f f 有效相移 0.389 9
I S . r m s 原边MOSFET电流有效值 8.84 A
C b 直流隔离电容 1.9 μF
同步整流器 I S . r m s 同步整流器有效电流 333.5 A
C o u t 输出电容 1 100 μF
输出滤波电感 B m a x . L 1 最大磁通密度 0.8 T
L 1 , L 2 滤波电感 2.44 μF
I L . r m s 滤波电感电流有效值 250 A
I L 滤波电感电流纹波 50 A
N L 1 滤波电感绕组匝数(铝箔) 4
), ArticleFig(id=1200501655939699615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Power loss of the main components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件 功率损耗/W 型号
三相整流桥 19.8 Vishay VS26MT80
散热器1 - Wakefield 547-95AB
输入滤波电感器铁心 0.4 HITACHI AMCC0025
输入滤波电感器绕组 4.9 单匝导线
输入滤波电容(×4) 0.72 Nichicon LNU2G272MSEG
原边MOSFET(×4) 6.5 CREE C3M0030090K
散热器2 - OHMITE C247-050
变压器铁心 15.7 Magnetics 0F47228EC
变压器原边绕组 3 利兹线
变压器副边绕组 7.2 铜箔
SR MOSFET 24.3 IXYS IXTN660N04T4
散热器3 - Wakefield 511-3M
滤波电感铁心(×2) 14.8 HITACHI AMCC06R3
滤波电感绕组(×2) 7.2 铜箔
输出电容 0.14 Nichicon LNT1H153MSE
), ArticleFig(id=1200501656040362914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各器件功率损耗及型号表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件 功率损耗/W 型号
三相整流桥 19.8 Vishay VS26MT80
散热器1 - Wakefield 547-95AB
输入滤波电感器铁心 0.4 HITACHI AMCC0025
输入滤波电感器绕组 4.9 单匝导线
输入滤波电容(×4) 0.72 Nichicon LNU2G272MSEG
原边MOSFET(×4) 6.5 CREE C3M0030090K
散热器2 - OHMITE C247-050
变压器铁心 15.7 Magnetics 0F47228EC
变压器原边绕组 3 利兹线
变压器副边绕组 7.2 铜箔
SR MOSFET 24.3 IXYS IXTN660N04T4
散热器3 - Wakefield 511-3M
滤波电感铁心(×2) 14.8 HITACHI AMCC06R3
滤波电感绕组(×2) 7.2 铜箔
输出电容 0.14 Nichicon LNT1H153MSE
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Thermal stress of key components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件 最大温度/℃ 平均温度/℃
三相整流桥芯片(×6) 75 74
散热器1 71 66
输入滤波电感器铁心 67 67
输入滤波电感器绕组 72 72
输入滤波电容(×4) 63 62
原边MOSFET(×4) 91 89
散热器2(×2) 87 82
变压器铁心 95 94
变压器原边绕组 93 90
变压器副边绕组 97 89
SR MOSFET(×4) 87 85
散热器3 81 75
滤波电感铁心1 119 118
滤波电感铁心2 115 114
滤波电感绕组1 118 116
滤波电感绕组2 113 112
输出电容 65 65
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各器件温度仿真结果

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器件 最大温度/℃ 平均温度/℃
三相整流桥芯片(×6) 75 74
散热器1 71 66
输入滤波电感器铁心 67 67
输入滤波电感器绕组 72 72
输入滤波电容(×4) 63 62
原边MOSFET(×4) 91 89
散热器2(×2) 87 82
变压器铁心 95 94
变压器原边绕组 93 90
变压器副边绕组 97 89
SR MOSFET(×4) 87 85
散热器3 81 75
滤波电感铁心1 119 118
滤波电感铁心2 115 114
滤波电感绕组1 118 116
滤波电感绕组2 113 112
输出电容 65 65
), ArticleFig(id=1200501656338158509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Thermal model coeffificient

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阶数 A B C D
1 0.418 3 0.033 3 12.2 0.018 36
2 0.063 91 0.800 3 4.366 0.51
3 0.134 2 5.937 8.281 4.829
4 0.302 3 25.65 20.68 24.47
), ArticleFig(id=1200501656489153458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

热模型拟合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 A B C D
1 0.418 3 0.033 3 12.2 0.018 36
2 0.063 91 0.800 3 4.366 0.51
3 0.134 2 5.937 8.281 4.829
4 0.302 3 25.65 20.68 24.47
), ArticleFig(id=1200501656661119926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Feasible range of alternative MOSFETs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导通电阻
Rds,on
功率损耗Ploss 最大占空比DUC 最大导通时间(ΔT=25 ℃) 最大导通时间(ΔT=30 ℃)
0.85 mΩ 24.3 W 0.80 无限制 无限制
1.9 mΩ 53.5 W 0.36 0.63 s 4.78 s
2.3 mΩ 64.6 W 0.30 0.15 s 0.58 s
2.6 mΩ 73.0 W 0.27 0.10 s 0.22 s
), ArticleFig(id=1200501656807920568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482475156828745, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同型号MOSFET可用条件范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导通电阻
Rds,on
功率损耗Ploss 最大占空比DUC 最大导通时间(ΔT=25 ℃) 最大导通时间(ΔT=30 ℃)
0.85 mΩ 24.3 W 0.80 无限制 无限制
1.9 mΩ 53.5 W 0.36 0.63 s 4.78 s
2.3 mΩ 64.6 W 0.30 0.15 s 0.58 s
2.6 mΩ 73.0 W 0.27 0.10 s 0.22 s
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面向电辅助制造的大电流脉冲电源建模与设计
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吴佳玮
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(5): 3-10
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(5): 3-10
面向电辅助制造的大电流脉冲电源建模与设计
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吴佳玮
作者信息
  • 国网浙江省电力有限公司杭州供电公司,浙江 杭州 311500
  • 吴佳玮(1993—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统、综合能源、电力电子,Email:

Electro-thermal Modeling and Design of High-current Pulse Power Supply for Electrically Assisted Manufacturing
Jiawei WU
Affiliations
  • State Grid Hangzhou Power Supply Company,Hangzhou 311500,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25236
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电辅助制造(EAM)是一种前景广阔且发展迅速的金属加工方法。低压大电流脉冲电源是EAM中的关键子系统之一,需要进行合理设计以应对EAM场景下器件瞬态温度变化大的情况。提出了一种基于器件级电热建模的低压大电流脉冲电源的模型设计方法。首先,通过器件级有限元仿真得到了关键部件的热应力,并提出了一种简化的热建模方法,以减轻有限元模拟的计算负担,得到脉冲电流作用下的动态热剖面。其次,基于热模型,研究了电流脉冲持续时间对MOSFET最高温度和温度变化的影响。最后,以10 V/500 A脉冲电源为例进行了理论分析和验证。研究结果有助于EAM应用中脉冲电源的优化设计。

电辅助制造  /  有限元分析  /  热模型  /  虚拟样机

Electrically assisted manufacturing (EAM)is a promising and rapidly developing metal processing method.The power supply is a key sub-system for EAM,which needs to be designed properly.the model-based design of a low-voltage high-current pulse power supply used for EAM was proposed based on converter-level electro-thermal modeling.The thermal stress of key components was obtained by converter-level finite element simulations.A simplified thermal modeling method was proposed to reduce the computation burden of the finite element modeling(FEM) simulation to obtain the dynamic thermal profile under pulse current operation.The impact of the duration of the current pulse on the maximum temperature and temperature variations of MOSFETs was investigated based on the thermal model.A case study of a 10 V/500 A pulse power supply was presented to demonstrate the theoretical analyses and verification. The outcomes contribute to the design optimization and virtual prototyping of pulse power supplies for EAM applications.

electrically assisted manufacturing(EAM)  /  finite element analysis  /  thermal model  /  virtual prototyping
吴佳玮. 面向电辅助制造的大电流脉冲电源建模与设计. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (5) : 3 -10 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25236
Jiawei WU. Electro-thermal Modeling and Design of High-current Pulse Power Supply for Electrically Assisted Manufacturing[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (5) : 3 -10 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25236
电辅助制造(electrically assisted manufacturing,EAM)是一种通过在成形材料上施加直流电流或电场来增强金属成形的制造工艺。EAM可降低成形过程中的流动应力,通过消除残余应力来提高延展性、减少回弹[1-4]。电对金属的复杂作用被称为电塑性效应(electroplastic effective,EPE)[5],在各种金属和合金(包括不锈钢[6]、铝合金[7]、镁合金[8-9]、钛合金[10]、纳米晶和非晶合金[11])中都已验证了EPE的存在。对EPE的研究对于改善轻质材料在室温下的成形性能、促进轻量化金属制造等方面有益处,特别是在航空航天和汽车工业中具有重要意义,但在EAM广泛应用于工业生产之前,仍需要更多研究来阐明EPE的机理和作用。
在EAM成形过程中,电流直接作用于阻性载荷的两端。电流既可以是恒定电流,也可以是脉冲电流,方波是最常用的电流加载方式。在现有研究中使用的标称电流密度从6~180 A/mm2不等[1,7]。Li等人[12]在标称电流密度的基础上又提出电能密度的概念,其研究结果表明,脉冲持续时间也是流动应力下降的原因。
除了效率之外,热建模和设计是这类脉冲电源设计的一个重要方面。关键部件(如电容器和半导体开关)的寿命对温度很敏感[13-14],且由于半导体开关具有有限的热循环能力,还应考虑脉冲放电引起的温度变化[15]。在之前的EAM研究和EPE实验中[1,3,16],对电源的设计与优化关注甚少,特别是在设计阶段通常不考虑电源的可靠性和热性能。随着EAM技术日趋成熟,具有巨大的工业应用潜力,需要共同开发实验平台,为EAM的应用提供技术支撑。
以往的电热设计研究大多是针对稳定输出条件进行[17-19],确保系统在所需的工作环境中安全运行,只需进行稳定热应力分析。对于EAM和EPE实验的特殊应用场景,电源工作在方波模式下,导通时间短,占空比小,并未达到系统的稳定温度状态,但电流幅值大,瞬时温升快,应分析瞬态温度变化。与稳态仿真相比,瞬态仿真的计算负担随着时间点数量的增加而增加,可能达到稳态仿真的数百倍。另一方面,前人的研究利用等效热阻和热容电路来简化电力电子的热模型[20-23],简化后的等效热电路虽然精确,但需要进行大量的分析和测量,不适合需要快速估算的复杂系统。
为了克服上述局限性,本文提出了一种基于有限元仿真的虚拟样机方法来设计用于EAM的低压大电流脉冲电源。主要内容有:1)器件级静态和动态电热建模,支撑基于模型的设计;2)提出一种简化的热建模方法,将静态热建模和动态热建模解耦,大大减少了计算时间;3)提出基于所提热模型的脉冲电源功率器件选择策略。以10 V/500 A大电流脉冲电源为例,对所提出的方法进行了验证。第1节介绍了研究方法,包括基于电气性能要求的关键部件设计、有限元建模(finite element modeling,FEM)及热建模原理和电源的热设计;第2节是研究结果,讨论了基于研究结果的器件瞬态温度波动简化热模型和器件选择优化策略;第3节是研究结论及全文总结。
本文所提出的建模和设计过程如图1所示。根据应用,EAM脉冲电源的输入为50 Hz,380 V三相电源,输出为连续可调方波。EAM应用中电源的负载通常为骨形金属工件。负载的电阻取决于工件的尺寸、材料和形状。在本工作中,使用非晶材料工件,电阻为0.02 Ω。电源规格如下:输入电压Vin=380 V,最大输出电压V0=500 A,最大输出电流I0=500 A,电感电流纹波 ΔIL1%=20%,输出电容电压纹波 Δ V c %=2%。
主电路原理图如图2所示,左边部分AC/DC整流器实现功率因数校正,并将母线电压调节成直流。在电路的其余部分应实现直流降压,提供电隔离,实现稳压直流输出。由于输出功率高(5 kW),选择全桥变换器,并采用移相控制以实现ZVS开关,可有效降低高频器件中的开关损耗[21]。钳位二极管D1和D2用于抑制副边整流电路中由于寄生振荡而产生的电压尖峰。用电流倍频整流器(current doubler rectifier,CDR)代替中央抽头整流器,增加其输出电流容量[20],采用同步整流来降低功率损耗。Lr是谐振电感,用于实现ZVS,但由于变压器的漏电感(约2 µH)足够高,可以满足能量要求,在系统设计中省略了谐振电感。
移相全桥电路(phase shift full bridge,PSFB)的工作原理参照相关研究[24-25]。PSFB的开关频率对变换器的效率和功率密度有重大影响,是一个设计变量。因此,本研究中考虑在10~100 kHz,每10 kHz一个采样点,计算变压器的绕组匝数和各部件的功率损耗。频率越高,绕组匝数越少,随之变压器体积和绕组损耗也就越小。频率和绕组匝数列于表1。但更高的频率也会导致其他缺点,例如MOSFET的功率损耗增高,绕组中的趋肤深度减小等。根据表1,主电路选择50 kHz。
磁性元件的功率损耗和尺寸是变流器级热建模的关键参数。变压器初级绕组使用Litz导线,避免因趋肤效应造成额外的铜损耗及热负荷。线材尺寸和股数依据美国线规(AWG)计算[26]。二次绕组采用铜箔,以减少大电流下的铜耗。铜箔中的电流密度被限制在6 A/mm2。窗口利用系数的经验系数Ku=0.3,以确保所选铁心能够满足绕组要求。电感器设计按照Erickson和Maksimovic的研究进行[27]
根据电压和电流应力,为电路选择适用的器件。两个MOSFET在同步整流器中并联连接,以分担大电流。功率器件的功率损耗是根据数据表中的电流有效值和电气参数计算的。输入三相二极管桥式整流器,原边MOSFET和副边MOSFET分别放置在3个单独的散热器上。磁性元件的功率损耗由铁心损耗和铜耗组成,铁心损耗由厂家提供的经验方程估算:
P c o r e . X F M R = 3.5 f 1.4 B m a x 2.5 ( 0.88 - 0.013 T + 0.000   142 T 2 ) V o l
P c o r e . L = 6.5 f 1.51 B m a x 1.74 m
式中:Vol为铁心体积;T为温度;m为铁心质量。铜的损耗是通过估算绕组长度、导线电阻和交流电阻系数计算求得。更精确的冷却性能通过有限元仿真获得。
在Icepak CFD中建立了有限元热仿真模型。在Solidworks中绘制系统三维模型,如图3所示。大部分部件适用螺钉安装、铜排连接,模型中省略了铜排。将三维模型导入到Icepak CFD中进行热仿真。模型中对构件结构进行了一定的简化以降低网格划分的复杂度。两种MOSFET简化结构示意图如图4所示,整流桥简化采用原边MOSFET的结构,电容器的简化结构采用一个金属外壳和一个具有功率损耗的圆柱体结构。所有器件放置在一个尺寸为425 mm×120 mm×140 mm的长方体柜中,长方体柜的一侧采用4个直径为90 mm、流速为0.55 m3/min(19.4 CFM)的圆形风扇,另一侧设置6个405 mm×5 mm的矩形开口,用于空气对流,风扇位置如图3中圆圈所示。
热仿真中各器件采用计算所得功率损耗作为加热功率,假定各部件为热源,芯片为各功率器件的发热部件。所有组件和周围空气的初始温度为60 ℃,进行稳态模拟,获得系统中各部件在长期工作状态下的稳定温度分布。电源工作在方波模式时,定义的焦耳加热功率为平均功率损耗:
P ¯ l o s s = P l o s s × D U C
其中
D U C = t o n / T p e r i o d = t o n / ( t o n + t o f f )
式中:Ploss为计算出的每个组件功率损耗;DUC为一个周期内方波输出电流的导时比(占空比);tontoffTperiod分别为方波输出电流的导通时间、关断时间和周期时间。
在本应用中使用的最大输出占空比为0.8。在该功率下进行Icepak稳态模拟,预测长期工作状态下的气流速度和温度分布。
电路仿真得到该设计电源输出电压波形如图5所示。两张放大图分别显示了启动过程和稳态输出电压纹波。可以看出,启动时间小于0.2 ms,电压纹波约为0.1 V(1%),满足电路设计要求。所选主元件的最终参数、所选器件型号及相应的功率损耗分别列于表2表3。求得主电路的效率为95.6%。
Icepak有限元热仿真得到不同高度的水平表面上的气流速度分布如图6所示,各部件的最高温度和平均温度列于表4,电源开关的温度以表中芯片温度表示,所有元件都在工作温度范围内工作。原边MOSFET和SR MOSFET的最高温度分别为91 ℃和87 ℃,分别低于150 ℃和175 ℃的限值。此外,电容器对温升要求严格,其最高温升为5 ℃。SR MOSFET及其附带的散热器的温度分布如图7中的四个水平截面图所示。结果表明该系统具有恰当的对流系统,认为设计的电源可以在60 ℃的环境温度下以0.8的最大占空比正常工作。
在实际工作中,由于电源的脉冲工作模式器件温度处于稳态波动。在电路设计及稳态热仿真的基础上,通过定义暂态仿真中功率损耗的负载规律,可以得到器件暂态温度变化过程。
系统的热特性主要由结构、材料和对流决定,温度的影响在一般设备的工作温度范围内很小,可以忽略不计。对于不同功率损耗和温度的设备,可以建立一个通用的模型简化计算步骤,从而预测器件的温度波动。
根据表2的功率损耗和表3的温度,原边MOSFET是系统中工作热负荷高的最脆弱器件。因此,以原边MOSFET为例展开讨论,该方法可广泛适用于其他系统及器件。
特定构件在加热时间内的温升过程可表示为
T H e a t ( t ) = P l o s s i = 1 n A i ( 1 - e - B i t ) + T 0
式中:T0为初始温度;n为热模型阶数;AiBi为热模型系数。
特定部件的冷却过程为
T C o o l ( t ) = λ i = 1 n C i e - D i t + T 0
式中:CiDi为模型系数;λ为等效换热系数,λ与环境温度分布有一定关系。
在稳态运行中,冷却时间内的温度下降必须完全抵消单脉冲期间的加热。
λ的计算公式如下:
λ = P l o s s i = 1 n A i ( 1 - e - B i t o n ) i = 1 n C i ( 1 - e - D i t o f f )
因此,计算λ为一个脉冲在稳态下的温度波动可以表示为
T ( t ) = P l o s s i = 1 n A i ( 1 - e - B i t )                                       0 t t o n λ i = 1 n C i [ 1 - e - D i ( t - t o n ) ] + T ( t o n )     t o n t T p e r i o d
λ是取决于功率损耗和导通、关断时间的系数。
初始升温阶段(即系统达到稳态热应力之前)的动态热廓线由代表整体升温趋势的直流分量和代表重复脉冲波动的交流分量组成。交流分量是式(8)的周期性重复。在元件达到热稳定之前,直流分量是时间和平均功率损耗 P - l o s s的函数,可以通过简单的瞬态模拟获得。通过将直流分量和交流分量加在一起,可以推导出温度曲线。当系统进入稳定工作状态,直流分量是一个常数。可以将直流分量加到式(8)来计算稳态工作下脉冲的温度波动,即
T D C t = T s t e a d y t - T m e a n = T s t e a d y t - 0 T p e r i o d T ( t ) d t / T p e r i o d
式中:Tsteadyt)为恒定的功率损耗下的温度;Tmean为式(8)中计算的一个脉冲下的平均温度。
在稳定状态下,Tsteadyt)是稳态模拟结果得到的恒定温度。
基于第1节讨论的三维有限元模型,进行了20 s导通时间和20 s关断时间的瞬态温度模拟。此处选择功率损耗最高的SR MOSFET进行讨论。电源系统中的其他组件在前20 s内保持表3中的工作负载,接下来的20 s内负载为0。由于温升初期温度变化快,从0 s—1 s内计算的时间步长为0.05 s/步,后续计算时间步长设置为1 s—5 s 内0.5 s/步,5 s—10 s 内1 s/步,10 s—20 s 内2 s/步,计算总共使用78个计算时间点,1 560次迭代。
从仿真结果中提取SR MOSFET的温度变化。温度数据可分为升温过程(0 s—20 s)和冷却过程(20 s—40 s),如图8所示。这两条曲线分别用式(5)和式(6)进行拟合,采用四阶模型。拟合曲线也绘制在图8中,对比显示出高度一致性。拟合系数列于表5
利用该热模型,可以得到不同负载下的温度变化情况。图9对比了模型预测和仿真模拟在稳定状态下的温度波动曲线,这两条曲线误差小于1 ℃,证明推导的热模型的有效性。
图9中仿真模拟温度曲线由未简化的严格瞬态CFD模型计算得到,计算时间跨度为1 200 s,确保系统实现稳定。仿真中,系统至少需要500 s才能稳定。时间步长小于1 s,以了解温度变化的细节。因此,严格模拟至少需要10 000次迭代,而简化的热模型至少减少了83%的计算负担。图9中严格模拟需要16万次迭代,而简化热模型减少了99%的计算负担。
在EAM应用中,周期脉冲电流的典型导通时间小于2 s,占空比通常小于0.5。由于这一特性,MOSFET的最高结温可能低于连续电流工作时的结温。本小节讨论选择不同的MOSFET时,脉冲电流的最大允许导通时间。
使用SOT-227封装可选择几种MOSFET。它们的导通电阻分别为1.9 mΩ,2.3 mΩ和2.6 mΩ。与最初选择的MOSFET的24.3 W相比,它们的功率损耗分别为53.5 W,64.6 W和73.0 W。它们的最大占空比分别为0.36,0.3和0.27,以保持式(3)中相同的平均功率损耗。一个周期内的结温波动为
Δ T = P l o s s i = 1 n A i ( 1 - e - B i t o n )
对于给定的某最高结温波动 ΔT,最大导通时间可由式(10)得到。例如,如果最高结温波动限制在25 ℃,则可以使用热模型获得不同型号MOSFET单脉冲下的温度变化。结果如图10所示。最大导通时间分别为0.63 s,0.15 s,0.10 s。也就是说,如果导通时间小于0.63 s,占空比小于0.36,则SR MOSFET可以替换为功耗为53.5 W的MOSFET。不同MOSFET的可行范围如表6所示。因此,可以根据这一结果和应用需求,优化关键器件选择策略。
综上所述,该方法可分为几个步骤:1)采用平均功率损耗进行稳态有限元模拟,进行热设计,确保设计的电源能够长期运行;2)对于需要讨论的组件,找到几种具有相同封装的替代方案,并计算其功率损耗;3)使用所选方案之一进行瞬态有限元模拟(20 s工作升温和20 s不工作冷却),获得热模型的参数;4)对于所需的最大温度波动,使用热模型获得每个备选方案的最大导通时间和最大占空比,即可根据设计要求找到最合适的元件。热模型可以应用于所设计设备中的所有部件。使用所提出的热模型由于其计算简便性,有助于生产前的热分析和验证。器件选择策略更适合功率损耗高的功率开关,可选器件应具有相同的封装。
本文介绍了大电流脉冲电源关键部件的电热建模和设计。基于功率损耗分析和器件级热仿真,获得曲线拟合的热模型,在确保可靠运行的条件下优化关键元件(如MOSFET)的尺寸。此外,还提出了获得脉冲电流作用下的热负荷分布的简化方法,以减少有限元模拟计算量。最后以10 V/500 A脉冲电源为例进行了仿真分析。首先对电路进行了设计,并根据计算的功率损耗建立了有限元仿真,利用有限元模拟的瞬态温度结果,提出了一个代表性元件的简化热模型,实现了动态温度预测,有限元模拟结果与计算结果的差异小于1 ℃。简化模型至少减少了83%的计算负担。基于所提出的热模型,提出了一种器件选择策略。本研究为电辅助制造(EAM)应用提供了一种基于模型的电源设计和优化方法。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25236
  • 接收时间:2023-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-11
  • 修回日期:2023-09-05
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    国网浙江省电力有限公司杭州供电公司,浙江 杭州 311500
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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