Article(id=1200482474737390346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24703, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666454400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-23, revisedDate=1667750400000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146925862, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146925862, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146925862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146925862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482473936286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146925672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224860848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809357815443758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482473936286279, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482474917745420, articleId=1200482474737390346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Power Quality Detection and Recognition Method Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform and Improved S-transform, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the power quality problem of actual power network under the influence of uncertain interference factors,a power quality detection and recognition method combining empirical wavelet transform(EWT)and improved S-transform was proposed. On the one hand,the frequency,amplitude and time parameters of the AM-FM component were accurately extracted by using the EWT joint normalization direct orthogonal(NDQ)algorithm and singular value decomposition(SVD)algorithm. On the other hand,considering the instantaneous amplitude fluctuation of the EWT algorithm in the high noise environment,the improved S-transform was introduced to extract the time-frequency information of power quality disturbances under the high noise interference. Finally,based on the disturbance feature vectors extracted by EWT and improved S transform,the power quality disturbance recognition classifier optimized by the support vector machine(SVM)based on improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm was used to accurately identify the disturbance types. Simulation and experiments show that the average recognition accuracy of the proposed method is 93.23% in the case of composite disturbance recognition and classification,and it can accurately identify four kinds of measured disturbance signals.

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为分析不确定干扰因素影响下的实际电力网络电能质量问题,提出一种经验小波变换(EWT)和改进S变换相结合的电能质量检测与识别方法。该方法一方面利用EWT联合归一化直接正交(NDQ)算法和奇异值分解(SVD)算法准确提取调幅-调频分量的频率、幅值和时间参数,另一方面考虑到EWT算法在高噪声环境下瞬时幅值波动的问题,引入改进S变换提取高噪声干扰下的电能质量扰动时频信息,最后,基于EWT和改进S变换提取的扰动特征向量,利用基于改进粒子群优化算法(IPSO)优化支持向量机(SVM)的电能质量扰动识别分类器实现扰动类型的精确识别。仿真和实验表明所提方法在复合扰动识别分类时平均识别准确率为93.23%,且能够准确识别4种实测扰动信号。

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李宁(1983—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子化的电力系统及其控制,Email:

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李宁(1983—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子化的电力系统及其控制,Email:

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Recognition of power quality disturbances using S-transform and fuzzy C-means clustering[C]// 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration,Small Power Plants and District Energy(ICUE),IEEE, 2016:1-6., articleTitle=Recognition of power quality disturbances using S-transform and fuzzy C-means clustering, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200501657923605460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, awardId=52177193, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52177193), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200501658041045974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, awardId=2022GY-182, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2022GY-182), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200501658112349145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, awardId=[2018]5046, language=CN, fundingSource=国家留学基金委国际清洁能源拔尖人才项目([2018]5046), fundOrder=null, 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Parameter detection of composite power quality disturbance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 实际谐波幅值(标幺值) EWT-NDQ(标幺值) 实际谐波频率/Hz EWT-NDQ/Hz
基频 1.000 0 0.998 9 50.00 50.00
5次谐波 0.150 0 0.149 7 250.00 250.04
7次谐波 0.100 0 0.098 5 350.00 350.43
11次谐波 0.050 0 0.048 7 550.00 551.83
扰动类型 实际扰动幅值(标幺值) 检测值(标幺值) 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态中断 0.980 0.978 0.040 0 0.039 8 0.120 0 0.119 7
扰动类型 实际频率/Hz 频率检测值/Hz 实际幅值(标幺值) 幅值检测值(标幺值) 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态振荡 800.00 802.49 1.5 1.478 9 0.140 0 0.140 0 0.160 0 0.140 0
), ArticleFig(id=1200501657231545281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合电能质量扰动参数检测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 实际谐波幅值(标幺值) EWT-NDQ(标幺值) 实际谐波频率/Hz EWT-NDQ/Hz
基频 1.000 0 0.998 9 50.00 50.00
5次谐波 0.150 0 0.149 7 250.00 250.04
7次谐波 0.100 0 0.098 5 350.00 350.43
11次谐波 0.050 0 0.048 7 550.00 551.83
扰动类型 实际扰动幅值(标幺值) 检测值(标幺值) 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态中断 0.980 0.978 0.040 0 0.039 8 0.120 0 0.119 7
扰动类型 实际频率/Hz 频率检测值/Hz 实际幅值(标幺值) 幅值检测值(标幺值) 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态振荡 800.00 802.49 1.5 1.478 9 0.140 0 0.140 0 0.160 0 0.140 0
), ArticleFig(id=1200501657361568710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameter detection of measured composite power quality disturbance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 实际谐波幅值/V EWT-NDQ/V 实际谐波频率/Hz EWT-NDQ/Hz
5次谐波 0.073 2 0.075 0 250.00 249.15
扰动类型 实际扰动幅值/V 检测值/V 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
电压暂降 0.293 0 0.292 5 0.040 0 0.037 8 0.080 0 0.077 8
扰动类型 实际频率/Hz 频率检测值/Hz 实际幅值V 幅值检测值/V 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态振荡 800.00 793.34 0.266 9 0.249 6 0.100 0 0.097 8 0.120 0 0.117 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200501657479009226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实测复合电能质量扰动参数检测

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扰动类型 实际谐波幅值/V EWT-NDQ/V 实际谐波频率/Hz EWT-NDQ/Hz
5次谐波 0.073 2 0.075 0 250.00 249.15
扰动类型 实际扰动幅值/V 检测值/V 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
电压暂降 0.293 0 0.292 5 0.040 0 0.037 8 0.080 0 0.077 8
扰动类型 实际频率/Hz 频率检测值/Hz 实际幅值V 幅值检测值/V 实际起始时刻/s 检测值/s 实际终止时刻/s 检测值/s
暂态振荡 800.00 793.34 0.266 9 0.249 6 0.100 0 0.097 8 0.120 0 0.117 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200501657592255438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Recognition effect of composite power quality disturbances(different noise environment)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 识别准确率/%
20 dB环境 30 dB环境 50 dB环境 平均识别率
S9(暂升+谐波) 94.00 98.00 98.00 96.67
S10(振荡+谐波) 92.00 96.00 98.00 95.33
S11(暂降+振荡) 88.00 94.00 94.00 91.33
S12(中断+谐波) 94.00 98.00 100.00 97.33
S13(暂降+谐波) 90.00 90.00 92.00 90.67
S14(中断+暂升) 92.00 94.00 98.00 94.66
S15(暂降+振荡+谐波) 82.00 88.00 90.00 86.67
综合识别率 90.28 94.00 95.71 93.23
), ArticleFig(id=1200501657701307344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482474737390346, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复合电能质量扰动分类识别效果(不同噪声环境)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 识别准确率/%
20 dB环境 30 dB环境 50 dB环境 平均识别率
S9(暂升+谐波) 94.00 98.00 98.00 96.67
S10(振荡+谐波) 92.00 96.00 98.00 95.33
S11(暂降+振荡) 88.00 94.00 94.00 91.33
S12(中断+谐波) 94.00 98.00 100.00 97.33
S13(暂降+谐波) 90.00 90.00 92.00 90.67
S14(中断+暂升) 92.00 94.00 98.00 94.66
S15(暂降+振荡+谐波) 82.00 88.00 90.00 86.67
综合识别率 90.28 94.00 95.71 93.23
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经验小波变换和改进S变换结合的电能质量检测与识别方法
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李宁 , 王茹月 , 朱龙辉
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(5): 26-33
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(5): 26-33
经验小波变换和改进S变换结合的电能质量检测与识别方法
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李宁, 王茹月, 朱龙辉
作者信息
  • 西安理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 李宁(1983—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子化的电力系统及其控制,Email:

Power Quality Detection and Recognition Method Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform and Improved S-transform
Ning LI, Ruyue WANG, Longhui ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an 710048,Shaanxi,China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24703
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为分析不确定干扰因素影响下的实际电力网络电能质量问题,提出一种经验小波变换(EWT)和改进S变换相结合的电能质量检测与识别方法。该方法一方面利用EWT联合归一化直接正交(NDQ)算法和奇异值分解(SVD)算法准确提取调幅-调频分量的频率、幅值和时间参数,另一方面考虑到EWT算法在高噪声环境下瞬时幅值波动的问题,引入改进S变换提取高噪声干扰下的电能质量扰动时频信息,最后,基于EWT和改进S变换提取的扰动特征向量,利用基于改进粒子群优化算法(IPSO)优化支持向量机(SVM)的电能质量扰动识别分类器实现扰动类型的精确识别。仿真和实验表明所提方法在复合扰动识别分类时平均识别准确率为93.23%,且能够准确识别4种实测扰动信号。

电能质量  /  扰动检测识别  /  经验小波变换  /  快速多分辨率S变换  /  改进粒子群优化  /  支持向量机

In order to analyze the power quality problem of actual power network under the influence of uncertain interference factors,a power quality detection and recognition method combining empirical wavelet transform(EWT)and improved S-transform was proposed. On the one hand,the frequency,amplitude and time parameters of the AM-FM component were accurately extracted by using the EWT joint normalization direct orthogonal(NDQ)algorithm and singular value decomposition(SVD)algorithm. On the other hand,considering the instantaneous amplitude fluctuation of the EWT algorithm in the high noise environment,the improved S-transform was introduced to extract the time-frequency information of power quality disturbances under the high noise interference. Finally,based on the disturbance feature vectors extracted by EWT and improved S transform,the power quality disturbance recognition classifier optimized by the support vector machine(SVM)based on improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm was used to accurately identify the disturbance types. Simulation and experiments show that the average recognition accuracy of the proposed method is 93.23% in the case of composite disturbance recognition and classification,and it can accurately identify four kinds of measured disturbance signals.

power quality  /  disturbance detection and identification  /  empirical wavelet transform(EWT)  /  fast multi-resolution S-transform(FMST)  /  improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)  /  support vector machines(SVM)
李宁, 王茹月, 朱龙辉. 经验小波变换和改进S变换结合的电能质量检测与识别方法. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (5) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24703
Ning LI, Ruyue WANG, Longhui ZHU. Power Quality Detection and Recognition Method Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform and Improved S-transform[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (5) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24703
随着分布式发电的不断发展,主动配电网概念被提出,但主动配电网中含有大量电力电子设备和非线性负载,使得电能质量问题更加复杂多样。为保证主动配电网电能质量满足用户要求,准确获得电能质量扰动参数与类型具有重要意义[1-2]
电能质量扰动的研究主要分为检测与识别、定位和评估、监测及治理等几个方向,而电能质量扰动的特征提取是其他几个方向的基础。电能质量扰动特征提取的方法主要有短时傅里叶变换(short time fourier transform,STFT)、小波变换和S变换等。文献[3]将STFT算法用在铁路谐波过电压和谐振检测,但STFT窗口函数在确定后其窗口的大小无法改变,在复合电能质量扰动中并不实用[4-5]。小波变换在低尺度下时具有高的频率分辨率,在高尺度下时具有高的时间分辨率,适合非平稳的暂态电能质量扰动的检测[6-7]。文献[8]提出一种可调Q小波来进行电能质量扰动检测,使得小波变换能够更加准确灵活地提取电能质量扰动信号中的基频分量。传统小波变换的时频分析效果取决于小波基函数与分解层数的选择,且易受噪声影响[9-10]。近年来,经验小波变换[11-12](empirical wavelet transform,EWT)开始被广泛应用,EWT解决了小波变换时小波基的选择问题,并通过快速傅里叶变换(fast fourier transform,FFT)频谱的划分大大减少了算法的计算量,提高了时频域分析精度。但经典经验小波变换需要人为选定频带划分的数量,会影响到EWT的时频分析性能,且更容易受到噪声影响。S变换是一种结合了短时傅里叶变换与小波变换思想的时频分析法,引入的相位校正因子改善了小波变换的抗噪能力[13-14],故S变换被大量应用于非平稳信号的特征提取[15-21]。针对S变换在电能质量扰动分析中的应用,主要集中在对S变换的窗口宽度的修正上。文献[15]通过引入单修正因子来改变S变换的高斯窗口宽度,文献[16]通过引入3个修正因子来改变S变化的窗口宽度。经典S变换由于其需要对频域所有的频点构造高斯窗的运算,影响了算法实际应用中的快速性。
在完成扰动信号特征提取之后,需要选择合适的扰动分类器对扰动特征进行分类识别。常用的电能质量扰动信号分类方法有决策树(decision tree,DT)分类、人工神经网络(artifitial neural network,ANN)分类和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)分类等方法。文献[22]利用分类规则优化决策树分类器进行扰动识别,增强了DT的抗噪性能。文献[23]使用径向积函数(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络对信号经过离散小波变换后的能量熵进行扰动分类,提高了准确性。文献[24]使用极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)完成了电能质量的扰动分类,并使用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法完成了最优特征集的选择。文献[25]使用了最小二乘支持向量机完成对信号的分类,相较于传统支持向量机,避免了二次优化问题,但容易陷入局部最优。在实际应用中,决策树收敛速度慢,对训练样本的区分度要求高,容易受到噪声的影响,ANN的分类效果依赖参数与网络架构的选择,对硬件平台要求过高,虽然SVM在扰动识别时需要有针对性地构建多分类器并进行参数优化,但其本身的特性导致其也适用于小样本的扰动训练与识别。
为实现噪声环境下的高精度电能质量扰动检测与识别,本文提出一种新型电能质量扰动信号检测与识别的方法,利用EWT和快速多分辨率S变换(fast multi-resolution S-transform,FMST)预处理提取扰动特征向量,使用改进粒子群优化(improved particle swarm optimization,IPSO)算法完成SVM分类器的参数优化,构建基于IPSO-SVM的电能质量扰动分类器对扰动信号进行识别。
本文基于EWT复合FSTM与IPSO-SVM分类器的电能质量扰动检测与识别总体流程图如图1所示。
基于EWT的电能质量扰动检测具体步骤如图2所示。
上述方法可将信号分解成多个IMF分量,基于EWT的时频分析,提出基于EWT的F1~F4扰动特征提取。
1)特征F1:基频瞬时幅值最大值与最小值。主要发生在基频上的暂升幅值最大值在1.1~1.8(标幺值)之间、最小值在1(标幺值)附近、暂降与中断信号的幅值最大值在1(标幺值)附近,暂降的最小值在0.1~0.9(标幺值)之间、中断的最小值在0~0.1(标幺值)之间、闪变的瞬时幅值最大值在1.1~1.2(标幺值)附近、最小值在0.8~0.9(标幺值)附近。因此特征F1能够用来区分暂态暂升、暂降、中断和闪变。
2)特征F2:特征频点数量。正常信号和暂态暂升、暂降、中断、脉冲这4种单一扰动在EWT分解时检测的特征频点数量都为1。因此,特征F2是区分正常信号和扰动的一个有效特征。
3)特征F3:扰动最高频分量的瞬时幅值最大值。脉冲扰动发生时最高频分量会出现明显的突变,脉冲发生时最高频分量的幅值最大值一般大于0.5(标幺值)。因此,特征F3是区分脉冲扰动与其他扰动的重要特征。
4)特征F4:基频瞬时幅值穿越1(标幺值)的次数。闪变的瞬时幅值多次穿越1(标幺值),为防止噪声干扰,改为统计穿越1.1(标幺值)和0.9(标幺值)的次数的和。
首先对待检测信号 x ( t )进行傅里叶变换得到其傅里叶频谱,然后使用分段3次Hermite插值多项式以及所设阈值进行特征频点 f n Ω的提取,以特征频点 f n Ω为中心,取 [ f n Ω - τ n ,   f n Ω + τ n + 1 ]为特征范围, τ n =50 Hz,此时S变换可表示为
$S\left(\tau^{\prime}, t\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} x(t) w\left(t-\tau^{\prime}, f\right) \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} 2 \pi f t} \mathrm{~d} t & f_{n}^{\Omega}-\tau_{n} \leqslant f \leqslant f_{n}^{\Omega}+\tau_{n+1} \\ 0 & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
由于S变换自身时频分辨率变化相对固定及其受到海森堡测不准原理的限制[26],所以只能通过调整不同频率下窗函数的窗宽来控制其时频分辨率。本文以2次与13次谐波的频率为分界线,低频部分主要针对如电压波动和电压中断等频谱能量集中在 2 f 0之前的电能质量扰动信号,中高频部分主要针对常见的高次谐波和暂态低频振荡等能量集中在 2 f 0 f 13 f 0的电能质量扰动信号,高频部分主要针对 f 13 f 0的高次谐波检测。
基于广义S变换[26]的思想,引入含有修正参数的高斯窗函数来改变S变换时频分辨率。
f 2 f 0时的高斯窗函数的窗宽因子定义为下式:
σ 1 = b 1 f a 1
通过引入新的调节因子 a 1让低频时窗宽随频率的变化更快,调节因子 b 1用来保证窗宽不至于过窄而失去该有的频率分辨率。
对于 2 f 0 f 13 f 0的中高频部分,窗宽因子定义为下式:
σ 2 = 1 b ( 2 ) + f a 2
式(3)中,修正因子 a 2确保S变换的时间分辨率,新的修正因子 b 2能够对窗宽大小进行辅助控制。
对于 f 13 f 0的高频部分,本文窗宽因子定义为下式:
σ 3 = 1 [ ( f s - f ) | f a 3 | ] 1 4
式中: f s为信号的采样频率。
修正因子 a 3用于调整窗宽处于合适的大小。
基于以上分析,所提FMST在进行离散信号处理时,进行傅里叶变换后的离散化公式如下式所示:
S 1 ( k Δ T , n N Δ T ) = l = 0 N - 1 X ( l + n N Δ T ) e - 2 π 2 b 1 2 l 2 ( N Δ T ) 2 a ( 1 ) - 2 n 2 a 1 e j 2 π l k N S 2 ( k Δ T , n N Δ T ) = l = 0 N - 1 X ( l + n N Δ T ) e - 2 π 2 ( l / N Δ T ) 2 [ b ( 2 ) + ( n / N Δ T ) a 2 ] 2 e j 2 π l k N S 3 ( k Δ T , n N Δ T ) = l = 0 N - 1 X ( l + n N Δ T ) e - 2 π 2 ( l / N Δ T ) 2 [ ( f s - f ) ( n / N Δ T ) a 3 ] 1 / 2 e j 2 π l k N n 0 S ( k Δ T , 0 ) = 1 N l = 0 N - 1 X ( l N Δ T ) n = 0
得到的FMST检测方法的基本流程如图3所示。
以上该方法能够获得一个包含着大量的时频信息的二维时频矩阵 F M S T ( m , n ),基于FMST,本文提出基于 F M S T ( m , n )的F5~F9扰动特征提取。
1)F5:时间最大幅值曲线的能量。由于不同扰动发生时其时域波形不同,所以每种扰动所对应的能量也各不相同,而时间最大幅值曲线能够从时域方向获得扰动对波形的影响,能量计算公式如下式:
E t = n = 1 N | T A ( n ) | 2
式中: T A ( n )为时间最大幅值曲线的序列;N为采样点总数。
2)F6:频率最大幅值曲线的能量。不同扰动对应的频域能量也各不相同,而频率最大幅值曲线能够从频域方向获得扰动的频域特征,能量计算公式如下式:
E f = m = 1 M | F A ( m ) | 2
式中: F A ( m )为频率最大幅值曲线的序列;M为采样点总数。
3)F7 F M S T ( m , n )总能量。结合时域与频域能量,获得信号的总能量,用以表征信号的特征,总能量计算公式如下式:
E a l l = m , n = 1 M , N | F M S T ( m , n ) | 2
4)F8:行最大标准差值。该特征能够描述信号的不同频率分量在时域中的最大离散程度,行最大标准差值计算公式如下式:
S σ = m a x ( n = 1 N ( x m , n - x m - m e a n ) 2 N - 1 )
式中: x m , n F M S T ( m , n )中第m行的元素; x m - m e a n为第m行元素的均值;N为采样点总数。
F9:基频幅值的最大值与最小值。为避免EWT-NDQ算法在幅值检测时受到较大的噪声干扰影响,再次通过FMST的基频幅值曲线提取基频幅值的最大值与最小值。
通过两种时频分析法一共提取9种扰动特征,为了完成电能质量扰动信号的类型识别,本文提出一种基于IPSO-SVM的电能质量扰动识别算法,算法步骤如图4所示。
具体流程如下:
Step1:初始化参数cg,搭建多分类器用于电能质量扰动信号的训练和分类;
Step2:通过适应度函数计算不同参数cg对应适应度值,找出个体最优与群体最优适应度对应的cg
Step3:对cg进行更新迭代,满足终止条件后获得最优的cg
Step4:根据最优的cg搭建多分类器,实现电能质量扰动信号分类识别,输出扰动识别的准确率。
本文IPSO算法中,选择SVM分类精度作为适应度函数,取最大迭代次数 I m a x为50,种群数量为20,初始速度弹性因子 ω s t a r t为0.9,达到最大迭代次数时的速度弹性因子 ω e n d为0.4; c 1为自身学习因子, c 2为社会学习因子, c m a x 1,2 c 1 c 2的最大学习因子值,取 c m a x 1,2为2,初始化SVM模型c值为10,g值为2,c=22-211g=2-4-23作为IPSO算法中参数选择范围。
本文构造的复合电能质量扰动,包含5,7,11次谐波、暂态中断和暂态振荡在内的3种单一扰动信号,5,7,11次谐波幅值标幺值分别为0.15,0.1,0.05,中断参数 a=0.98,振荡参数 λ=0.5, ς=30,振荡频率为800 Hz,中断起始时刻为0.04 s,终止时刻为0.12 s,振荡起始时刻为0.14 s,终止时刻为0.16 s,信号的信噪比为30 dB。如图5所示,本文所提算法在准确地提取IMF分量后,各个分量之间不存在模态混叠现象。
表1验证了所提方法在复合电能质量扰动检测时的有效性,虽然复合扰动使得算法的检测性能下降,但是检测精度依然维持在一个较高的水平。
本文搭建电能质量扰动实验平台如图6a所示,采集获得1种复合电能质量扰动信号,该扰动含5次谐波、电压暂降与振荡的扰动,复合扰动波形如图6b所示。
实测复合扰动信号的EWT分解分析图如图7所示,本文EWT算法能够正确地完成复合扰动的频带划分,将不同频率的分量提取出来。表2给出了复合扰动具体的参数检测值。
表2可知,相比于仿真信号,实测复合扰动的整体检测误差由于硬件电路不可避免的误差而增大。基于以上仿真与实验分析,证明本文方法在电能质量检测中的有效性。但是经验小波变换的检测效果依然受到噪声干扰的影响,在实测扰动波形的高噪声环境下,EWT算法的瞬时幅值出现较大的波动,会给扰动识别造成很大困难。
该仿真复合扰动包含了主要发生在 f 2 f 0的中断信号和主要存在于 2 f 0 f 13 f 0的3,5,7次谐波信号。为验证本文方法在复合扰动检测时的优越性,图8给出了FMST与3种不同S变换的对比分析。
图8对比可知,本文所提FMST算法在基频时具有较好的时间分辨率,在高频谐波检测时未出现模态混叠现象,在800 Hz振荡检测时具有与优化S变换相近的时间分辨率,但频率分辨率更高。
实验中使用FMST算法完成实测复合扰动的时频分析,该复合扰动包括电压暂降、暂态振荡和5次谐波。实测三维时频图如图9a所示,FMST算法能够正确检测不同频率的扰动分量,图9b的幅值变化引起的颜色变化可以看出电压暂降扰动发生在(0.04 s—0.08 s)附近,振荡扰动发生在(0.10 s—0.12 s)附近,验证了FMST算法在电能质量扰动检测时的有效性。
电能质量扰动信号仿真实验模型的检测结果表明,FMST相较于其它改进S变换拥有更加平衡的时频分辨率。虽然S变换的抗噪性能更强,其提取的基频幅值曲线相较于EWT算法更加平稳,在高噪声环境下,获取的特征信息受到的噪声干扰小,有利于扰动的识别,但是S变换无法准确获取扰动的各项参数。因此本文在搭建电能质量扰动分类器时,通过EWT与FMST两种时频分析法一共提取9种扰动特征组成特征向量作为分类器的输入量。
本节将使用仿真模型生成的扰动与实测扰动进行分类识别验证。仿真扰动均为Matlab仿真软件根据标准的电能质量扰动信号数学模型生成,采样频率设置为3 200 Hz,时长0.2 s,扰动种类分别为S9(暂升+谐波),S10(振荡+谐波),S11(暂降+振荡),S12(中断+谐波),S13(暂降+谐波),S14(中断+暂升),S15(暂降+振荡+谐波)共15种扰动信号,每种扰动生成时分别设置信噪比为20 dB,30 dB和50 dB 3种噪声环境,每种噪声环境下的各类扰动生成150组数据并根据提取相应的特征值组成特征向量,每种扰动随机选择取其中100组特征向量作为训练数据,其余50组特征向量作为测试数据。
将复合扰动信号(S9~S15)提取的特征向量输入到IPSO-SVM的多分类器中,其在不同噪声环境下的综合识别准确率如表3所示。
1)本文提出的EWT算法在仿真实验信号检测时,能够自适应完成频带划分的同时检测精度较高,能够准确提取不同扰动的参数。
2)本文提出的FMST算法,通过获取特征频点及特征范围减少了算法计算量,利用3种不同窗宽因子改变了不同频段下S变换的时频分辨率,使用最大能量集中度优化窗宽修正因子,使得FMST的时频分辨率更加适用于电能质量扰动检测。
3)本文利用IPSO算法解决SVM的参数优化问题和PSO算法本身容易陷入局部最优的问题,同时提升了算法的收敛能力。本文研究的基于IPSO-SVM的电能质量扰动识别算法在应对多重复合扰动时分类准确率不足,可以尝试使用决策树思想对SVM分类器的数量和扰动特征向量进行优化。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52177193)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2022GY-182)
  • 国家留学基金委国际清洁能源拔尖人才项目([2018]5046)
  • 国家留学基金委国际清洁能源拔尖人才项目([2019]157)
  • 西安市科技计划项目(22GXFW0078)
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2024年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24703
  • 接收时间:2022-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-23
  • 修回日期:2022-11-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(52177193)
陕西省重点研发计划(2022GY-182)
国家留学基金委国际清洁能源拔尖人才项目([2018]5046)
国家留学基金委国际清洁能源拔尖人才项目([2019]157)
西安市科技计划项目(22GXFW0078)
作者信息
    西安理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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