Article(id=1200482408207339846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24772, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668441600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-15, revisedDate=1670774400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146910000, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146910000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146910000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146910000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482403828495344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146908957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224882080, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482408496746831, articleId=1200482408207339846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Optimal Capacity Allocation of Micro-grid Photovoltaic-storage System Based on the Whole Life Cycle Theory, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the stability and economy of photovoltaic-storage combined power station,a capacity optimization method of photovoltaic-storage system based on the whole life cycle was proposed. The basic model of the station was analyzed. The capacity optimization model of energy storage system was established based on whole life cycle theory. And the revenue and expenditure of the system were considered. The actual case was simulated and analyzed by the three schemes. It can be obtained that the optimal method of system capacity with the maximum net present value as the goal has high economy. The net present value is 809 thousand yuan and 738 thousand yuan higher than the method of taking power quality as the goal and not allocating energy storage,respectively. If the capacity of the energy storage system exceeds 3 MW,it will not give full play to the maximum benefit,it will lead to the saturation of system power sales revenue and assessment cost,then the battery loss cost is increased. The method of optimizing the system capacity by taking the maximum net present value as the goal can reduce assessment cost and battery loss cost,it can also increase the system power sales revenue and maximum net present value,and improve power quality.

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为了提高微电网光储联合电站的稳定性和经济性,提出了一种基于全寿命周期的光储系统容量优化的方法。首先分析了光储电站的基本模型;然后基于全寿命周期理论构建储能系统容量优化模型,并综合考虑系统的收支因素;最后对实际案例进行三种方案的仿真分析。仿真结果表明:以最大净现值作为目标对系统容量进行优化配置的方法具有较高的经济性,其净现值比以电能质量为目标和不配置储能两种方法分别高出80.9万元和73.8万元,储能系统容量若超过3 MW将无法发挥最大效益,还造成系统售电收益、考核成本趋于饱和,而电池损耗成本大大上升。通过以最大净现值作为目标对系统容量进行优化配置能够以较低的考核成本和电池损耗成本实现增加系统售电收益和最大净现值,同时对电能质量也有一定改善。

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苏彦龙(1982—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力数字化,Email:

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苏彦龙(1982—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力数字化,Email:

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苏彦龙(1982—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力数字化,Email:

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journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=光储电站), Keyword(id=1200501571319615962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=储能系统优化), Keyword(id=1200501571420279259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=最大净现值), Keyword(id=1200501571512553952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=电能质量)], refs=[Reference(id=1200501574998020659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=1893, pageEnd=1904, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=周孝信, 陈树勇, 鲁宗相, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周孝信, 陈树勇, 鲁宗相, 等. 能源转型中我国新一代电力系统的技术特征[J]. 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Simulation results for different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标 Ec/
(MW·h)
mh/
万元
Rc/
万元
mz/
万元
fNPV/
万元
ρ l o/%
方案A --- 139 1 456 29 69.5 9.80
方案B 2.5 46.2 1 591 34 143.3 2.60
方案C 5.8 30 1 598 52 62.4 1.80
), ArticleFig(id=1200501573538402853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200482408207339846, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方案的仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标 Ec/
(MW·h)
mh/
万元
Rc/
万元
mz/
万元
fNPV/
万元
ρ l o/%
方案A --- 139 1 456 29 69.5 9.80
方案B 2.5 46.2 1 591 34 143.3 2.60
方案C 5.8 30 1 598 52 62.4 1.80
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基于全寿命周期的微电网光储系统容量优化配置研究
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苏彦龙 1 , 杨君 1 , 翁宇游 2 , 王玉玲 1 , 胡雨 1 , 潘士通 1
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(6): 60-66
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(6): 60-66
基于全寿命周期的微电网光储系统容量优化配置研究
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苏彦龙1 , 杨君1, 翁宇游2, 王玉玲1, 胡雨1, 潘士通1
作者信息
  • 1 北京国网信通埃森哲信息技术有限公司,北京 100052
  • 2 国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,福建 福州 350007
  • 苏彦龙(1982—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为电力数字化,Email:

Research on Optimal Capacity Allocation of Micro-grid Photovoltaic-storage System Based on the Whole Life Cycle Theory
Yanlong SU1 , Jun YANG1, Yuyou WENG2, Yuling WANG1, Yu HU1, Shitong PAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing SGITG Accenture Information Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100052,China
  • 2 State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co.,Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute,Fuzhou 350007,Fujian,China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24772
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为了提高微电网光储联合电站的稳定性和经济性,提出了一种基于全寿命周期的光储系统容量优化的方法。首先分析了光储电站的基本模型;然后基于全寿命周期理论构建储能系统容量优化模型,并综合考虑系统的收支因素;最后对实际案例进行三种方案的仿真分析。仿真结果表明:以最大净现值作为目标对系统容量进行优化配置的方法具有较高的经济性,其净现值比以电能质量为目标和不配置储能两种方法分别高出80.9万元和73.8万元,储能系统容量若超过3 MW将无法发挥最大效益,还造成系统售电收益、考核成本趋于饱和,而电池损耗成本大大上升。通过以最大净现值作为目标对系统容量进行优化配置能够以较低的考核成本和电池损耗成本实现增加系统售电收益和最大净现值,同时对电能质量也有一定改善。

全寿命周期  /  光储电站  /  储能系统优化  /  最大净现值  /  电能质量

In order to improve the stability and economy of photovoltaic-storage combined power station,a capacity optimization method of photovoltaic-storage system based on the whole life cycle was proposed. The basic model of the station was analyzed. The capacity optimization model of energy storage system was established based on whole life cycle theory. And the revenue and expenditure of the system were considered. The actual case was simulated and analyzed by the three schemes. It can be obtained that the optimal method of system capacity with the maximum net present value as the goal has high economy. The net present value is 809 thousand yuan and 738 thousand yuan higher than the method of taking power quality as the goal and not allocating energy storage,respectively. If the capacity of the energy storage system exceeds 3 MW,it will not give full play to the maximum benefit,it will lead to the saturation of system power sales revenue and assessment cost,then the battery loss cost is increased. The method of optimizing the system capacity by taking the maximum net present value as the goal can reduce assessment cost and battery loss cost,it can also increase the system power sales revenue and maximum net present value,and improve power quality.

the whole life cycle  /  photovoltaic-storage power station  /  energy storage system optimization  /  maximum net present value  /  power quality
苏彦龙, 杨君, 翁宇游, 王玉玲, 胡雨, 潘士通. 基于全寿命周期的微电网光储系统容量优化配置研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (6) : 60 -66 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24772
Yanlong SU, Jun YANG, Yuyou WENG, Yuling WANG, Yu HU, Shitong PAN. Research on Optimal Capacity Allocation of Micro-grid Photovoltaic-storage System Based on the Whole Life Cycle Theory[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (6) : 60 -66 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24772
近年来,随着科技的高速发展,传统的化石能源消耗持续上升,然而其作为不可再生能源,对环境造成较大污染,因此亟待解决该类能源问题[1]。发展清洁能源成为世界各国解决能源问题的必然趋势。太阳能、风能以及水能等可再生能源在未来能源使用中将会占据较大比例[2]。其中,太阳能具有分布广、产量充足以及无污染等优势,因此太阳能的利用得到广泛关注[3]
光伏发电作为利用太阳能产生电能的一种方式被广泛研究。然而光伏发电受到太阳照射的影响,具有较大的波动性以及间歇性[4]。为了提高光伏系统并网的电能质量水平,众多学者进行了相关研究[5]。基于瞬时无功理论的电流分析方法被提出,并结合逆变器完成对并网系统动态无功补偿,进而改善系统电能质量[6]。一种新型的电能质量调整装置被提出,进而有效完成对电能质量的调节和电能供应中断补偿[7]。此外还有针对光伏系统并网后所造成的一系列可靠性以及稳定性问题的研究[8]。通过建立并网可靠性模型分析光伏系统并网对电网系统稳定性影响程度[9]。然而,光伏系统渗透率的上升将会对电网系统造成一定影响,因此亟待研究一种能够弥补光伏系统不足的方法。
储能系统的应用是应对光伏发电系统不足的有效方法之一。储能系统拥有良好的动态特性,能适时地吸收和释放电能,进而平衡光伏系统的输出功率[10]。然而储能系统成本较高,因此需要对其配置进行优化控制。常见的配置方法主要是依据储能系统平抑作用、最小容量以及最小成本几个方面[11]。例如:根据储能系统电池荷电状态和电压的关系,一种充放电控制和电量管理方法被提出,该方法可以较为有效地平衡电站输出功率[12];通过饱和控制方法得到系统稳定运行情况下所需的最小储能系统容量[13];以投资成本、考核成本等最少为目的,结合储能系统荷电状态,提出成本最低的容量配置方法[14]。然而,上述研究未综合考虑设备全周期的经济性、稳定性以及可靠性等方面,因此需要研究一种能够综合考虑多方面因素的光储系统容量优化配置方法。
本文为了优化微电网光储系统容量配置,提高系统稳定性和经济性,针对基于全寿命周期的微电网光储系统容量优化配置方法展开了一系列研究。首先分析了光储联合电站模型;然后基于全寿命周期基本理论进行建模,并分析光储电站收益和成本;最后搭建仿真模型对案例进行分析,从而验证所提方法的有效性,该结果具有一定的工程实际意义。
由于太阳能具有分布广、能量充足的特点,其对应的光伏发电也随着快速发展。光伏发电方式比较灵活,且其存储能量的电池板以模块化形式组装,后期能够根据负荷变化的要求对系统容量进行增加。然而光伏发电具有一定的随机性,通过配置储能模块能够让系统具备动态吸收及有效释放电能的功能。因此光伏和储能联合发电的方式可以有效降低弃光,加强电网系统对光伏发电的并网吸纳能力。光储电站的基本模型如图1所示。图中参数PgPc以及Pb分别表示光伏发电模块输出功率、储能模块输出功率以及光储联合并网功率。
依据系统功率平衡规律,得到光伏发电模块输出功率与储能模块输出功率之和作为光储联合并网功率,该表达式为
P b = P c + P g
在光储联合发电系统中,利用储能系统的充放电控制策略对光伏发电功率进行调节,让系统输出的并网功率达到调度中心的需求。
当光储电站要大容量并网时,需要根据电池模块的荷电情况、光伏发电状态和电力系统调度需求协同调整储能系统的输出功率,具体运行模式为:当光伏发电功率小于系统计划要求时,储能系统通过释放电能补充系统功率输出,此时Pc值是正数;当光伏发电功率大于系统计划要求时,储能系统吸收电能,并将电能进行存储,进而降低系统弃光,此时Pc值是负数。光储联合运行方式需要考虑系统容量配置问题,使光储系统最具有经济性,同时仍能够保持稳定的功率输出。
为了让光伏和储能联合运行系统的容量配置达到最佳状态,文中引入“全寿命周期”理论进行分析。全寿命周期主要表示设备从购置到退役整个时段内所需要的总成本。
基于全寿命周期的分析方法是项目可行性、收入和成本分析的重要环节[15-16]。全寿命周期基本原理为:在设计时要分析项目整个寿命周期中历经的所有时期,综合全部有关条件进行规划以及优化。针对光储电站的全寿命周期管理主要包括电站的建造、运行、维护以及退役等过程的管理。全寿命周期管理不仅需要综合考虑项目寿命周期中各种收益以及成本效益,还要对其收支情况进行有效分析,因此文中引入了资金时间价值理论。资金时间价值理论可以通过现金流模型进行表示,其模型如图2所示。图中净现值表示将来现金收入以及支出的净差值,主要作为评估中的一个基本评价指标。
寿命周期中资金流需要考虑该年度的资金流入和流出情况,具体表达式为
F t i = r i - m i
式中:Fti为第i年的现金流情况;rimi分别为第i年的现金收入和支出情况。
因此,若不考虑资金的时间价值,则该项目在全寿命周期中所产生的净收入R被定义为
R = i = 0 N ( r i - m i )
式中:N为运行年限。
R值为正数时表示该项目有盈利。然而由于资金存在时间价值,随着年份的不同,相同的资金对应的价值也不同,因此仅通过判断净收入R无法准确评估资金情况。
通过全寿命周期综合衡量资金时间价值,增加评估参数净现值(net present value,NPV),把不同年份的净现值换算至相同时期,从而进行资金考量。本文将不同年份的现金流换算至建设期,则其净现值fNPV的表达式被定义为
f N P V = i = 0 N [ ( r i - m i ) / ( 1 + k 100 ) i ]
式中:k为现金的折现率。
通过以最大的净现值作为目标函数,并结合光储电站收支平衡进行分析,进而对系统容量进行优化配置。
根据全寿命周期原理,结合资金时间价值,针对光伏和储能联合运行系统容量进行优化配置,将光储电站的净现值fNPV作为目标函数,其净现值最大时所对应的目标函数fNPVmax被定义为
f N P V m a x = i = 0 N [ ( r c i - m g i - m b i ) × ( 1 + k ) i ] - M 1
其中
m g i = α M 1
m b i = m s i + m h i + m d i + m w i + m z i
式中:M1为项目初始总投入成本;rci为年售电的资金流入;mgimbi分别为年常态化所需资金和突发情况造成资金变化情况;α为系统运行常态化成本占投资的比例;msimhimdimwimzi分别为系统年税费、系统考核成本、系统电池消耗所需资金、年财务情况和因故障造成的资金消耗。
微电网光储系统的储能容量优化向量表示方式被定义为
X = [ P r e , P g , P c , E c ]
式中:Pre为系统计划出力;Ec为储能系统的装机容量。
基于全寿命周期的光储系统容量优化配置的约束条件主要有功率平衡约束、储能功率约束、储能容量约束以及储能荷电率约束。
1)功率平衡约束即为式(1),表示光伏发电模块输出功率与储能模块输出功率之和作为光储联合并网功率。
2)储能功率约束被定义为
- P m a x P c ( t ) P m a x
式中:Pmax为储能系统最大的放电功率。
该条件表明储能系统充放电效率受到变流器最大变换功率的限制。
3)储能容量约束被定义为
E m i n E c ( t ) E m a x
式中:Emax为储能系统中电池的最大装配容量;Emin为储能系统中电池的最小装配容量。
4)储能荷电率约束被定义为
S O C m i n S O C ( t ) S O C m a x
式中:SOCt)为在t时刻储能装置的荷电率;SOCmax为储能系统中最大荷电率;SOCmin为储能系统中最小荷电率。
我国光伏发电主要根据标杆电价策略,也就是依据标准火电并网的价格对光伏发电系统发放一定补贴费用。本文只考虑光储联合电站的售电收益,而对该收益再次投资产生的二次收益暂不计入。
光储电站不同运行模式所产生的收益不同。当光伏发电功率小于系统计划要求时,储能系统释放电能,此时系统收益模型被定义为
R c 1 ( t ) = δ g P g ( t ) Δ t + δ c P c ( t ) Δ t
式中:δgδc分别为光伏发电的上网价格和储能放电的上网价格;Pgt),Pct)分别为在t时刻光伏发电模块输出功率和储能模块输出功率。
当光伏发电功率大于系统计划要求时,储能系统储存电能,此时系统收益模型被定义为
R c 2 ( t ) = δ g P b ( t ) Δ t
式中:Pbt)为在Δt时间里系统的售电功率。
由于大型光储电站的成本组成项目较多且复杂,因此将其区分成建设阶段成本M1以及运营期间的投资M2,因此在电站的全寿命周期中该站总成本即为两个阶段投入资金之和。其中建设期间成本M1主要为设备购置、基础建设、资金贷款利息等,其表达式为
M 1 = n = 1 6 C s n
其中
C s 1 = θ n = 2 5 C s n 2 × k s C s 5 = β C s 4
式中:Cs1为光储电站建设贷款利息;Cs2为前期调研、设计等支出;Cs3为光储电站基础建设成本;Cs4为光储电站设备采购支出;Cs5为所采购设备的安装费用;Cs6为该站可流动资金;ks为电站建设期利率;β为设备安装费用对应比例系数;θ为贷款所占比例。
运营期间的投资M2主要为常态运维成本、税费、考核成本、电池损耗成本等,其表达式为
M 2 = m g + m s + m h + m d + m w + m z
其中
m s = ε R c m d = γ d × E c k D × D d m h = H u [ P r e ( t ) Δ t - P b ( t ) Δ t ]           P r e P b 0         P r e P b m w = ( 1 - t - 1 L ) θ n = 2 5 C s n × k l m z = G × N
式中:mg为系统常态运维成本,通常表示为αM2ms为系统年税费;md为系统电池消耗所需资金;mh为系统考核成本;mw为年财务情况;mz为因故障造成的资金消耗;ε为增值税率;γd为储能系统单位容量的价格;kDDd分别为电池放电深度系数和放电深度;Hu为考核电量单价;Lkl分别为所需还贷的年限以及还款的利率;GN分别为设备故障成本及该设备故障次数。
为了有效分析非线性的优化问题,利用粒子群算法对上述模型进行分析。令粒子群搜索空间中的各个粒子分别代表一个优化问题解,则全部粒子均有对应的匹配度,该匹配度主要根据优化目标函数所确定[17]。粒子群算法的起始化是很多随机解,利用迭代的方式获得最优解。在每次的迭代过程中,粒子群的粒子主要利用全局搜索和局部搜索来更新。全局搜索为找到整个种群里最匹配结果,即全局极值Qb;局部搜索为找到粒子自身的最匹配结果,即个体极值Gb。当获得了最佳匹配结果时,粒子将会更新自身的速度以及所处位置,具体表达式为
v A B T + 1 = v A B T + c 1 r 1 ( G b A B T - x A B T ) + c 2 r 2 ( Q b A B T - x A B T ) x A B T + 1 = x A B T + v A B T + 1
式中:vAB为粒子速度;xAB为粒子位置;AB分别为第A个粒子和速度的第B维度;T为总的迭代次数;c1c2为学习因子,通常值取2;r1r2的取值范围为0~1。
光储联合系统的计划输出功率Pre以及光伏输出功率Pg为已知量,需要对储能容量以及储能系统输出功率进行优化,具体流程如图3所示。其中,储能系统所增加的步长ΔEc是利用电池的一个PACK作为基本单元,其循环取值范围从EminEmax
利用青海省海西某个电站实际建设和功率输出的相关信息作为基础数据。该光储电站的总建设资金为8 256万元,其中包括设备采购并安装支出6 556万元、基础建设以及其他成本支出1 500万元、剩余流动资金200万元。系统其余参数如下:常态化成本占比α=0.85%,贷款占比θ=45%,还款利率k1=6.5%,初始荷电率SOC(0)=50%,最大荷电率SOCmax=90%,最小荷电率SOCmin=10%,考核电量单价Hu=1元/(kW·h),电池最大装配容量Emax=7 MW·h,电池最小装配容量Emin=2 MW·h,储能系统单位容量价格γd=1.5元/(W·h),储能最大放电功率=3 MW,采样间隔周期Δt=30 min,系统全寿命周期N=20 a。
通过设计三种不同的仿真方案,对所构造的模型的准确性进行验证和分析。三种方案具体设置为:方案A不设置储能系统;方案B利用最大的净现值目标函数模型优化储能系统容量的配置;方案C优化储能系统容量配置让系统电能质量满足要求。
为了有效分析系统电能质量情况,引入失电率指标ρlo,其表达式为
ρ l o = t = 1 T z Δ t P r e ( t ) - P b ( t ) P r e ( t ) × T z Δ t
式中: T z为某个调度期间。
在三种不同的仿真方案下,光储联合系统的容量优化配置结果如表1所示。表中,Ec为最佳匹配储能容量,mh为考核成本,Rc为售电收益,mz为故障成本,fNPV为净现值, ρ l o为失电率指标。当以fNPV作为主要评价基准时,该指标越高则表明对应的方案收益也更高。从表中能够得到,方案B的fNPV最高,达到143.3万元,比方案A和方案C分别高出73.8万元和80.9万元。
由于储能系统能够有效存储多余的弃光电量,并在其他时间输出,进而能够提高系统收益。系统的储能配置容量和收益的关系如图4所示。从图中能够得出,随着储能系统配置容量的上升,系统收益也逐渐提高。但是当配置容量进一步增大时,系统的收益趋于平稳。因此匹配较小容量的储能系统时能够有效降低弃光电量,提高利用率,但储能系统容量不断增大时,其利用率反而会有所下降,造成对弃光电量改善作用也随之下降。因此,虽然方案C配置的储能容量为方案B的2.32倍,但是其系统售电收益与方案B基本相同,仅高出7万元。
对比三个方案中的考核成本mh结果,能够明显看出,装配储能系统容量后,考核成本mh大幅度降低。系统的储能配置容量和考核成本的关系如图5所示。从图中能够得到,当储能配置容量刚开始逐渐增大时,其考核成本快速降低,其间系统的失电率也会大幅度降低;当容量进一步增大,其考核成本趋于平稳,方案B和方案C相比方案A,其失电率分别降低了7.2%和8.0%,考核成本也分别降低了92.8万元和109万元。
随着系统储能装置持续增容,其电池的损耗成本也将对应增长,二者关系如图6所示。从图中能够得到,当储能系统容量不断增大时,电池损耗的成本将逐渐趋于饱和。造成该现象原因是:储能容量超过需要调节的系统功率,储能系统的电池放电深度较低,那么电池每次放电引起损耗程度也较小,对应的电池使用寿命将会延长,电池损耗成本出现趋于稳定的趋势。
造成考核成本和系统售电收益与系统储能配置容量关系的一个主要影响因素是光伏系统输出功率和并网功率间的功率差值分布,即功率偏差指标。青海省海西某个电站的功率偏差指标分布如图7所示。从图中能够得到,系统在运行期间其功率偏差大部分小于3 MW,该部分占了整个时段的93%。因此,仅需要配置较小容量即可达到良好的改善弃光的作用,此时系统考核成本降低,且售电收益大大增加;若持续加大储能系统容量,所起到的进一步改善效果并不明显,还会增大储能系统的投入与维护成本。
综上所述,以净现值收益最大为目 标,方案B效果最佳。方案C虽然有较大的售电收益,但是其储能容量配置大幅度提高,引起的设备成本也大大增加,会影响整个光储联合系统的经济性。方案A通过不匹配储能系统,减少了储能装置的输出,但其供电稳定性不足。方案B通过配置较为合理的储能容量,增加了系统售电收入和净现值,在经济性和稳定性方面综合效果最佳。
本文研究了基于全寿命周期的微电网光储系统容量优化配置方法。根据微电网光储联合电站模型,基于全寿命周期方法,建立系统容量优化模型,并通过案例仿真得到以下结论:
1)以最大净现值作为目标对系统容量进行优化配置,能够有效提高经济性,相比以最少失电率为目标和不配置储能两种方法,其净现值分别高出80.9万元和73.8万元,表明该方法可以有效提高系统的经济性。
2)储能系统容量由小增大时,能够大大提高系统售电收益以及降低系统考核成本,此时其电池损耗成本也随之上升。但由于储能系统容量进一步增大,尤其超过3 MW时,在大部分时期内多余的储能容量无法发挥最大效益,造成系统售电收益、考核成本以及电池损耗成本均趋于饱和。
因此,通过合理地优化光储系统容量配置,系统能够以较低的考核成本和电池损耗成本实现增加售电收益和最大净现值,进而提高电站的经济性,可为今后光储联合电站的储能系统容量优化配置提供相应的参考。
  • 国网福建省科技项目(SGFJDK00SZXX2200117)
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2024年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24772
  • 接收时间:2022-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-15
  • 修回日期:2022-12-12
基金
国网福建省科技项目(SGFJDK00SZXX2200117)
作者信息
    1 北京国网信通埃森哲信息技术有限公司,北京 100052
    2 国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,福建 福州 350007
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