Article(id=1200482406781276456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684857600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-24, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146909661, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146909661, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146909661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146909661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482403828495344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146908957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224882080, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482407091654955, articleId=1200482406781276456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Calculation of Additional Losses in Excitation Transformer Rectification Harmonic Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Reconstruction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Harmonic loss is one of the main causes of safety accidents in excitation transformers. If the loss value is too large,it can easily affect normal substation and transmission. Therefore,a method based on wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction was proposed to calculate the additional loss of rectification harmonics in excitation transformers. By obtaining wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction coefficients,the additional losses of two types of harmonics in excitation transformers were analyzed. The open circuit and short circuit experiments were used to obtain the equivalent circuit parameters of the excitation transformer,and the wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction algorithm was used to calculate the resistance and reactance under different harmonic frequencies,and compare them with the reference value to obtain the additional loss value of the rectification harmonic of the excitation transformer. Finally,a certain type of excitation transformer was selected and used the proposed method to calculate its additional loss value under different harmonic frequencies. The results show that the calculated loss value is very close to the actual results,verifying the high practical value of the proposed method.

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谐波损耗是造成励磁变压器安全事故的主要原因之一,损耗值过大易影响正常变电和输电,为此提出基于小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算方法。通过获取小波包分解和重构系数,分析励磁变压器两种谐波附加损耗;利用开路和短路实验得到励磁变压器等效电路参数,采用小波包分解重构算法,计算不同谐波次数下的电阻和电抗并与基准值对比,得到励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗值。最后,选取某种型号的励磁变压器,利用所提方法计算其在不同谐波次数下的附加损耗值,结果表明,得到的损耗值计算结果与实际结果非常接近,验证了所提方法具有较高的实用价值。

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楼彬(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向为机电一体化,Email:

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楼彬(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向为机电一体化,Email:

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楼彬(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向为机电一体化,Email:

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小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算
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楼彬 1 , 海瑛 2
电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024,54(6): 9-15
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电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2024, 54(6): 9-15
小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算
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楼彬1 , 海瑛2
作者信息
  • 1 嘉兴南洋职业技术学院 机电与交通分院,浙江 嘉兴 314031
  • 2 嘉兴学院 信息科学与工程学院,浙江 嘉兴 314001
  • 楼彬(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向为机电一体化,Email:

Calculation of Additional Losses in Excitation Transformer Rectification Harmonic Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Reconstruction
Bin LOU1 , Ying HAI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Mechanical and Electrical and Transportation Branch,Jiaxing Nanyang Vocational and Technical College,Jiaxing 314031,Zhejiang,China
  • 2 School of Information Science and Engineering,Jiaxing University,Jiaxing 314001,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25142
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谐波损耗是造成励磁变压器安全事故的主要原因之一,损耗值过大易影响正常变电和输电,为此提出基于小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算方法。通过获取小波包分解和重构系数,分析励磁变压器两种谐波附加损耗;利用开路和短路实验得到励磁变压器等效电路参数,采用小波包分解重构算法,计算不同谐波次数下的电阻和电抗并与基准值对比,得到励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗值。最后,选取某种型号的励磁变压器,利用所提方法计算其在不同谐波次数下的附加损耗值,结果表明,得到的损耗值计算结果与实际结果非常接近,验证了所提方法具有较高的实用价值。

小波包分解重构  /  整流谐波  /  附加损耗计算  /  励磁变压器  /  等效电路参数  /  非线性负载

Harmonic loss is one of the main causes of safety accidents in excitation transformers. If the loss value is too large,it can easily affect normal substation and transmission. Therefore,a method based on wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction was proposed to calculate the additional loss of rectification harmonics in excitation transformers. By obtaining wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction coefficients,the additional losses of two types of harmonics in excitation transformers were analyzed. The open circuit and short circuit experiments were used to obtain the equivalent circuit parameters of the excitation transformer,and the wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction algorithm was used to calculate the resistance and reactance under different harmonic frequencies,and compare them with the reference value to obtain the additional loss value of the rectification harmonic of the excitation transformer. Finally,a certain type of excitation transformer was selected and used the proposed method to calculate its additional loss value under different harmonic frequencies. The results show that the calculated loss value is very close to the actual results,verifying the high practical value of the proposed method.

wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction  /  rectification harmonic  /  calculation of additional losses  /  excitation transformer  /  equivalent circuit parameters  /  nonlinear load
楼彬, 海瑛. 小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (6) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25142
Bin LOU, Ying HAI. Calculation of Additional Losses in Excitation Transformer Rectification Harmonic Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Reconstruction[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (6) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25142
目前,非线性负荷被大量接入电网中,使得电网中谐波分量不断增加,造成了各种安全事故,严重影响了电网的正常供电和输电。励磁变压器作为电网中连接不同电压等级网络的一种设备,在谐波含量不断增加的情况下,会出现绝缘材料恶化、运行年限缩短以及工作温度异常升高等问题。由于励磁变压器同时连接的网络设备众多,电压容量巨大,即使是非常小的谐波损耗也会产生较大的耗能。为此,计算励磁变压器中的谐波附加损耗,对于电网的经济效益和节能降损具有重要意义。
赵志刚等人[1]构建了Bertotti变压器损耗计算模型;获取变压器在正常运行下的实际运行工况,经过数值拟合法处理后,将其作为Bertotti损耗计算模型的系数,分析谐波相位、阶次、含量变化对变压器性能的影响;利用涡流、剩余损耗修正因子和磁滞系数对Bertotti模型进行修正,在不同运行工况下,利用Bertotti模型对变压器损耗进行计算。但该方法没有考虑非线性效应,变压器损耗计算结果存在误差。刘福贵等人[2]构建了用于计算变压器谐波损耗的分离计算模型,并将涡流、残余损失校正因子代入该模型,得出在三角、方波电压作用下的损耗值,实现对变压器损耗的计算。然而该方法仅适用于三角、方波的电压波形,在其他电压下不能进行计算。丁杰等人[3]认为铁心的磁化特性和损耗性能与变压器的设计相关联,为此,研究电工钢片在旋转磁场下的磁化特性和损耗性能;将电机定子作为励磁装置,利用电机定子绕组产生的旋转磁场,使两相输出传送至三相输入;研究磁化角度与轴比和损耗特性的关系,提出正交分解损耗模型修正,减小误差。但是该方法需要进行大量的实验和数据处理,成本较高,不适用于大规模应用和实时监测。陈彬等人[4]构建了三相变压器绕组和铁心谐波的损耗模型;基于三相双有源全桥DC-DC变换器工作原理,建立相量图与等效电路模型;通过基波分析方法,根据集肤效应以及临近效应,计算谐波,实现绕组损耗的计算;利用电压波形与移相控制方式,完成分段线性磁密波形表达式的推导,结合修正后Steinmetz经验公式,计算铁心损耗。但是该方法的计算复杂度较高,且未考虑变压器内部的非线性效应。沈建辉等人[5]提出考虑多种电能质量扰动的损耗评估方法并构建了计算模型,其评估分为固定损耗评估以及可变损耗评估,前者需要考虑电压偏差对固定耗损的影响,后者对3种扰动进行解耦评估,以估算综合附加损耗率。然而,该方法对电能扰动要求较高,计算结果存在较大误差。电子技术的发展使得励磁变压器谐波附加损耗问题被广泛关注,其计算方式也随之增加,计算过程更加注重谐波附加损耗计算的精度,以保证变压器等设备的安全稳定运行。
整流谐波附加损耗指的是在励磁变压器中,由于谐波电压和谐波电流的存在,产生的额外损耗,这些额外的损耗与原始的基频损耗相比,可以被视为附加的损耗。为了解决上述方法中存在的问题,本文研究小波包分解重构的励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗计算方法。针对励磁变压器受到谐波的影响会产生额外的附加损耗的问题,小波包分解重构可以对输入信号进行更加细致的分解,将信号分解为不同频率的子波包,更全面地考虑到不同频率的谐波成分,提供更准确的能量估计。获取小波包分解和重构系数后,通过分析励磁变压器谐波附加损耗中的铁损耗和铜损耗,计算出励磁变压器中两种谐波附加损耗产生的电阻和电抗,再将计算结果与基准值进行对比即可得到精准的谐波附加损耗值。
小波包分解重构方法是一种信号分析和处理方法,用于将一个时间序列信号分解成不同频率的子信号,并通过重构系数来估计各个频率的能量,主要利用小波包变换来实现信号的分解和重构。该方法可以更全面地考虑励磁变压器受到的各种谐波分量的影响,通过对励磁变压器输入信号进行小波包分解,可以将信号分解为不同频率的子波包,然后通过重构系数来估计各个频率子波包的能量。这样可以获得更准确的谐波分量的能量,并计算出励磁变压器在不同谐波频率下的附加损耗。
小波包分解重构算法中的正交尺度函数[4] ϕ ( t ),小波函数为 Ψ ( t ),二者之间的尺度关系如下式:
ϕ 0 ( t ) = 2 k Z h 0 k Ψ ( t ) - k ϕ 1 ( t ) = 2 k Z h 1 k Ψ ( t ) - k
式中: ϕ 0 ( t ) ϕ 1 ( t )为小波包分解重构算法中不同频率的正交尺度函数; h 0 k h 1 k为小波包分解重构算法中的滤波器系数; k Z是一个正整数项[6]
利用下式的递推关系进一步推进式(1):
w 2 n ( t ) = 2 k Z h 0 k ϕ 0 ( t ) - k w 2 n + 1 ( t ) = 2 k Z h 1 k ϕ 1 ( t ) - k
式中: w 2 n ( t ) w 2 n + 1 ( t )为不同频率范围内小波包分解重构算法中的子波包; n为推进次数,是一个负整数, n - Z
n = 0时:
w 0 ( t ) = ϕ ( t ) w 1 ( t ) = Ψ ( t )
式(2)中的函数集合 { w n ( t ) } n - Z w 0 ( t ) = ϕ ( t )的小波包,也就是说小波包 { w n ( t ) } n - Z集合了 w 0 ( t ) w 1 ( t )。利用 w n构建小波包空间[7],表示如下:
W j n = s p a n { 2 - j / 2 w 0 ( t ) [ 2 - j w 1 ( t ) - k ] }
式中: W j n为小波包空间; j为非负整数。
小波包分解重构算法中包含了小波包分解和小波包重构。其中,小波包分解是通过小波包系数 d l j , n分解成 d k j + 1,2 n d k j + 1,2 n + 1系数,公式为
d k j + 1,2 n = l Z h 0 2 l - k W j n d k j + 1,2 n + 1 = l Z h 1 2 l - k W j n
式中: h 0 2 l - k h 1 2 l - k分别为小波包分解的低通、高通滤波器组。
小波包重构是通过 d k j + 1,2 n d k j + 1,2 n + 1系数计算得到 d l j , n,公式为
d l j , n = k ( h 0 l - 2 k d k j + 1,2 n + h 1 l - 2 k d k j + 1,2 n + 1 ) = k ( g 0 l - 2 k d k j + 1,2 n ) + k ( g 1 l - 2 k d k j + 1,2 n + 1 )
式中: g 0 l - 2 k g 1 l - 2 k分别为小波包重构的低通、高通滤波器组。
通常情况下,励磁变压器谐波附加损耗有铁损耗、铜损耗、电介质损耗以及其他杂散损耗[8]等,由于后两种损耗数值较低,因此忽略这两部分损耗,仅针对铁损耗和铜损耗进行分析。
铁心在励磁变压器磁化作用下产生的能耗就是铁损耗,是由于磁场交变引起的,分为磁滞损耗和涡流损耗两种。磁滞损耗是由于磁场的周期性变化导致铁心材料发生磁滞现象产生的能量损耗,损耗值与硅钢片内部结晶方位、纯度和畸变有关;而涡流损耗是由于磁场的交变引起导体内部涡流产生的能量损耗。铁损耗主要与铁心材料的特性和磁场密度有关,它会直接降低变压器和电动机的工作效率。由于铁心温度会在瞬间升高,这限制了变压器的出力。
在磁通密度为1.5 Wb/m2环境下,计算磁滞损耗[9] W B
W B = d l j , n K B f B m x
式中: K B为常数项,取值由铁心尺寸和材料决定; f为电源频率; B m为铁心最大磁通密度[10] x为磁滞系数,取值范围在2.0~3.5之间。
涡流损耗会受到交流励磁作用的影响,涡流损耗 W I计算公式为
W I = W B K I f 2 B m 2
式中: K I为常数项,取值受铁心尺寸、材料和叠片厚度影响。
铜损耗是由于电流通过变压器线圈时产生的电阻而产生的能量损耗,主要与变压器线圈的电阻特性和电流密度有关。铜损耗 W C u的计算公式为
W C u = 3 I 1 2 R 1 + 3 I 2 2 R 2
式中: I 1 R 1分别为变压器一次侧电流和电阻; I 2 R 2分别为变压器二次侧电流和电阻。
励磁变压器通常标注的是空载损耗和短路损耗,而不是指文中分析的铁损耗和铜损耗。空载损耗值[11]一般极低,大多数情况下可以忽略该值,将空载损耗值看作与铁心损耗值相等。短路损耗包括负载电流流经绕组线圈时产生的电阻损耗和铁心损耗,由于铁心损耗值非常小,所以将短路损耗值与电阻损耗值视为相等值。
通过对励磁变压器进行开路、短路实验,得到变压器的等效电路参数。在小波包分解重构算法的基础上,构建励磁变压器整流谐波等效模型,T形等效[12]电路图如图1所示。
图1中, R q X q分别为激磁电阻和激磁电抗,二者通过励磁变压器开路实验获得; R 1 X 1为输入端电阻和电抗, R 2 X 2为输出端电阻和电抗,均由励磁变压器短路实验获得; i q i 1 i 2分别为激磁电流、原端电流和副端电流; U 1 U 2分别为原端电压和副端电压。励磁变压器开路实验图如图2所示。
在励磁变压器的低压端加压,在高压端进行二次侧开路,将所有一次侧值都归算[13]到高压侧中,公式表达为
                                                | Z q | = P I a 2 | Z q | = P I a 2 U 2 N 3 I 20
                                                        R q = P C u a 2 R q = P C u a 2 V 20 3 I 20 2
X q = E q 2 - F q 2
式中: | Z q |为激磁阻抗的绝对值; | Z q |为低压端激磁阻抗的绝对值; R q 为低压端激磁电阻; U 2 N为低压端加电压; V 20 I 20分别为流经励磁变压器的电压和电流; a 2为归算系数。
励磁变压器短路实验图如图3所示。
设置二次侧绕组发生短路故障[14] U s表示一次侧电压, P s I s分别表示励磁变压器输入功率和电流,则可推理得到短路阻抗 | Z s |的表达式为
| Z s | = X q U s I s = X q U s I 1 N
式中: I 1 N为由短路阻抗产生的电流。
在不考虑铁损耗时,短路电阻与电抗计算公式如下式:
R s = X q V s I s 2 = X q V s I 1 N 2 X s = Z s 2 - R s 2
当励磁变压器中有整流谐波产生时,在第 k次谐波作用下,励磁变压器等效电路图如图4所示。
图4中, I k 1 I k 2分别为一次侧、二次侧谐波电流,k表示谐波次数; R k 1 X k 1分别为谐波作用下的一次侧电阻和电抗; R k 2 X k 2分别为谐波作用下的二次侧电阻和电抗; R k q X k q分别为谐波作用下的激磁电阻和电抗。为了方便计算,将 R k 1 X k 1归算到二次侧,得到简化后的励磁变压器等效电路图,如图5所示。
图5中, r k 1 r k 2分别为归算后的谐波电阻和电阻; r k ( q ) x k 1分别为归算后的激磁电阻和电抗。以图5为基准对励磁变压器各次谐波附加损耗参数[15-16]进行分析,变压器中导体的电阻和电感表达式为
R = X s 1 2 π b σ δ c L = X s 1 2 ω π b σ δ c
其中
δ c = 2 f c μ σ
式中: b为导体半径; σ为电导率; f c为工作频率; δ c为小波包分解重构深度[17] μ为导体的绝对磁导率。
通过式(15)可知, R L的值主要受 ω的影响。通过查阅有关励磁变压器的相关文献可知,谐波电阻约等于基准值[18] k倍,电抗近似等于基准值,得出第 k次谐波下的励磁变压器损耗,计算公式为
W k = R [ 3 I k 1 2 r k 1 + 3 I k 2 2 r k 2 + 3 I k ( q ) 2 r k ( q ) ]
励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗为
W = L · 3 k = 2 ( I k 1 2 r k 1 + 3 I k 2 2 r k 2 + 3 I k ( q ) 2 r k ( q ) )
为了验证所提方法在计算励磁变压器整流谐波附加损耗方面的性能,实验在某大型变压器厂中展开,选取的励磁变压器变比为1∶1,容量为5 kV·A,电压为380 V,实验搭建的励磁变压器损耗检测模型如图6所示。
励磁变压器损耗检测模型是基于励磁变压器电路模型和铭牌数据构建的,分别进行励磁变压器空载实验和负载实验,得到励磁变压器的整流谐波附加损耗参数,具体如下: x k 1=0.203 Ω, x k 2=0.203 Ω, x k q=242.5 Ω, r k 1=0.463 k Ω, r k 2=0.463 k Ω, r k q=1 925.9 k Ω。
实验中,在励磁变压器的原端ABC和副端abcN中均接入钳式电流互感器,励磁变压器的运行状态可以分为线性负载和非线性负载(谐波电压叠加谐波电流条件下负载情况),谐波电压叠加谐波电流条件会导致变压器产生额外的谐波损耗,而线性负载产生的谐波损耗附加值较低,通常将其忽略,所以实验仅针对非线性负载进行研究。
当励磁变压器负载率分别为30.3%,46.2%,59.4%,75.2%时,利用所提方法中的简化模型对总的谐波附加损耗值进行计算并对比实际的谐波损耗值。实际的谐波损耗值通过连接示波器对励磁变压器的原端和副端电流、电压波形进行采集,采用离散傅里叶变换方法将时域的波形数据转换为频域数据,检测谐波成分的频率峰值,采用权重因子得到各个谐波成分的谐波损耗,将所有谐波成分的谐波损耗求和,得到总的谐波损耗值。对比结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,利用所提方法得到的励磁变压器谐波附加损耗值与实际结果较为接近,两者值几乎相同,说明所提方法中的简化模型在励磁变压器谐波附加损耗计算方面是有效且可行的。精准的谐波损耗值为后续更好地维护励磁变压器运行提供了支持。
在不同的谐波次数作用下,利用所提方法分别计算励磁变压器在线性负载和非线性负载下的谐波附加损耗值,结果如图8所示。
图8a中可以看出,在不同的谐波次数下,负载率不同产生的谐波附加损耗值也有所不同,随着负载率的增加,谐波附加损耗值也呈现出递增趋势,在3次谐波时达到最高,为40.2 W。根据图8b图8c可知,当三相不平衡时,励磁变压器的谐波附加损耗值出现明显的上升趋势。当变压器负载率为30.3%时,在5次谐波时损耗值达到最高,为0.9 W;当变压器负载率为59.4%,在3次谐波时损耗值最高,为20.9 W。
针对励磁变压器中整流谐波附加损耗的问题,文章提出了基于小波包分解重构的计算方法。通过确定小波包分解和重构过程中的系数以及滤波器组,针对励磁变压器中最常见的两种谐波损耗展开分析,进行了励磁变压器开路、短路实验,确定其中的电阻和电抗并与基准值进行对比,得到了整流谐波附加损耗值计算结果。最后,通过在某变压器厂中对所提方法性能进行实验测试,结果表明所提方法可以精准计算不同谐波次数下的损耗值。
  • 浙江省教育厅一般科研项目(Y202044377)
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2024年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25142
  • 接收时间:2023-05-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-24
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
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浙江省教育厅一般科研项目(Y202044377)
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    1 嘉兴南洋职业技术学院 机电与交通分院,浙江 嘉兴 314031
    2 嘉兴学院 信息科学与工程学院,浙江 嘉兴 314001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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