Article(id=1200482406043086867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24752, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667577600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-05, revisedDate=1670947200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764146909484, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764146909484, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764146909484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764146909484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200482403828495344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764146908957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224882080, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809446868898279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200482403828495344, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200482406332493854, articleId=1200482406043086867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Junction Temperature Estimation for IGBT Through Threshold Voltage Calculated by Miller Platform, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Among the junction temperature monitoring methods of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT),the temperature-sensitive parameter method has attracted wide attention because of its fast response speed,low cost and easy on-line detection. Previous studies have shown that the gate threshold voltage ( V T H)among the temperature-sensitive parameters has good temperature properties,but it is easily affected by current oscillation by direct measure-ment. Therefore,an indirect calculation method of threshold voltage based on Miller platform under resistive load was proposed. Firstly,the switching transient process of IGBT under resistive load was described,and the theoretical basis of V T H indirect calculation method was discussed. Then,the V T H was calculated indirectly by the voltage value of Miller platform in the switching process. Finally,the effectiveness of the method was proved by experiments.

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在绝缘栅型双极性晶体管(IGBT)的结温监测方法中,温敏参数法因具有响应速度快、成本低、易于在线检测的特点而受到广泛关注。已有研究表明,温敏参数中的阈值电压( V T H)具有良好的温度性质,但对其采用直接测量的方法易受电流振荡影响。为此,提出了一种在阻感负载下基于米勒平台的阈值电压间接计算法。首先描述阻感负载下IGBT的开关瞬态过程,论述 V T H间接计算法的理论基础。然后通过开关过程中的米勒平台电压值间接计算 V T H。最后通过实验证明了所提方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冬雷(1967—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子与电气传动,Email:
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官伟(1996—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为IGBT结温预测,Email:

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官伟(1996—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为IGBT结温预测,Email:

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基于IGBT米勒平台的阈值电压结温估计法
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官伟 1 , 冬雷 1, 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(6): 22-28
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(6): 22-28
基于IGBT米勒平台的阈值电压结温估计法
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官伟1 , 冬雷1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学 自动化学院,北京 100081
  • 2 北京理工大学 唐山研究院,河北 唐山 063007
  • 官伟(1996—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为IGBT结温预测,Email:

通讯作者:

冬雷(1967—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子与电气传动,Email:
Junction Temperature Estimation for IGBT Through Threshold Voltage Calculated by Miller Platform
Wei GUAN1 , Lei DONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 2 Tangshan Research Institute,Beijing Institute of Technology,Tangshan 063007,Hebei,China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24752
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在绝缘栅型双极性晶体管(IGBT)的结温监测方法中,温敏参数法因具有响应速度快、成本低、易于在线检测的特点而受到广泛关注。已有研究表明,温敏参数中的阈值电压( V T H)具有良好的温度性质,但对其采用直接测量的方法易受电流振荡影响。为此,提出了一种在阻感负载下基于米勒平台的阈值电压间接计算法。首先描述阻感负载下IGBT的开关瞬态过程,论述 V T H间接计算法的理论基础。然后通过开关过程中的米勒平台电压值间接计算 V T H。最后通过实验证明了所提方法的有效性。

绝缘栅型双极性晶体管  /  结温  /  温敏参数  /  米勒平台  /  阈值电压

Among the junction temperature monitoring methods of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT),the temperature-sensitive parameter method has attracted wide attention because of its fast response speed,low cost and easy on-line detection. Previous studies have shown that the gate threshold voltage ( V T H)among the temperature-sensitive parameters has good temperature properties,but it is easily affected by current oscillation by direct measure-ment. Therefore,an indirect calculation method of threshold voltage based on Miller platform under resistive load was proposed. Firstly,the switching transient process of IGBT under resistive load was described,and the theoretical basis of V T H indirect calculation method was discussed. Then,the V T H was calculated indirectly by the voltage value of Miller platform in the switching process. Finally,the effectiveness of the method was proved by experiments.

insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)  /  junction temperature  /  temperature-sensitive parameters  /  Miller platform  /  threshold voltage
官伟, 冬雷. 基于IGBT米勒平台的阈值电压结温估计法. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (6) : 22 -28 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24752
Wei GUAN, Lei DONG. Junction Temperature Estimation for IGBT Through Threshold Voltage Calculated by Miller Platform[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (6) : 22 -28 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24752
IGBT是一种应用广泛的功率器件,在工程中担任着非常重要的角色,因此对其可靠性的监测具有重大意义[1]。由于温度是IGBT失效的主要原因[2],因此对其结温的监测逐渐成为人们的研究热点[3]。现有的结温检测方法中,主要可归纳为光学法、热网络法、物理接触法和温敏参数法4类[4]。光学法不适合在线监测,热网络法和物理接触法无法反映器件的真实结温,而温敏参数法具有响应速度快、成本低、易于在线检测的优点,成为目前最受关注的结温检测方法[5]
温敏参数法是将IGBT器件本身看作温度传感器,通过受温度影响的内部电参数来计算器件结温的方法[4]。现有研究中,一部分温敏参数法侵入性强、实现难度大且影响电力电子系统原有的运行状态,工业应用价值较低,例如小电流下的饱和压降法[6]、短路电流法[7]等。驱动回路中的温敏参数由于采集较为容易,同时不需要额外电压电流源接入,具有很高的应用价值[8],例如阈值电压[9-10]、米勒平台电压值[1]以及米勒持续时间[11]等。已有研究表明,阈值电压具有较高的温线性度与温灵敏度,但直接测量难度较高[12]。在特定测试条件下,逐渐提高栅极电压,直到集电极电流 i C达到指定值,即为该条件下的阈值电压 V T H[13]。在IGBT开关过程中则通过确定导通时刻,得到该时刻下的栅极电压,即为 V T H。由于器件导通过程中栅极电压上升斜率较大,采样设备之间的延时以及IGBT开通瞬间的高频噪声会导致较大的采样误差。常用的解决方法[9]是设定固定导通延时来采集 V T H,该方法简单易行,但导通延时实际受结温影响,将其设为固定值会产生较大误差。基于负载电流数据进行多项式拟合确定极小值点,可以得到集电极电流过零点时刻,以此避免开关振荡的影响[10]。但在栅极电压上升斜率较大的时期,采用直接测量阈值电压的方式,较小的时间误差仍会导致较大的阈值电压误差。
本文利用米勒平台区参数检测误差较小的优势,通过阻感负载下IGBT开关过程中的米勒平台电压 V G P间接计算出阈值电压 V T H,可以有效降低直接测量 V T H产生的误差。首先,详细推导了阻感负载下IGBT的开关瞬态过程,描述 V G P i C V T H之间的数学关系解析式。然后,通过阻感负载下的脉冲测试实验,获取不同温度和不同负载电流的开关暂态波形用于阈值电压的间接计算。最后,在IGBT的一个开关周期中使用此解析式计算出当前温度下的 V T H,并与直接测量法得到的阈值电压进行对比,验证所提方法的有效性。
图1为脉冲测试原理图,其中 V D C为母线电压, C为母线电容, V G为栅极驱动电源, R G为栅极电阻, Q 1为被测IGBT器件,IGBT器件 Q 2短接栅-射极以等效为续流二极管, D 1 D 2分别为 Q 1 Q 2内部反并联二极管, L R分别为负载总电感和负载总电阻。在IGBT的开关瞬态中,栅极电压的暂态波形主要受极间电容的影响,但在米勒平台时期,流经IGBT器件的集电极电流大小可以反应到平台电压上,即此时的集电极电流若处于上升阶段,则米勒平台区电压将缓慢增长。通过改变 L的值,可以将这一特性体现出来。在Matlab中搭建IGBT的行为模型并进行脉冲测试仿真[14]图2 L分别为 20   μ H 0.2   μ H的仿真波形图,当 L = 20   μ H时,开通过程中的米勒平台电压将无法维持电压恒定。
针对IGBT开通过程中米勒平台电压随集电极电流大小变化这一特定工况,进行开关暂态分析,其关键波形如图3所示,开关过程可分为4个模态。
工作模态1[ t 0 t 1]:驱动信号 V G高电平输出,通过驱动电阻 R G给栅极充电,此阶段栅极电压 v G E还未达到阈值电压 V T H,栅极导电沟道暂未形成,因此集电极电流 i C为零,集射极电压 v C E仍保持母线电压 V D C。该阶段 v G E的充电过程可由下式进行描述:
v G E ( t ) = V G ( 1 - e - t τ 1 )
其中 τ 1 = R G ( C G C + C G E )
式中: C G C为栅-集电容; C G E为栅极电容。
由于此阶段的 C G C容值远小于 C G E容值,可近似认为 V G C G E进行充电。
工作模态2[ t 1 t 2]:当 v G E达到 V T H,即 t 1时刻时,IGBT内部的栅极侧将形成一个反型层,为电子运动提供导电通道,使得集电极PN结正偏, i C从零开始增加。现有的开关暂态分析中, i C的限制因素一般为IGBT的转移特性,如下式所示:
i C ( t ) = g m [ v G E ( t ) - V T H ]
式中: g m为跨导。
但是,在实际的电路中,功率回路中的负载总电阻 R和负载总电感 L也是限制因素之一,因此在实际确定约束条件时,需要考虑功率回路中的参数。
在IGBT的 v G E未达到米勒平台电压 V G P之前,由器件转移特性和功率回路限制的 i C数值都较小,可近似相等,但电流变化率 d i C / d t较大,在 L上产生较大的感应电压,导致 v C E迅速从母线电压 V D C下降。 t 2时刻,由于 v C E下降到临界电压 V q V q定义为 C G C容值发生突变的集射电压值),栅-集电容 C G C发生突变,产生米勒效应,栅极电压开始进入米勒平台区。 V q C G C v C E之间的关系如图4所示,通过实验得到,在温度以及导通压降一致的情况下, V q的值基本不变。 C G C的变化特性可以从器件手册中获取,通过模态4的实验数据可以拟合得到 C G C的最大值。
图3 t 2时刻,由功率回路参数限制的 i C 1可由下式近似表示:
i C 1 ( t ) = V D C - V q R ( 1 - e - t τ 2 )
其中
τ 2 = L / R
图3 t 1 t 2时间段中,假设负载电感 L上的电压始终为 ( V D C - V q ) / R,则可以求出电感限制下的最大值 I C 1。已知图3A采样点的栅极电压 V G P 1,可以通过IGBT器件手册得到此时转移特性限制下的电流值 I C 2。若 I C 1< I C 2,且 d i C / d t d i C 1 / d t,则开通过程中,集电极电流 i C由功率回路参数限制。
工作模态3[ t 2 t 3]:进入米勒平台时期IGBT的工作状态可由图5表示,此时 C G C横跨在输入和输出两端,则根据米勒效应, v C E下降过程中将会向栅极汲取足够大的电流,即 i G C。由于此阶段 i G C远大于 i G E,当集电极电流 i C恒定时,栅极电压 v G E将沿图5b中路径1变化,产生一段米勒平台。当此阶段的 i C处于上升期时,相对于 i C恒定, v C E下降速度变缓,导致 i G C减小, i G E增大,进而使得 v G E沿图5b中路径2变化,即图3 t 2 t 3阶段。
t 3时刻, v C E达到饱和导通电压 V O N,由图4可知 C G C达到最大值,驱动电源不再主要对 C G C进行充电,平台区退出。此阶段是IGBT工作区域从有源区到饱和区的转变阶段,当满足下式时可认为工作在有源区[14]
v G E ( t ) - V T H v C E ( t ) - V C E O
式中: V C E O为集-射极开启电压,该值可通过手册获取。
由于此阶段主要对 C G C进行充电,则集-射极电压变化率最大值可由如下不等式得到:
d v C E d t d v C E ( V G P 1 ) d t = V G - V G P 1 τ 3
其中 τ 3 = R G C G C ( a v g )
式中: C G C ( a v g ) C G C t 2 t 3阶段的平均容值; d v C E ( V G P 1 ) / d t为栅极电压为 V G P 1时的集-射极电压变化率。
t q 1 v C E电压值等于 V q时刻到器件刚进入饱和工作区的时间,联立式(4)、式(5)得到 t q 1最小值,可表示为如下不等式:
t q 1 V q - V C E O - V G P 2 + V T H V G - V G P 1 τ 3
式中: V G P 2图3B采样点的栅极电压。
工作模态4[ t 3 t 4]: v C E达到导通电压 V O N v G E数值上升直到等于驱动电压 V G,此时输入等效电容 C i e s = C G C ( m a x ) / / C G E
关断过程近似于开通过程,但是在米勒平台区,由于 i C保持为负载电流 I L,因此关断过程中的米勒平台电压几乎不变。 t 6时刻开始, v C E开始缓慢上升,当到达 t 7时刻,由于此时的 C G C容值迅速减小,且栅极电流 I g主要为 C G C放电,导致 v C E快速上升到负载电压 V D C t q 2定义为器件退出饱和区到 v C E达到 V q的时间,可由下式得到,此时关断过程的时间常数近似为 τ 1
t q 2 = V q - V C E O - V G P 3 + V T H V G - V G P 3 τ 1
式中: V G P 3图3C采样点的栅极电压。
t 9时刻, v G E< V T H,IGBT内部导电沟道关闭,但是由于基区中存储的多余空穴无法瞬间消失,只能通过自然复合衰减,进而形成拖尾电流。拖尾电流消失后,整个开关过程结束。
阈值电压 V T H与结温 T j之间的线性关系可由下式表示[13]
V T H = 4 ε k T j N A l n ( N A / n i ) C o x d + 2 k T j q l n ( N A n i )
式中: ε为半导体介电常数; k为玻尔兹曼常数; q为电荷常量; N A为MOS部分掺杂浓度; n i为半导体本征载流子浓度; C o x d为氧化物的特征电容。
由式(8)可知,在器件掺杂浓度和特征电容一致下,阈值电压主要受结温影响,因此可以使用阈值电压对结温进行估算[13]
使用开关过程中的米勒平台电压值进行阈值电压间接计算时,需要先确定有源区的转移特性具体数学表达式,即确定式(2)。将式(2)中与栅极电压不相关的参数采用转化系数 f g代替,可改写成下式[15]
i C ( t ) = f g [ v G E ( t ) - V T H ] 2
其中
f g = Z μ C o x d 2 L C H ( 1 - α P N P )
式中: Z为器件MOS沟道宽度; L C H为器件沟道长度; μ为电子迁移率; α P N P为PNP晶体管放大倍数。
f g主要受 μ影响,温度升高,电子迁移率降低,导致 f g降低。
图3中的栅极电压波形,在开通过程中选择AB两点,得到此时的栅极电压分别为 V G P _ A V G P _ B,对应的集电极电流分别为 I C _ A I C _ B。将两点电压电流值代入下式:
V G P = V T H + I C f g
两个等式作差之后可以计算出该温度下的 f g。在关断过程中得到C点的栅极电压值 V G P _ C和集电极电流值 I C _ C,与 f g一起再次代入式(11)求得此温度下阈值电压 V T H
通过间接计算可以避免直接测量中电流振荡的影响。此外,本文所提方法通过作差的方式可以降低短暂时延造成的误差。设电流采样相对于电压采样具有的延时为 Δ t,则直接测量法的电压阈值误差 Δ V T H可通过下式计算得到:
Δ V T H = V G e - t τ 1 ( 1 - e - Δ t τ 1 )
在IGBT米勒平台区,由于延时 Δ t在栅极电压上产生的 Δ V G P可由下式表示:
Δ V G P = I C + Δ I C f g - I C f g
其中
Δ I C = V D C R e - t τ 2 ( 1 - e - Δ t τ 2 )
联立式(11)、式(13)、式(14),可得通过图3AB两点计算 f g时由 Δ t导致的计算误差如下:
Δ f g = I C _ B - I C _ A V G P _ B - V G P _ A - I C _ B - I C _ A V G P _ B - V G P _ A + Δ V G P _ B - Δ V G P _ A
Δ V T H 2 = Δ f g × I C _ C f g ( f g + Δ f g )
若将AB两点之间的栅极电压看做线性增长,则 Δ f g = 0,可以消除延时带来的误差。
搭建的硬件实验平台如图6所示。图6中,辅助电源为测试PCB提供 15   V驱动电源以及 5   V芯片供电电源,功率电源提供IGBT脉冲测试的母线电压。温控箱可以设置所需的环境温度,将测试PCB放置温控箱加热台上10 min,保证芯片温度达到所设温度附近,采用红外测温仪进行实际的温度采集。使用LCR Meter可以采集驱动回路与功率回路精确的电参数。为了将功率回路的影响更好地体现在驱动回路上,选取阻值 20   Ω的负载电阻,并使用LCR Meter测得其电感值为 22   μ H。栅极电压波形、集电极电流波形以及集射极电压波形通过电压、电流探头采集到示波器中,用于数据分析和离线结温估算。实验设备如下:示波器型号为TPS2024,IGBT器件选择IKD15N60RC2,功率电源型号为TSD300,辅助电源型号为DH1718E-5、实验参数为:L=22.87 μH,VG=15 V,tq1=344.56 ns,R=20.17 Ω,RG=470 Ω,tq2=377.24 ns。
采用上述实验平台做不同电压等级与温度梯度下的脉冲测试实验,其中母线电压分别为45 V,58 V,75 V,90 V,110 V,125 V,147 V,168 V,186.7 V,206.4 V,224.3 V,244.8 V,实测结温分别为24.2 ℃,31 ℃,52.5 ℃,68.3 ℃,84 ℃,98.1 ℃,110.3 ℃,128.3 ℃,144 ℃。
采用集电极电流过零时刻测量阈值电压时,由于电流的采集过程中有高频噪声干扰,如图7中虚线圈内所示,若不加额外的辅助滤波电路,会严重影响电流过零点时刻的采集;其次,此阶段栅极电压上升斜率很大,若电流、电压采集之间的时延没有得到补偿,会使得 V T H出现较大的误差。
采用示波器实验数据,其采样点时间间隔为10 ns,则可令 Δ t = 10   n s,同时为降低计算误差,使用Matlab软件对实验数据进行窗口大小为20的高斯加权移动均值滤波。示波器采样的实验数据相对于嵌入式设备来说,电压、电流采样值之间可认为是零时延。相关研究中采用固定的时间补偿来减少时延误差,但是不同结温下的时延有接近10 ns的浮动[10],因此采用一个 Δ t来定量分析两种方法由时延导致的误差,如式(12)和式(16)所示。直接测量的阈值电压误差为 Δ V T H 1 = 0.084   V,通过间接测量法计算得到阈值电压误差为 Δ V T H 2 = 0.004   7   V
对实验数据采用过零检测方式得到的阈值电压 V T H图8a所示,在特定结温 T j、不同负载电流 I L下,所测量的 V T H离散度较大。采用同一 T j下不同 I L提取出来的 V T H平均值 V T H _ M E N T j进行拟合,得到图8b,回归系数为0.917 9,线性度较差,以此拟合直线方程在图8a绘制不同 I L下的平面,可以进一步看出该方法得到的 V T H与结温之间的线性度较低,无法直接用于结温估算。
当电路拓扑元器件参数确定之后,栅极电压 v G E图3 t 0 t 2以及 t 5 t 6阶段的斜率和持续时间受温度影响较小,可以认为基本不变,则可以通过栅极电压上升斜率大于某一定值的时刻加固定时间段来确定A点的时刻。AB两点的时间差 t A B参数选取需要考虑1.1节计算得到的 t q 1,由于使用20个采样点的高斯均值滤波,则 t A B应不大于 t q 1 - 10 Δ t。选取三组不同结温下的实验数据,对间接计算得到的阈值电压求方差 S 2,如图9所示,选取离散度最低的 t A B = 200   n s进行阈值电压间接计算。其中 t A B大于 200   n s离散度变高的主要原因是引入了饱和区的采样数据,导致部分数据无法满足式(9),产生了计算误差。
图10a所示为间接计算得到的阈值电压与拟合平面关系图,相对于直接测量得到的阈值电压,其分布离散度较低。
阈值电压平均值 V T H _ M E N T j的关系如图10b所示,对应的数学表达式如下:
V T H _ M E N = - 0.007   124 T j + 5.451
所提方法得到的 V T H回归系数为0.991 2,相对于过零检测法得到的阈值电压,其结温线性度提高7.99%。在负载电流为5.2 A的实验条件下,使用加热台改变IGBT的工作结温,通过实验数据计算得到的结温与实际结温之间的关系如图11所示。
图11中,除第二次实验误差较大之外,其余几次计算得到的结温误差在10 ℃以内,满足温度监测的精度要求。
针对阻感负载较大的工况,结合功率回路对驱动回路的影响情况,基于米勒平台电压的特性,提出一种阈值电压的间接测量方法,并通过实验证明了方法的有效性,进而得到以下结论:
1)IGBT开关暂态过程中,集电极电流 i C需要同时考虑转移特性和功率回路两方面的限制因素,当阻感负载参数大于一定值时,开关暂态的集电极电流 i C受功率回路参数限制。
2)集电极电流 i C的变化会实时反应到栅极电压上,因此可以通过不同集电极电流下的栅极电压进行阈值电压的间接计算。
采用本文方法得到的阈值电压具有更高的结温线性度,更有利于结温的估算。在嵌入式设备具有所需的采样精度及计算速度时,可以用于结温的在线监测。
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2024年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24752
  • 接收时间:2022-11-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-05
  • 修回日期:2022-12-14
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    1 北京理工大学 自动化学院,北京 100081
    2 北京理工大学 唐山研究院,河北 唐山 063007

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冬雷(1967—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子与电气传动,Email:
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