Article(id=1200394763481502471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25651, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708185600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-18, revisedDate=1710777600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126013870, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126013870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126013870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126013870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394757995360759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126012562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764148644802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=81, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394763733160718, articleId=1200394763481502471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Wind Storage Coordinated Control Strategy Based on VSG Third-order Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to make full use of the frequency modulation capability of the wind turbines,considering that a conventional wind-power coordinated frequency control strategy not only results in some fluctuations in the frequency of the system,but also requires high energy storage capacity and poor economic efficiency,therefore,based on the traditional wind storage coordinated frequency control strategy,an active support control strategy for wind storage coordinated regulation was proposed,which is based on a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) third-order model,and the related wind storage collaborative regulation model was built,and the control strategies for wind turbines and energy storage were designed. Based on this,the inertial response and the primary frequency response of the wind turbine and the energy storage plant to control the frequency were investigated under different control parameters. Through simulation analysis,it can be concluded that this strategy not only approximates the energy storage inverter as a synchronous voltage source,meets the inertia and damping characteristics required by the new energy grid,suppresses system frequency fluctuations,reduces energy storage capacity configuration,but also makes full use of the potential of wind farms to participate in frequency regulation,increasing the frequency stability of the electricity system.

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为了充分发挥风电机组的调频能力,考虑到传统风储协调调频控制策略不仅会引起系统频率一定程度的波动,而且需要配置较高的储能容量,经济性比较差,因此在传统风储协调调频控制策略的基础上提出一种以三阶虚拟同步机模型为基础的风储协同调节的主动支持控制策略,建立了相应的风储协同调节模型,并设计了风机与储能的控制策略研究。在此基础上,分析了在不同控制参数下,风电机组、储能系统对电网调频的惯性响应及一次调频特性。通过仿真分析可知,该策略不仅能将储能变流器近似等效成同步电压源,满足新能源电网所需的惯性与阻尼特性,抑制系统频率波动,降低储能容量配置,而且充分发挥了风电场参与调频的潜力,改善了电力系统的频率稳定性。

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王绪利(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划、智慧配电网,Email:

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王绪利(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划、智慧配电网,Email:

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王绪利(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划、智慧配电网,Email:

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Jilin: Northeast Electric Power University, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200488849332883798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394763481502471, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=11, pageStart=9, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=蔡玮良, 程海锋, 潘智轩, journalName=电气传动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蔡玮良, 程海锋, 潘智轩, 等. 基于转子动能与分布式储能的双馈风机频率控制策略[J]. 电气传动, 2023, 53(11):9-18., articleTitle=基于转子动能与分布式储能的双馈风机频率控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200488849412575575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394763481502471, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=11, pageStart=9, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=CAI Weiliang, CHENG Haifeng, PAN Zhixuan, journalName=Electric Drive, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAI Weiliang, CHENG Haifeng, PAN Zhixuan, et al. 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基于VSG三阶模型的风储协调控制策略的研究
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王绪利 , 徐加银 , 沈玉明 , 李坤 , 冯沛儒 , 江桂芬
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(3): 81-90
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(3): 81-90
基于VSG三阶模型的风储协调控制策略的研究
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王绪利 , 徐加银, 沈玉明, 李坤, 冯沛儒, 江桂芬
作者信息
  • 国网安徽省电力有限公司 经济技术研究院,安徽 合肥 230000
  • 王绪利(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划、智慧配电网,Email:

Research on Wind Storage Coordinated Control Strategy Based on VSG Third-order Model
Xuli WANG , Jiayin XU, Yuming SHEN, Kun LI, Peiru FENG, Guifen JIANG
Affiliations
  • Anhui Economic and Technological Research Institute,Anhui Electric Power Supply Company,Ltd.,Hefei 230000,Anhui,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25651
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为了充分发挥风电机组的调频能力,考虑到传统风储协调调频控制策略不仅会引起系统频率一定程度的波动,而且需要配置较高的储能容量,经济性比较差,因此在传统风储协调调频控制策略的基础上提出一种以三阶虚拟同步机模型为基础的风储协同调节的主动支持控制策略,建立了相应的风储协同调节模型,并设计了风机与储能的控制策略研究。在此基础上,分析了在不同控制参数下,风电机组、储能系统对电网调频的惯性响应及一次调频特性。通过仿真分析可知,该策略不仅能将储能变流器近似等效成同步电压源,满足新能源电网所需的惯性与阻尼特性,抑制系统频率波动,降低储能容量配置,而且充分发挥了风电场参与调频的潜力,改善了电力系统的频率稳定性。

风储系统  /  虚拟同步发电机  /  主动支撑  /  协调调频  /  容量配置

In order to make full use of the frequency modulation capability of the wind turbines,considering that a conventional wind-power coordinated frequency control strategy not only results in some fluctuations in the frequency of the system,but also requires high energy storage capacity and poor economic efficiency,therefore,based on the traditional wind storage coordinated frequency control strategy,an active support control strategy for wind storage coordinated regulation was proposed,which is based on a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) third-order model,and the related wind storage collaborative regulation model was built,and the control strategies for wind turbines and energy storage were designed. Based on this,the inertial response and the primary frequency response of the wind turbine and the energy storage plant to control the frequency were investigated under different control parameters. Through simulation analysis,it can be concluded that this strategy not only approximates the energy storage inverter as a synchronous voltage source,meets the inertia and damping characteristics required by the new energy grid,suppresses system frequency fluctuations,reduces energy storage capacity configuration,but also makes full use of the potential of wind farms to participate in frequency regulation,increasing the frequency stability of the electricity system.

wind energy storage system  /  virtual synchronous generator (VSG)  /  active support  /  coordinate modulation  /  capacity configuration
王绪利, 徐加银, 沈玉明, 李坤, 冯沛儒, 江桂芬. 基于VSG三阶模型的风储协调控制策略的研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (3) : 81 -90 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25651
Xuli WANG, Jiayin XU, Yuming SHEN, Kun LI, Peiru FENG, Guifen JIANG. Research on Wind Storage Coordinated Control Strategy Based on VSG Third-order Model[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (3) : 81 -90 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25651
近几年来,世界经济快速发展[1],但同时也带来了全球气候变暖、环境污染、传统能源短缺等问题[2]。在此背景需求下,风能等可再生能源受到了广泛的关注,为了充分发挥风电机组的调频潜力,文献[3]和文献[4]分别只考虑了风电机组和储能的调频响应,导致了调频能力不足以及储能容量配置较高、经济型较差等问题,并未考虑风储系统协调调频。而虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)技术可通过调节风电场和储能系统之间的输电功率,进而使风电场参与一次调频[5]。虽然虚拟同步机的引入不仅可以使得风电场参与一次调频,而且能为风电场保留一定的后备容量以进行二次调频,但同时也会使风电场的风能利用率下降[6]。因此,对于风储系统,可以通过对储能进行VSG控制,而风电场需要其他控制策略与储能进行协同控制,以此来提高风能的利用率。
针对风电场、光伏电站和负荷对能量存储的追踪需求,文献[7]开展了储能系统容量分配的研究;文献[8]表明,通过调节蓄能设备的充放电能力,可在极端工况下保证风电机组的安全稳定运行;文献[9]通过蓄能装置为系统提供惯性响应,并可依据调频需求进行灵活调节,从而实现风电-储能系统最大限度地降低电网频率波动,提高风电场的运行经济性。
然而,目前对 VSG的研究多基于储能系统 VSG,利用蓄能系统对其进行控制,实现风机和蓄电设备之间的耦合,从而实现对机组外部特性的模拟。文献[10]在建立虚拟同步机数学模型的基础上,从储能功率与最优响应时间两个方面对虚拟同步机进行优化,但忽略了储能系统输出特性对虚拟同步机运行的影响。文献[11]基于虚拟同步机的特点,从理论上研究其存储能力与操作参数之间的关系,并对各类无功进行定性分析。文献[12]针对具有同步发电机特性的光伏发电系统,采用虚拟同步机在不同状态下进行功率均衡,而没有考虑储能装置的运行特征。上述研究中,现有研究都是使风储系统并网接口的VSG特性由储能系统来实现,而忽略了风机的虚拟惯性。
综上所述,对于风储系统,综合考虑二者的出力情况,提出了基于VSG三阶模型的风储系统协调调频主动支撑控制策略,建立风储VSG系统结构,在储能系统中,采用的是同步发电机的瞬态电压方程和一个简单的励磁调节系统,以此来模拟同步发电机的暂态调压过程;对于风电场则是利用虚拟转动惯量控制,考虑二者的协同控制,分析二者对于电网的支撑出力时间尺度,考率了储能系统荷电状态对储能和总体调频特性的影响,在延长储能系统使用寿命以及降低储能容量配置的同时改善了系统频率的稳定性,充分发挥了风电机组的调频潜力。
风储VSG主拓扑结构如图1所示,包含有风电场、储能电站和逆变器等。因为磷酸铁锂电池的快速反应、安全性能好以及绿色环保等特点,所以储能电站选择磷酸铁锂电池进行储能。对于电压型逆变器,由于其具有成本低、效率高、响应快、适用性强以及可靠性高等优点,因此风储VSG主拓扑结构中的逆变器选择电压型逆变器。风电场中的风电机组采用的是双馈风机(double fed induction generator,DFIG),因为其不仅具有变速调节能力,而且还可以提高能量转换效率以及风机稳定性,是大多数风电场都会采用的风电机组类型。
图1中,uabc为换流器并网电压;Lf为滤波电感;Cf为滤波电容;uduqidiq分别为变流器并网点实际输出的电压和电流;θ为VSG的功角;Umeasfmeas分别为电压和频率的测量值;Ureffref分别为电压和频率的参考值;EdrefEqref分别为指令电压d,q轴分量;idrefiqref分别为指令电流d,q轴分量;Eqe为强制空载电动势;${E}_{d}^{\text{'}}$${E}_{q}^{\text{'}}$为暂态电动势d, q轴分量。通过改变电压和相角来调节有功和无功输出[13]
储能系统的主动支撑控制策略以VSG三阶模型为基础,对同步发电机的外部特征进行了严格的模拟,使得储能系统的虚拟调速系统和虚拟励磁系统的时间尺度与同步发电机的调节时间尺度相一致,因此该控制策略与传统锁相环的控制策略相比提高了系统稳定性。该控制策略的建模主要包括VSG三阶模型、虚拟调速控制、虚拟励磁控制、电流内外环控制。
虚拟同步机主要是对同步发电机的外部特性进行模拟[14],通过模拟同步发电机的二阶转子运动方程可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}2H\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Delta }\omega }{\mathrm{d}t}={P}_{\mathrm{m}}-{P}_{\mathrm{e}}-D\mathrm{\Delta }\omega \\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\delta }{\mathrm{d}t}={\omega }_{0}\mathrm{\Delta }\omega \end{array}\right.$
其中

Δω=ω-ω0

式中:Pm为原动机的机械输出动力;Pe为发电机输出的电磁力;ω,ω0分别为发电机转子角速度和标称角速度;D为转子运动过程中的减振系数;H为转子的惯性常数;$\delta $为发电机功角。
以此为基础,将同步发电机的一阶瞬态电压方程引入到暂态压力调整过程中,建立了虚拟调速控制器与虚拟励磁控制器之间的耦合调整关系,具体如下式所示:
${T}_{\mathrm{d}0}^{\text{'}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{E}_{q}^{\text{'}}}{\mathrm{d}t}={E}_{\mathrm{q}\mathrm{e}}-{E}_{q}^{\text{'}}-{i}_{d}({x}_{d}-{x}_{d}^{\text{'}})$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{d}0}^{\text{'}}$为同步发电机励磁时间常数;xd为直轴同步电抗;${x}_{d}^{\text{'}}$为直轴瞬变电抗。
式(1)和式(2)共同构成了虚拟同步发电机三阶模型。
为了限制过电流和过电压对逆变器造成一定的损坏,在蓄能电站和外接节点电压间引入虚拟定子绕组,如下式所示:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{d\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={E}_{d}^{\text{'}}-{i}_{d}r+{i}_{q}x\\ {E}_{q\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={E}_{q}^{\text{'}}-{i}_{d}x-{i}_{q}r\end{array}\right.$
式中:r为虚拟电枢电阻;x为虚拟同步电抗。
VSG的虚拟调速控制器主要是对同步发电机的有功-频率特性进行仿真,从而在调频中实现了对功率的分摊,使储能设备具备了辅助风电机组参与电网调频的能力,那么虚拟调速控制器的公式可以表示为

Pref-PESS=Kp(fmeas-fref)

式中:Pref为储能系统的功率基准值;Kp为功频比例系数;PESS为储能系统输出的有功功率。
该方法可以在多台机组间自动分配不均衡功率。
该虚拟同步发电机三阶模型再结合虚拟调速控制器便得到了VSG的有功-频率控制框图,如图2所示。
VSG的虚拟励磁系统主要是模拟同步发电机的励磁系统,也就是模拟同步发电机无功-电压特性。所谓无功电压特性就是指无功功率与电网输出电压的下垂关系,并且体现了励磁电流与无功功率的关系,其公式如下:
$({U}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}}-{U}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}})\times \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{e}}}{1+s{T}_{\mathrm{e}}}=\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{\mathrm{f}}$
式中:Ke为标度因子;Te为时间常数;Δuf为励磁电压偏离值。
励磁电压与强制空载电动势呈线性关系:

Eqe=Kf×u

其中
${K}_{\mathrm{f}}=\frac{{x}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{r}_{\mathrm{f}}}$
式中:u为励磁电压;Kf为下垂系数;xa为直轴绕组电抗;rf为绕组电阻。
由式(5)~式(7)可得该控制器的框图,如图3所示。图中,Eqe0为初始的强制空载电动势。
上述环节是储能系统控制方法的核心部分,其余环节在文献[15]中已经做了详细的描述,在此不再赘述。
对于大多数的研究,风电机组并网时,其 VSG的性能主要通过储能系统完成,而风机的虚拟惯性未能得到充分利用,风机的调频潜力未被充分发挥,因此本文对于风机的控制策略选择的是虚拟惯量控制。该方案主要是针对风电机组的转子惯量进行调节,通过改变转子的惯量,可以调整风电机组的转速响应特性,其控制原理图如图4所示。
图4可以看出该控制框图原理比较简单,控制策略较为简洁,在原有最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)模式的基础上同时考虑了频率偏差以及频率变化率的约束。其中,PWref为风电机组中变流器控制系统的有功功率参考值,PW0为风电机组不参与调频的情况下发出的有功功率。在该控制模式下风电机组输出的调频功率为
${P}_{\mathrm{W}}=\frac{\left[{K}_{\mathrm{W}}\right({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}})+2{H}_{\mathrm{W}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Delta }f}{\mathrm{d}t}]\times {P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{N}}}{{f}_{0}}$
式中:KW为风电场的一次调频系数;f0为额定频率;HW为风电场的虚拟惯量,是风电场惯性时间常数的1/2;PWN为风电场的额定功率。
当电网频率出现扰动时,虚拟惯量控制方式可以通过改变风电机组的虚拟惯量来调整机组的输出功率,以满足电网的需求。这种方式使得风电机组在工作过程中具备了类似于同步发电机的特性,能够模拟传统同步发电机的响应能力。
风电机组的运行由4个部分组成,分别是启动区、最大风速(即MPPT)捕获区、恒转速区和恒功率区。由文献[16]可知,无论是在启动区还是在恒功率区,风机都无法控制其出力情况,只有在MPPT区时,才能更好地调节转子转速,而且其调节范围也比较大,因此,虚拟惯量控制主要是针对MPPT区进行分析,具体的调频过程如图5所示[17]
当电力系统出现负荷扰动,频率降低时,此时风电机组通过增加电磁转矩,提供调频功率,电磁功率将以ABC进行变化,风电机组输出的功率将会以AD的曲线变化,即电磁功率增大,机械功率降低,此时风电机组的转子转速会有所下降,一旦降到最低值,风电机组就必须退出调频。为了维持电网频率稳定,就必须保证转子转速恢复到参与调频前的速度,此时电磁功率以CEA的曲线形式进行变化,在此基础上,电机输出功率按DA曲线变化,转子速度也随之升高,最终实现了电机输出功率的平衡,从而回到了原来的平衡状态。
在风电机组转子转速恢复阶段,风电机组输出的电磁功率会大幅下降,从而会导致电力系统频率振荡,仅靠风电机组为电网提供调频显然是不够的,因此风电机组在调频时需要储能系统进行辅助,实现风储之间的协同控制。对于储能系统本文采用的上述基于VSG三阶模型的主动支撑控制策略,对于风电机组则采用的是虚拟惯量控制,二者进行协同控制,在保证频率稳定的前提下,又充分发挥了风电机组的调频能力。
由于风电机组采用的是虚拟惯量控制,它是一种以抑制频率急剧变化为主要特征的瞬态过程,其支撑电网频率的时间会很短暂,而储能系统可以在一段时间内稳定地支撑电网频率。可见二者参与电网调频的时间尺度是不一致的,如何协同不同时间尺度的控制、合理分配二者之间的功率是风储协调控制中的重点内容。
在未考虑风储系统协调调频时,大多数文献都是采用储能支撑风电机组进行调频,不考虑风电机组的调频作用,此时储能系统的出力会有一段尖峰区,且时间比较短暂,储能利用率比较低,会增加储能容量配置的成本。根据上述研究,尖峰区可以由风电机组提供功率支撑,这是由于尖峰区时间比较短,而风电机组提供功率支撑的时间也是比较短的,充分发挥了风电机组的调频潜力,剩余部分由储能系统来承担。一方面由于风电机组参与调频的时间较短,因此有效改善了风电机组参与调频而导致其他稳定性的问题,并且有效降低了风电场的弃风率;另一方面,提高了储能的利用率,有效降低了储能电池的充放电次数和备用容量[18]
不同时间尺度的功率分配解决了之后,接下来就要按照目标函数来进行功率的具体分配。
风储系统协调控制的目标函数是指电网向风储系统发出的调度计划出力与风储系统实际出力的差值ΔP为最小。当ΔP最小时,也就意味着电网对于风储系统的功率调度指令几乎和风储系统实际发出的功率类似,满足了功率平衡,则系统频率偏差自然而然就是最小的。该目标函数如下式所示:
$\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}-{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}-{P}_{\mathrm{W}}-{P}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}}$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$为风储系统向电网输出功率的参考值,即电网向风储系统下发的调度计划,随着电网功率波动而波动;PW为风电机组参与调频发出的功率;PESS为储能系统输出的有功功率,放电为正,充电为负;PW0为风电机组输出的固定功率。
由风力机模型中机械功率的表达式和风能利用系数—叶尖速比—桨距角的关系曲线图可知给定桨距角β,当叶尖速比λ逐渐增大时,对应的风能利用系数Cp达到最大值Cpmax。通过调整风力机的桨距角β,按照机械功率公式,就可以实现对风机机械功率的调节。在输出功率低于额定功率时,为实现最大风能利用率,需要调整桨距角以保持最优叶尖速比。而在输出功率超出额定功率时,为确保机组稳定运行,桨距调节系统通过控制桨距角,将输出功率限制在额定功率以内。其中,风能利用系数—叶尖速比—桨距角的关系曲线如图6所示,机械功率表示式如下式:

Pmw=0.5ρπCpR2v3

式中:v为风速;ρ为空气密度;R为迎风的垂直半径。
当风速发生变动时,为了最大化地捕获风能,控制系统会即时调整风电机组的旋转速度。这一调整确保风力机叶片的旋转速度与风速之间保持最优的叶尖速比,进而使风能利用率维持在一个较高水平。通过这种方式,系统能够实现风能的最大化追踪,详细情况如图7所示。
风电机组拥有一条理想的功率曲线,该曲线完全取决于风力机自身的结构参数,而与风速和发电机的转速无关。这条曲线由多个在不同风速下风电机组所能达到的最大功率点连接而成。对于任何特定的风电机组转速ωwr,这条曲线都标识了一个最优的功率输出值,具体表达式如下式所示[19-21]
${P}_{\mathrm{W}0}={k}_{\mathrm{w}0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{r}}^{3}$
其中

${k}_{\mathrm{w}0}=0.5\rho A{\left(\frac{R}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{3}{C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$

式中:A为风力机叶片扫过的面积。
有了目标函数自然而然就会有约束条件,风储系统的约束条件分为等式约束和不等式约束,其中等式约束为

PWE=PW0+PW+PESS

当电力系统处于功率平衡状态时,风电机组不再参与系统调频,储能系统处于待机状态,即

PWE=PW0

对于不等式约束,由基于VSG控制策略下的风电机组参与系统调频可得风电机组增发的功率和能量为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}0}\times 2{H}_{\mathrm{W}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{f}_{\mathrm{b}}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ {E}_{\mathrm{W}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}0}\times {H}_{\mathrm{W}}\times ({f}_{0\mathrm{b}}^{2}-{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{b}}^{2})\end{array}\right.$
式中:HW为风电机组的惯性时间常数,HW=6fminb为电网要求的频率最小值的标幺值;f0b为频率基准值;dfb/dt为系统频率(标幺值)的变化率。
依据国家电网规定,系统的频率变化率不得超过1 Hz/s,系统频率偏差不得超过0.2 Hz,系统的额定频率为50 Hz,所以当dfb/dt=0.02/sfminb=0.96时,根据虚拟同步机的控制策略,风力发电机能够提供的最大功率和最大电能分别是[16]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=24\mathrm{\%}{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}\\ {E}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=0.47{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}\end{array}\right.$
由式(15)可知,风力发电系统对惯性调频的功率及能量限制如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}\le 24\mathrm{\%}{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}\\ {E}_{\mathrm{W}}\le 0.47{E}_{\mathrm{W}0}\end{array}\right.$
当电力系统不受到任何扰动时,风储系统中储能处于待机状态,风电机组处于MPPT状态。当电力系统受到扰动时,电网向风储系统下发调度功率指令,在 VSG的控制下,风力发电机可以在风力发电过程中,对风力发电机进行能量的释放,从而实现对风力发电机的有功输出的控制,同时储能系统通过充放电的模式控制其有功功率的输出,当电网向风储系统下发的调度功率指令等于风储系统实际输出的功率或者差距很小时,系统功率重新回到平衡状态,电网频率波动得到一定抑制。
风储系统协调优化控制流程图如图8所示。
电网由于其随时都会受到干扰,因此会不断地对风储系统下达不同的功率调度指令${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$,将该调度指令与风电机组不参与调频的情况下发出的有功功率PW0的差值定义为风储系统在VSG控制策略下所需要协调控制发出的不平衡功率为ΔP,即
$\mathrm{\Delta }P={P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}-{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}$
对于式(17),主要分为3种情况:
第1种情况,当${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}<{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}$时,即风电机组在不参与调频作用下所输出的功率有所剩余,此时需要判断储能系统的荷电状态,当$0.3<SOC<0.8$或者SOC<0.3时,将风电机组输出的剩余功率优先用于储能系统进行充电。当ΔP小于储能系统所允许的充电功率上限${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$时,ΔP便是储能系统此时的充电功率指令值${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=0\\ {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=\mathrm{\Delta }P\end{array}\right.        \left|\mathrm{\Delta }P\right|\le {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
SOC>0.8时,能量储存装置就会停止充电。当ΔP大于储能系统的最高功率上限${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$时,首先对储能进行充电,之后采用VSG的惯性响应方式,通过风机转子的加速度来存储过剩的电能,并将ΔP${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$之差定义为风电机组对系统频率响应的参考值${P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$将作为储能系统充电的参考值,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=\mathrm{\Delta }P-{P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.    {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}<\left|\mathrm{\Delta }P\right|<{P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}+{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
如果风速过高,$\mathrm{\Delta }P>{P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}+{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为风电机组参与调频响应的最大贡献值),则其余能量将通过改变风电机组的桨距角的大小实现弃风,此时储能系统还能接受的功率上限${P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$作为其充电的功率参考值,风电机组参与的调频响应的最大功率上限${P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$作为其参与惯性响应的功率参考值,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.        \left|\mathrm{\Delta }P\right|\ge {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}+{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
第2种情况,当${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}>{P}_{\mathrm{W}0}$时,风电机组处于MPPT状态,此时风电机组在不参与调频的情况下输出的功率已经无法满足电网的调度指令,风储系统将共同参与调频,按照储能系统优先配置的原则,当SOC≤0.3时,储能系统不再放电,剩余部分将由风电机组提供功率支撑,其中风电机组输出的调频功率参考值和储能系统输出的功率参考值按照式(16)~式(18)来设定。当SOC<0.3时,储能系统退出运行,风电机组需要输出的调频功率参考值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=\mathrm{\Delta }P\\ {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=0\end{array}\right.        \left|\mathrm{\Delta }P\right|\le {P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
或者是:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {P}_{\mathrm{E}}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}=0\end{array}\right.        \left|\mathrm{\Delta }P\right|>{P}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
第3种情况,当${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{E}\_\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}={P}_{\mathrm{W}0}$时,风电机组在MPPT附近,不参与对电网的频率调节,储能系统处于待机状态。
利用PowerFactory软件搭建IEEE 39节点系统,该系统包含风电场、储能系统以及火电机组,仿真参数按照文献[18]到文献[22]进行设置,风电场的额定电压为0.69 kV,经升压变压器升至345 kV,电网总负荷7 430 MW,负载干扰率为6%,初始蓄电容量为风电机组总容量的20%,蓄电系统的初期 SOC为0.5。更多的特定参数如下:系统容量6 700 MW,风场额定功率1 340 MW,初始虚拟惯量6 s,初始调频系数5,扰动负荷446 MW,储能系统功率600 MW。
大多数文献都不曾考虑风电机组参与调频的作用,算例1则是为了证明风电机组参与调频的可行性和必要性。图4给出了风电机组VSG虚拟惯量控制方式下的控制策略框图,此时储能系统不参与调频,忽略火电机组的调频作用。建立一个具有20%风力发电容量的电网,并在 t=2 s加入6%的负载干扰,此时令HW=6KW=20。风电机组是否参与调频时的仿真结果如图9所示。
图9可见,在该仿真条件下,风电机组参与调频与风电机组不参与调频相比,系统频率最低点由49.78 Hz提升到49.83 Hz,跌落提升22.73%。且风电机组在VSG惯量控制下,频率变化率得到了明显的改善,在0到7 s内,整个曲线有向左移动的趋势,到达最低点时间有所减小,增强了电力系统的稳定性。
为了解决风电机组参与调频而引起的一系列问题,算例2分析了风电机组VSG控制策略相关参数,如惯量调频系数HW和一次调频系数KW与风电机组调频之间的关系,进一步对相关参数进行优化,使得风电机组达到更好的调频效果,具体仿真图如图10所示。
算例2利用控制变量法,在保证风电机组虚拟惯量不变的情况下,改变风电机组的一次调频系数,随着调频系数的减小,系统频率的最低点逐渐增大。在HW=6KW=20时,其频率偏差最低点为49.83 Hz,不考虑风电机组参与调频时,其频率偏差最低点为49.78 Hz,且有一定的超调现象,这对电力系统的频率稳定性有一定的影响,因此将风电机组的一次调频系数设为20。接下来是控制一次调频系数不变,通过改变风机的惯量调频系数来观察系统频率的情况,具体仿真图如图11所示。
图11可知,在一次调频系数不变的情况下,改变虚拟惯量,对于系统频率的跌落几乎没有影响,可见一次调频系数与惯量调频系数的配置是相互独立的,没有耦合。因此,无需在配置完虚拟惯量后,再重新配置一次调频系数。随着虚拟惯量的增加,系统频率的变化率有所改善,整个曲线有向左移动的趋势,为一次调频启动留有一定时间,使得电力系统的频率稳定性有所提高,因此将风电机组的虚拟惯量设为6 s。
对于风电场参与调频引起的频率波动问题,不仅可以通过改变参数来改善此问题,还可以在风电场中配置一定容量的储能。对于具有20%风力发电容量的电网,在并网初期,将具有6%负载容量的负载干扰加入到电网中,使得风机不再参与调频,仅由蓄电系统来调节,从而有效地抑制了电网的功率波动,并实现了频率的恢复,仿真结果如图12图13所示。
图12可知,风电机组和储能都不参与调频的情况下稳定后的频率的最低点为49.77 Hz,仅储能系统参与调频的频率最低点为49.85 Hz,频率的最低点得到了明显提升。
图13可以看出储能出力的尖峰值为102.3 MW,因此为了保证调频时储能系统能提供足够的功率支持,为了使系统的频率回归到一个稳定的状态,必须在风电场总容量的7.6%处进行储能配置。由于只有储能系统提供功率支撑,所以配置的储能容量会相对较高,而且风电机组没有参与调频,无法充分发挥风电机组的调频潜力。
在算例2的相关仿真以及综合考量的情况下,取HW=6KW=20。针对算例2和算例3,算例4对风储系统传统协调控制策略进行优化,以解决风电机组由于风速的不断变化引起的功率波动,从而在风电机组参与调频的情况下加剧了风电场输出功率波动的问题。
为了充分发挥风电机组的调频潜力,并且尽量降低风电场的波动性和随机性,因此搭建了风电机组的惯量控制模型,即风电机组只提供惯性支撑,支撑的时间比较短暂,由算例3的仿真结果(图13)可得在风电场不参与调频,仅由储能调频时,储能系统的出力会出现尖锋,而且持续的时间很短。此时,能量储存的利用率较低,因此可以由风能设备来承受,同时通过能量存储设备为系统提供稳定的电力。风储协调控制下的储能出力仿真如图14所示。
图14可得,在风储协调控制策略下,储能出力的尖峰值仅由储能调频时的102.3 MW降为80.72 MW,所配置的储能容量仅有6.2%的风能资源便可使系统频率恢复至稳定状态。在基于VSG风储系统共同参与调频的情况下,储能需要配置的容量比仅由储能参与调频配置的容量减少了1.58%,即在调频效果一致的情况下,储能容量的配置明显减少,调频成本有所降低。
在风速为11.02 m/s时,电力系统中加入6%的负荷扰动,对比风储协调优化控制策略、传统风储协调控制策略、只有储能调频和不调频4种情况下的系统频率,如图15所示。
图15可以看出,对比不调频的情况,其他3种调频方式都可以使系统频率得到提升,并且3种模式的稳态频率都接近于49.96 Hz,而不调频情况下,不仅频率波动范围较大,稳态频率也略微低于49.96 Hz,而且系统频率最低点为49.78 Hz,超过了电网规定的49.8 Hz,降低了系统频率的稳定性。采用优化后的调频方法,系统频率最低点为49.89 Hz,稳态频率为49.96 Hz;采用传统调频方法,系统频率最低点为49.86 Hz,稳态频率为49.95 Hz;仅由储能参与调频时的系统频率最低点为49.84 Hz,稳态频率为49.94 Hz。因此,本文所提出的基于风电-储能系统的协同调频控制方案的优化策略,可以对电网的频率波动进行有效的抑制。
本文针对含蓄能风电机组的调频问题展开研究。对于储能系统采取的是基于VSG三阶模型的主动支撑控制策略,针对风力发电系统,为实现风机的有效利用,提出了一种利用风电机组虚拟转动惯量的解决方案,采取虚拟惯量控制。二者对于系统的功率支撑时间尺度不同,根据储能系统的出力特点,对储能系统和风电场进行了合理的功率分配,并在风储系统协调控制的流程框图中引入了储能系统荷电状态的约束。仿真结果表明,风储各自不同的控制策略之间的协调控制,不仅融合了二者控制策略的优点,而且巧妙避开了风机虚拟惯量控制的缺点。对于整个风储系统,不仅降低了储能容量的配置,提高了储能参与调频的经济性和储能系统并网的调频稳压能力,而且充分发挥了风电场参与调频的潜力,缩减了电网调度和风储系统之间的有功误差,改善了电力系统的频率稳定性。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(B6120922000J)
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2025年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25651
  • 接收时间:2024-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-18
  • 修回日期:2024-03-19
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国家电网有限公司科技项目(B6120922000J)
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    国网安徽省电力有限公司 经济技术研究院,安徽 合肥 230000
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