Article(id=1200394762705556215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686067200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-07, revisedDate=1690041600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126013685, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126013685, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126013685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126013685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394757995360759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126012562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764148644802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394762978185980, articleId=1200394762705556215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Broadband Modeling of Four-quadrant Rectifier and Differential Frequency Oscillation Analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When the switching frequency of the four-quadrant rectifiers in different multiple units deviates,the current will experience low-frequency oscillation,which is not conducive to the operation of the traction power grid. Therefore,a matrix small-signal modeling method for SPWM comparators was proposed to analyze this issue,which achieves a more accurate description of the switching frequency characteristics of the single-phase PWM rectifier. Then,the matrix small-signal modeling of parallel four-quadrant rectifiers was further established,and then the model was used to analyze the causes and rules of differential frequency oscillation during mixed running of different multiple units. Finally,the correctness of the established model and analysis conclusions were verified through experiments.

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不同动车组中四象限整流器的开关频率出现偏差时会引起电流低频振荡现象,不利于牵引电网运行。针对此问题,提出一种SPWM比较器的矩阵小信号建模方法,实现了单相PWM整流器开关频段特性的较精确描述。接着进一步建立并联四象限整流器的矩阵小信号模型,再利用所建模型分析不同动车组混跑时差频振荡产生的原因以及发生规律。最后,通过实验验证所建模型与分析结论的正确性。

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王颖杰(1969—),男,博士,副教授,Email:

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王颖杰(1969—),男,博士,副教授,Email:

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Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2015, 10 (4):46-52., articleTitle=Sampling model and its matrix description for PWM comparators, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200488839300116617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394762705556215, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200488839308505225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394762705556215, companyId=1200488839300116617, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221000,Jiangsu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200488839312699530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394762705556215, companyId=1200488839300116617, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国矿业大学 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四象限整流器宽频建模与差频振荡分析
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王颖杰 , 周海兰 , 陈永发 , 白飞莹
电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2025,55(3): 3-12
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电气传动 | 电气传动及其控制 2025, 55(3): 3-12
四象限整流器宽频建模与差频振荡分析
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王颖杰 , 周海兰, 陈永发, 白飞莹
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学 电气工程学院,江苏 徐州 221000
  • 王颖杰(1969—),男,博士,副教授,Email:

Broadband Modeling of Four-quadrant Rectifier and Differential Frequency Oscillation Analysis
Yingjie WANG , Hailan ZHOU, Yongfa CHEN, Feiying BAI
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221000,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25174
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不同动车组中四象限整流器的开关频率出现偏差时会引起电流低频振荡现象,不利于牵引电网运行。针对此问题,提出一种SPWM比较器的矩阵小信号建模方法,实现了单相PWM整流器开关频段特性的较精确描述。接着进一步建立并联四象限整流器的矩阵小信号模型,再利用所建模型分析不同动车组混跑时差频振荡产生的原因以及发生规律。最后,通过实验验证所建模型与分析结论的正确性。

四象限整流器  /  牵引电网  /  矩阵小信号模型  /  差频振荡

When the switching frequency of the four-quadrant rectifiers in different multiple units deviates,the current will experience low-frequency oscillation,which is not conducive to the operation of the traction power grid. Therefore,a matrix small-signal modeling method for SPWM comparators was proposed to analyze this issue,which achieves a more accurate description of the switching frequency characteristics of the single-phase PWM rectifier. Then,the matrix small-signal modeling of parallel four-quadrant rectifiers was further established,and then the model was used to analyze the causes and rules of differential frequency oscillation during mixed running of different multiple units. Finally,the correctness of the established model and analysis conclusions were verified through experiments.

four-quadrant rectifier  /  traction power grid  /  matrix small-signal model  /  differential frequency oscillation
王颖杰, 周海兰, 陈永发, 白飞莹. 四象限整流器宽频建模与差频振荡分析. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (3) : 3 -12 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25174
Yingjie WANG, Hailan ZHOU, Yongfa CHEN, Feiying BAI. Broadband Modeling of Four-quadrant Rectifier and Differential Frequency Oscillation Analysis[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (3) : 3 -12 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25174
近年来,随着高速铁路的快速发展,车网耦合系统中不时发生低频振荡现象,影响动车正常运行[1-5]。2010年,北京、郑州等多地的CRH5型动车组发生牵引封锁,动车组无法正常启动;2016年,徐州供电段低频振荡现象发生158次,作为我国最繁忙的铁路枢纽之一,该类型事故严重影响了铁路正常运行。
振荡现象可能造成牵引封锁,使得机车无法正常开出,严重影响了列车秩序,威胁列车运行安全[6-8]。目前,低频振荡问题受到了国内外专家学者的广泛关注,发生低频振荡原因比较复杂[9-12],并且原因众多。
动车组混跑时不同动车组四象限整流器开关频率会出现微小偏差,这将引起网侧交流电流出现低频振荡现象,对列车运行造成不良影响。因此,有必要对此现象进行深入分析。
现有的低频振荡分析方法主要分为三类:1)加入网侧阻抗后,建立四象限变流器的控制数学模型,分析其稳定性[13];2)根据阻抗模型分析车网耦合系统的稳定性[14-16];3)利用非线性理论分析该系统的稳定性[17]。低频分析的基础是模型,而状态空间平均法[18-19]、三端开关器件模型法[20]、能量守恒法[21-22]等传统方法建立的四象限整流器模型只能反映低频段的问题。
文献[23]提出了多频率小信号模型,将PWM调制环节等效为考虑开关频率的多频率注入环节,可将模型描述扩展到开关频率处,较准确地描述了接近开关频率时电流环相位延时增大现象,且此模型适于频域分析。文献[24]提出了一种基于时域分析和描述函数的Jian Li模型。该模型将电感、开关器件和PWM调制环节整合成一个整体,准确描述了开关频率一半以上,甚至超过开关频率部分的系统特性。多频率小信号模型和Jian Li模型的建模方法目前还主要针对直流开关电路,尚未推广到DC/AC变换器建模中。文献[25]采用一维频谱分析法,分析了双极性非对称规则采样PWM的谐波映射关系,建立了单相逆变器PWM环节多频模型,但该模型没有考虑开关频率次谐波映射关系。文献[26]中首次提出了差频振荡的概念,以分布式供电系统中的Buck变换器为研究对象,提出并联在同一系统中的不同变换器之间会出现开关纹波的干扰,为了分析这种差频振荡问题,该文献中建立了一种可以描述Buck变换器单输入多输出特性的矩阵小信号模型。文献[27]中建立了DC-DC变换器的高频模型,包括电压模式控制Buck变换器和电压模式控制Boost变换器,并分析变换器相互作用时引起的差频振荡问题。
为了研究不同动车组混跑时牵引电网差频振荡问题,本文首先建立了一种可以描述单相及并联四象限整流器高频段附近相互作用的矩阵小信号模型;在此基础上进行了不同动车组混跑时牵引电网差频振荡产生原因及振荡规律分析;最后通过实验验证了本文所提模型和结论的正确性。
AC-DC变换器中PWM比较器的示意图如图1所示,ipt)为给定正弦信号,ipt)=Ipsin(2πfxt),fx为扰动频率,Ip为参考电流;ict)为PWM比较器的输入,ict)=ipt);T为载波周期;Vm为载波幅值;dt)为输出。
本文首先建立载波为任意波时的SPWM比较器模型,三角波和锯齿波作为载波时的比较器模型将作为统一模型的特殊形式。图2为比较器的输入、输出波形,输入正弦波ipt)对应的实际输出波形为d0t),当比较器对ipt)在t=nT+T1时刻进行规则采样,得到的输出波形为dt)。
当开关频率较高时,dt)中波形的脉宽将很窄,因此可以将其近似为冲激函数按照开关频率fs fs=1/T)在时刻t=nT+T1处采样ipt)得到的样本序列:
${d}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\approx d\left[n\right]={i}_{\mathrm{p}}\left[\right(nT+{T}_{1}\left)\right]$
根据上述分析,同样可以将PWM比较器的建模转换为建立给定输入信号与样本信号之间的数学模型。
假设给定输入信号为
$\begin{array}{cc}{x}_{0}\left(t\right)=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}(2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{p}}t+\theta )& 0\end{array}<{f}_{\mathrm{p}}<{f}_{\mathrm{s}}/2$
式中:fp为给定输入信号频率;θ为初始相位。
在时刻t=nT+T1处采样得到的样本信号为

xd0[n]=x0(nT+T1)

因此有:
${x}_{\mathrm{d}0}\left[n\right]=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right(nT+{T}_{1})+\theta ]$
将原始信号x0t)与样本信号xd0[n]经过傅里叶变换转换为频域形式X0f)和Xd0f)。又由“信号与系统”中的有关概念可知,样本信号Xd0f)是由原始信号X0f)的频谱移位并叠加得到的以fs为周期的周期函数,如图3所示。图中清晰反映出Xd0f)中除了有给定信号的频率± fp外,还包含了± fp± k fsk=1,2,⋯)等其他频率分量。
对于初始相位相同、频率不同的信号有:
${x}_{+\mathrm{p}-k\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{p}}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})t+\theta ]$
${x}_{+\mathrm{p}+k\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{p}}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})t+\theta ]$
在时刻t=nT+T1处采样可得:
${x}_{\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{p}-k\mathrm{s}}\left[n\right]=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right(nT+{T}_{1})-2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}+\theta ]$
${x}_{\mathrm{d}+\mathrm{p}+k\mathrm{s}}\left[n\right]=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right(nT+{T}_{1})+2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}+\theta ]$
可以看出,式(7)、式(8)之间仅仅存在±(2πkT1)/T相位差。那么将相位差提前加到原始信号的初相位上,则不同信号x+p+kst),x+p-kst),x0t)在时刻t=nT+T1处由冲激串采样将会得到同一样本信号。因此对样本xd[n]来说,x0t),x+p+kst),x+p-kst)都可以看成它的原始信号。可以推导出原始信号X0f)与样本信号Xd0f)之间的关系如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{X}_{\mathrm{d}0}\left({f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)={X}_{0}\left({f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\\ {X}_{\mathrm{d}0}({f}_{\mathrm{p}}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}{X}_{0}\left({f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\\ {X}_{\mathrm{d}0}({f}_{\mathrm{p}}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})={\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}{X}_{0}\left({f}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
由式(9)可以得到AC-DC变换器中PWM比较器的一般化模型为
$\begin{array}{l}\left[\begin{array}{c}d\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ d({f}_{0}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ d({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& \cdots \\ {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& 1& {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}4k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& \cdots \\ {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}4k\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{T}_{1}}{T}}& 1& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]·\\ \left[\begin{array}{c}{i}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {i}_{\mathrm{p}}({f}_{0}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ {i}_{\mathrm{p}}({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
式中:f0为给定电流频率。
本文中AC-DC变换器采用三角波作为载波,即T1=T2时,PWM比较器模型为
$\left[\begin{array}{c}d\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ d({f}_{0}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ d({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k\mathrm{\pi }}& {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}k\mathrm{\pi }}& \cdots \\ {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}k\mathrm{\pi }}& 1& {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }}& \cdots \\ {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k\mathrm{\pi }}& {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}2k\mathrm{\pi }}& 1& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{i}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {i}_{\mathrm{p}}({f}_{0}-k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ {i}_{\mathrm{p}}({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]$
单相PWM整流器拓扑结构如图4所示,其中usis分别为网侧电压和电流,Lt和Rt分别为网侧电感和电阻,uabab端的输出电压,Udc为直流侧电压,L2和C2构成直流侧的二次滤波电路,Cd为支撑电容,RL为负载侧等效电阻。
四象限整流器通常采用电压外环及电流内环双闭环控制。其中电流内环控制为核心控制,其作用是使网侧电流跟踪电压环的输出电流进行伺服控制,一般采用PI控制。本文所用的电流内环控制框图如图5所示。电压外环输出电流为${i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{*}}$,以此作为电流环输入,电流环输出电流为is,本文中分析时将忽略扰动电压usGis)为PI控制环节,1/(Tis+1)为采样延时环节,KPWM/(0.5Tis+1)为PWM比较器,1/(Lts+Rt)为阻抗。
图5中将PWM比较器当作线性环节处理,用于传统控制方式分析中。本节将所建PWM比较器的多频率矩阵模型应用于单相整流器,取代传统的等比例模型,建立单相整流器的多频率矩阵模型。
忽略图5中的外部扰动,并将每一环节定义为类似PWM比较器环节的矩阵,可得到PWM整流器电流内环的结构控制框图如图6所示。
图6中,MGH分别表示延时环节、调节器及阻抗的对角矩阵模型,其表达式分别如下:
$\mathit{M}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}M\left({f}_{0}\right)& 0& 0& \cdots \\ 0& M({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& 0& \cdots \\ 0& 0& M({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]$
$\mathit{G}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}G\left({f}_{0}\right)& 0& 0& \cdots \\ 0& G({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& 0& \cdots \\ 0& 0& G({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]$
$\mathit{H}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}H\left({f}_{0}\right)& 0& 0& \cdots \\ 0& H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& 0& \cdots \\ 0& 0& H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]$
根据图6的控制框图,可得其输入输出电流之间的关系为
${\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}=\mathit{H}{\mathit{G}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{M}}\mathit{G}\mathit{M}({\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{*}}-{\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}})$
整理后得:
${\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}=(\mathit{E}+\mathit{H}{\mathit{G}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{M}}{\mathit{G}\mathit{M})}^{-1}\mathit{H}{\mathit{G}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{M}}\mathit{G}\mathit{M}{\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{*}}$
式中:E为单位矩阵。
假设给定电流频率为f0,采用数学归纳法计算式(16)可得输出电流为
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}}({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}}({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{1+\Delta }\cdot \mathit{B}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ 0\\ 0\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]$
其中

$\mathit{B}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H\left({f}_{0}\right)& M({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H\left({f}_{0}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}& M({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}& M({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}2\mathrm{\pi }}\\ ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right.\left.\begin{array}{cc}M({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H\left({f}_{0}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}& \cdots \\ M({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2\mathrm{\pi }}& \cdots \\ M({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}})& \cdots \\ ⋮& ⋮\end{array}\right]$

$\Delta =1+\sum _{k=-\infty }^{+\infty }M({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}})$

式(17)即为所建立的单相PWM整流器的矩阵小信号模型。如果只考虑与输入中同频率的分量,即只考虑式(17)中的对角线元素,就会得到一个单输入单输出模型,其闭环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{1}{1+\Delta }M\left({f}_{k}\right)G\left({f}_{k}\right)H\left({f}_{k}\right)$
其中

fk = f0 ± k fs k=0,1,2,…;0 < f0 < fs/2

当0 < fk < fs/2时,Δ≈M(f0)G(f0)H(f0),得到传统的平均小信号模型,表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{c}1}=\frac{M\left({f}_{k}\right)G\left({f}_{k}\right)H\left({f}_{k}\right)}{1+M\left({f}_{k}\right)G\left({f}_{k}\right)H\left({f}_{k}\right)}$
同理可知,多频率小信号模型的表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{G}_{\mathrm{c}2}=\left[M\right({f}_{k}\left)G\right({f}_{k}\left)H\right({f}_{k}\left)\right]/[1+M({f}_{k}\left)G\right({f}_{k}\left)H\right({f}_{k})+\\ M({f}_{k}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})G({f}_{k}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})H({f}_{k}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}})]\end{array}$
由上述分析可知,传统小信号建模可以由本文所建模型近似得到。
为了验证模型的正确性,在Matlab中搭建单相整流器仿真模型,参数如下:载波幅值Vm=1 V,载波周期T=0.000 4 s,给定电流信号幅值122 5 A,网侧电感2.3 mH,电阻0.068 Ω,直流侧电容3 000 μF,二次谐波电容6 000 μF,二次谐波电感0.42 mH,负载电阻10 Ω。
图7分别对平均小信号模型、多频率小信号模型和单输入单输出的矩阵小信号模型进行了仿真,并且与仿真数据进行了对比,仿真结果验证了模型的有效性。
两台四象限整流器并联拓扑如图8所示,假设两台整流器中各元件参数一致,第一台整流器开关频率为fs1,交流侧电流为is1,第二台的开关频率为fs2,交流侧电流为is2。动车组变流器实际控制采用的是电压电流双闭环控制,本文在分析时为了简便,只建立了电流内环模型,忽略了电压外环。
图8可知并联四象限整流器交流侧输出总电流Is计算如下:
${\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}={\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}2}$
结合所建单相PWM整流器的矩阵小信号模型,如式(17)所示,假设两个四象限整流器的给定电流为ict)=${I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}$sin(2π f0 t+θ),其中0 < f0 < fs/2,由此可以得到Is1Is2的表达式:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}1}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}1}({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}1}({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{1}}\cdot {\mathit{B}}_{1}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ 0\\ 0\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]$
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}2}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}2}({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}2}({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{2}}\cdot {\mathit{B}}_{2}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ 0\\ 0\\ ⋮\end{array}\right]$
则总输出电流为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}={\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{s}2}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}1}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}1}({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}1}({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})\\ ⋮\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}1}({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}1})\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{s}2}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}2}({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}2}({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})\\ ⋮\\ {I}_{\mathrm{s}2}({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}2})\end{array}\right]\\ =\frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{1}}{\mathit{B}}_{1}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ 0\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right]+\frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{2}}{\mathit{B}}_{2}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ 0\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right]\\ =\left\{\frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{1}}\right.\left[\begin{array}{c}M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ ⋮\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{-q\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\end{array}\right]+\\ \frac{1}{1+{\Delta }_{2}}\left[\begin{array}{c}M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ ⋮\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{-q\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\end{array}\right]    {I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)\end{array}$
其中
${\Delta }_{1}=1+\sum _{k=-\infty }^{+\infty }M({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})G({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})H({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}1}) $
${\Delta }_{2}=1+\sum _{k=-\infty }^{+\infty }M({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})G({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})H({f}_{0}+k{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})   $
式(24)即为并联四象限整流器的矩阵小信号模型。
下面对于得到的并联四象限整流器的矩阵小信号模型进行验证。在式(24)所得到的并联四象限整流器模型中,${I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}$f0)为正弦给定电流,无谐波。因此矩阵B1B2只取第一列,称其为矩阵C1C2,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{C}}_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{c}M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ ⋮\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}1}){\mathrm{e}}^{-q\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\end{array}\right]\\ {\mathit{C}}_{2}=\left[\begin{array}{c}M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H\left({f}_{0}\right)\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\\ ⋮\\ M\left({f}_{0}\right)G\left({f}_{0}\right)H({f}_{0}+q {f}_{\mathrm{s}2}){\mathrm{e}}^{-q\mathrm{j}\mathrm{\pi }}\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$
在计算时,可将其第一行视为基波系数,其余行皆视为谐波信号,例如C1第二行表示频率为 f0-fs1的正弦谐波信号。而四象限整流器输出电流Is则是基波电流与所有谐波电流的总和。并且,由以上分析可知q=±1时的谐波电流含量最多,随着q的增大,谐波含量快速减少,为了计算方便,分析时只取q=±1,±2,±3。
假设给定电流为${I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)=A\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t\right)$,取A=1 225 A,f0=50 Hz。利用所建模型进行差频振荡计算分析,当两台四象限整流器开关频率一样,且都设置为350 Hz时,其交流侧总电流Is波形及其FFT分析如图9所示。可以看出,交流侧波形呈现稳定状态,其高次谐波出现在二倍开关频率附近,且2fs±50处谐波最多;当两台四象限整流器的频率分别为349 Hz,350 Hz和348 Hz,350 Hz时,交流侧的总电流波形如图10所示,图中出现了明显的二倍频率差的低频振荡现象。
分析差频振荡现象首先分析其产生的原因,当开关频率存在偏差时为何会出现低频振荡?下面将根据其概念详细分析其产生的原因。
假设有两个频率分别为ω1ω2的电流,其初始相位都为零:

i1=I1cos(ω1t)

i2=I2cos(ω2t)

且有${\omega }_{1}+{\omega }_{2}\gg |{\omega }_{2}-{\omega }_{1}|$,为了分析更加简便,令两个电流幅值相等,即I1=I2=I,两电流叠加后,其合成电流为
$\begin{array}{l}i={i}_{1}+{i}_{2}=I\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left({\omega }_{1}t\right)+I\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left({\omega }_{2}t\right)\\ =2I\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{2}-{\omega }_{1}}{2}t\right)\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{1}+{\omega }_{2}}{2}t\right)\end{array} $
${\omega }_{1}+{\omega }_{2}\gg |{\omega }_{2}-{\omega }_{1}|$,因此可以将2Icos[(ω2-ω1t/2]视作合成电流的振幅,此时其频率为(ω1+ω2)/2,即合成电流可以表示为
$i={i}_{\mathrm{合}}\left(t\right)\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{1}+{\omega }_{2}}{2}t\right)$
如此合成的电流,其合成振幅会呈现周期性振荡,且振荡的频率为|f2-f1|。因此该振荡现象被称为差频振荡。差频振荡现象虽然合成波形复杂,但是从其本质看,仅仅是两个频率叠加的效果,在这个过程中并没有产生新的频率,因此对其合成电流做FFT分析时,不会出现|f2-f1|的频谱。
上面解释了简单线性叠加产生差频振荡的原因,下面将从所建数学模型的角度分析不同动车组混跑时产生差频振荡的原因。
本文用一个四象限整流器代表一台动车,那么两台不同动车混跑可以用两个四象限整流器并联代表。首先,根据所得模型式(24)的物理意义将其转换为正弦形式,即给定电流${I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({f}_{0}\right)=A\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t\right)$,矩阵C1C2中元素视为基波或谐波信号,以此进行简化计算,得到下式:
$\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{q}}=2{a}_{2}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t-\mathrm{\pi }({f}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})t-\frac{{b}_{2}+{b}_{21}}{2}]·\\ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left[\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{s}2}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})t+({b}_{2}-{b}_{21}\left)\right]+\\ 2{a}_{3}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t+\mathrm{\pi }({f}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})t+\frac{{b}_{3}+{b}_{31}}{2}]·\\ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left[\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{s}2}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})t+({b}_{3}-{b}_{31}\left)\right]+\\ \begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}2{a}_{4}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t-2({f}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})t+\frac{{b}_{4}+{b}_{41}}{2}]·\\ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{s}2}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})t+({b}_{4}-{b}_{41}\left)\right]+\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l}2{a}_{5}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{0}t+2\mathrm{\pi }({f}_{\mathrm{s}1}+{f}_{\mathrm{s}2})t-\frac{{b}_{5}+{b}_{51}}{2}]·\\ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left[2\mathrm{\pi }\right({f}_{\mathrm{s}2}-{f}_{\mathrm{s}1})t+({b}_{5}-{b}_{51}\left)\right]+\end{array}\\ \cdots \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}$
式中:Iq为交流侧电流之和;a2~a5b2~b5b21~b51为不同频率电流时对应的常量。
可以看出其结果中包含频率为(fs2-fs1)的正弦信号,和上面分析差频振荡现象推导结果一致,因此其波形中会出现频率为(fs2-fs1)的低频振荡,即差频振荡。
本小节将分析频率差、开关频率、交流侧电感及电流环比例参数Kp等对差频振荡的影响。
频率差是造成差频振荡的唯一因素,差频振荡属于低频振荡的一种,因此对其分析时可以从振荡频率和幅值两方面进行。经过仿真模拟和模型计算,得到振荡频率与开关频率差之间的关系,如图11a所示,且无论开关频率取值多少,该曲线关系都适用。因此可以看出振荡频率总是频率差的2倍,且其只与频率差有关,与开关频率无关。
为了确定频率差对振荡幅值的影响,将一台四象限整流器的开关频率设置为350 Hz,另一台与其开关频率分别相差1 Hz,2 Hz,3 Hz,4 Hz,5 Hz,模型计算结果与电流单闭环控制仿真的振荡幅值的变化规律曲线如图11b所示。可以看出,差频振荡的振荡幅值与频率差关系不大,随着频率差的增大振荡幅值基本不变。计算结果与仿真结果的变化趋势一致。由差频振荡现象原因分析中可知差频振荡现象与电流中包含的高次谐波有关。模型计算中由于忽略部分因素,其包含高次谐波最多,其振荡幅值也最大。
为了准确地表示开关频率与差频振荡振幅之间的关系,取四象限整流器的开关频率分别为300 Hz,400 Hz,500 Hz,600 Hz,700 Hz,800 Hz,900 Hz,1 000 Hz,并使其频率差保持在1 Hz。振荡幅值变化规律如图12所示,可以看出二者的变化趋势一致,随着开关频率的增加,差频振荡幅值逐渐减小。
在分析整流器交流侧电流时,通常都会分析交流侧电感的影响。从式(24)可以看出,电感值变化会对交流侧电流Is造成影响,当开关频率和频率差保持不变时,取网侧电感1~10 mH,得到差频振荡振幅及电流Is的有效值如图13所示,随着电感的增大,差频振荡的幅值越来越小。
图14反映了差频振荡幅值随Kp变化的规律。可以看出,随着Kp的增加,差频振荡幅值是逐渐增大后趋于稳定。
为了验证本文介绍的动车组混跑时差频振荡理论模型及其规律的正确性,参照图8搭建了四象限脉冲整流器并联实验平台。
实验平台如图15所示。其中,PC机1通过TCP/IP协议将并联四象限脉冲整流器系统的拓扑模型下载到RT-LAB中;PC机2将编译好的控制算法程序下载到NI cRIO-9030控制器中。控制器与RT-LAB的信号传输通过转接板实现,采样信号是由RT-LAB中的OP5330板卡输出±10 V的模拟量信号,通过转接板将其传输给控制器,控制器的A/D部分选择NI 9220板卡;控制器计算完成后通过NI 9401板卡将开关波信号传输给RT-LAB,RT-LAB的数字量输入板卡OP5353可以接收到SPWM信号,完成系统的闭环控制。该平台包含4通道示波器一台,可以对并联四象限脉冲整流器系统中的电压、电流信号进行实时监测。
首先进行单个整流器的实验验证。实验参数如下:交流电压300 V,网侧电感4 mH,负载10 Ω。其交流侧电压、电流波形及直流侧电压波形如图16所示。交流侧电压和电流波形几乎不存在相位差,说明该整流器实现了单位功率运行的目的。直流侧电压稳定在300 V,基本上没有纹波。
两台四象限整流器并联实验时,首先将其开关频率都设置为300 Hz。并联系统的交流侧电流如图17所示。可以看出图中电流波形正常,没有出现振荡现象。
其次,将并联系统中的其中一台整流器的开关频率依次设置为299 Hz以及298 Hz,另一台保持300 Hz不变,分别测量其交流侧电流,波形如图18图19所示。可以看出其交流侧电流在开关频率差为1 Hz,2 Hz时分别发生了2 Hz,4 Hz的低频振荡,与分析结果一致。
本文建立了单个及并联四象限整流器的多频率矩阵小信号模型,分析不同动车组混跑时牵引电网中电流的差频振荡原因以及振荡规律,得到如下结论:
1)频率差是造成差频振荡的唯一因素,振荡频率总是为频率差的2倍,且其只与频率差有关,与开关频率无关;
2)随着开关频率的增大,差频振荡的幅值逐渐减小;
3)随着电感的增大,差频振荡的幅值逐渐减小;
4)随着Kp的增加,差频振荡幅值先逐渐增大后趋于稳定。
最后,通过仿真与实验验证了本文所建模型及理论分析的正确性。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25174
  • 接收时间:2023-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-07
  • 修回日期:2023-07-23
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    中国矿业大学 电气工程学院,江苏 徐州 221000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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