Article(id=1200394760474194463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25288, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690473600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-28, revisedDate=1713801600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126013152, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126013152, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126013152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126013152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394757995360759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126012562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764148644802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394760784572971, articleId=1200394760474194463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Study of Evolution Path of Frequency Modulation Technology in East China Power Grid Considering Subjective and Objective Factors of Frequency Disturbance Events, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid increase in the proportion of renewable energy in the East China Power Grid System and the continuous decline in the rotational inertia and frequency modulation resources in the system will pose a threat to the system's frequency immunity and stability. The existing research focuses on the development and application of renewable energy system inertia and primary frequency modulation technology,while there is less research on the medium and long-term development priorities of multiple renewable energy frequency response technologies such as wind power,photovoltaic,and energy storage. Therefore,a research on the evolution path of collaborative frequency modulation technology in the East China Power Grid System was proposed. Firstly,based on the disturbance events of the East China Power Grid over the years,the system's multi-source collaborative frequency response system was analyzed,and the influencing factors of various frequency modulation entities in the disturbance events were quantitatively analyzed by decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)model. Secondly,the development priority and optimal evolution path of collaborative frequency modulation technology in East China Power Grid were prospectively analyzed based on the weight distribution of influencing factors,providing a theoretical basis for the orderly development of renewable energy frequency modulation technology in East China Power Grid. This has consolidated the frequency security of the East China Power Grid under the high proportion of new energy feeds.

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华东电力系统新能源占比快速提升,系统中的旋转惯量与调频资源不断下降,将对系统频率的抗扰性和稳定性造成威胁。现有研究集中于新能源系统惯量及一次调频技术的开发与应用,对风电、光伏、储能等多种新能源频率响应技术的中长期发展优先级研究较少。为此,展开了华东电网系统的协同调频技术演进路径研究。首先,基于华东电网历年扰动事件分析了系统多源协同频率响应体系,通过构建决策实验室模型量化分析了各调频主体在扰动事件中的影响因素。其次,以影响因素为权重分配前瞻性地分析了华东电网协同调频技术的发展优先级及其最优演化路径,为华东电网新能源调频技术的有序发展提供了理论基础,可支撑华东电网在新能源高比例馈入下的频率安全性。

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姚寅(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为计及新能源与电动汽车的智能电网系统研究,Email:
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巩伟峥(1986—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统安全稳定,Email:

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巩伟峥(1986—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统安全稳定,Email:

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journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Installed capacity of each energy source

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调频资源 装机容量/万kW 权重占比
火电机组 27 567.7 0.695 8
水电机组 2 041.1 0.051 5
抽水蓄能机组 1 156 0.029 2
风电机组 2 683 0.067 7
光伏机组 3 286 0.082 9
其他 2 883.7 0.072 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200488842831712507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统各能源装机容量

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调频资源 装机容量/万kW 权重占比
火电机组 27 567.7 0.695 8
水电机组 2 041.1 0.051 5
抽水蓄能机组 1 156 0.029 2
风电机组 2 683 0.067 7
光伏机组 3 286 0.082 9
其他 2 883.7 0.072 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200488842894627069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

System frequency change influencing factors assessment indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 D C Mi Ri
旋转机组容量 2.437 0.875 3.312 1.562
旋转机组容量占比 2.278 1.95 4.228 0.328
新能源机组容量 1.504 0.881 2.385 0.623
新能源机组容量占比 2.064 1.974 4.039 0.09
K 0 0.354 0.354 -0.354
机组实际输出功率 0.419 1.531 1.95 -1.112
机组备用容量 0.417 1.537 1.954 -1.121
扰动大小(损失功率) 0.292 0.212 0.504 0.08
直流功率 0.709 1.44 2.149 -0.731
扰动位置(故障类型) 0.635 0 0.635 0.635
), ArticleFig(id=1200488842982707455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

系统频率变化影响因素评估指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 D C Mi Ri
旋转机组容量 2.437 0.875 3.312 1.562
旋转机组容量占比 2.278 1.95 4.228 0.328
新能源机组容量 1.504 0.881 2.385 0.623
新能源机组容量占比 2.064 1.974 4.039 0.09
K 0 0.354 0.354 -0.354
机组实际输出功率 0.419 1.531 1.95 -1.112
机组备用容量 0.417 1.537 1.954 -1.121
扰动大小(损失功率) 0.292 0.212 0.504 0.08
直流功率 0.709 1.44 2.149 -0.731
扰动位置(故障类型) 0.635 0 0.635 0.635
), ArticleFig(id=1200488843062399233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Weights of factors affecting frequency changes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 权重
占比
因素 权重
占比
旋转机组容量 0.158 9 机组实际
输出功率
0.097 2
旋转机组容量
占比
0.183 7 机组备用容量 0.097 6
新能源机组容量 0.106 8 扰动大小
(损失功率)
0.022 1
新能源机组容量
占比
0.175 0 直流功率 0.098 3
K 0.021 7 扰动位置
(故障类型)
0.038 9
), ArticleFig(id=1200488843154673923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

系统频率变化影响因素权重占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 权重
占比
因素 权重
占比
旋转机组容量 0.158 9 机组实际
输出功率
0.097 2
旋转机组容量
占比
0.183 7 机组备用容量 0.097 6
新能源机组容量 0.106 8 扰动大小
(损失功率)
0.022 1
新能源机组容量
占比
0.175 0 直流功率 0.098 3
K 0.021 7 扰动位置
(故障类型)
0.038 9
), ArticleFig(id=1200488843225977093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Weighting of each FM capacity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
火储调频
容量
风储调频容量 光伏 集中式储能 抽水
蓄能
权重
占比
0.462 3 0.340 8 0.086 4 0.076 5 0.034 0
), ArticleFig(id=1200488843305668872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394760474194463, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各调频资源容量的权重占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
火储调频
容量
风储调频容量 光伏 集中式储能 抽水
蓄能
权重
占比
0.462 3 0.340 8 0.086 4 0.076 5 0.034 0
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考虑频率扰动主客观影响因素的华东电网调频技术演进路径研究
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巩伟峥 1 , 姚寅 2 , 陈梦滢 2 , 李东东 2 , 张先明 2 , 朱烨冬 2
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(3): 54-63
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(3): 54-63
考虑频率扰动主客观影响因素的华东电网调频技术演进路径研究
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巩伟峥1 , 姚寅2 , 陈梦滢2, 李东东2, 张先明2, 朱烨冬2
作者信息
  • 1 国家电网有限公司华东分部,上海 200120
  • 2 上海电力大学 电气工程学院,上海 200090
  • 巩伟峥(1986—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统安全稳定,Email:

通讯作者:

姚寅(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为计及新能源与电动汽车的智能电网系统研究,Email:
Study of Evolution Path of Frequency Modulation Technology in East China Power Grid Considering Subjective and Objective Factors of Frequency Disturbance Events
Weizheng GONG1 , Yin YAO2 , Mengying CHEN2, Dongdong LI2, Xianming ZHANG2, Yedong ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1 East China Branch of State Grid Corporation of China,Shanghai 200120,China
  • 2 College of Electrical Engineering,Shanghai University of Electric Power,Shanghai 200090,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25288
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华东电力系统新能源占比快速提升,系统中的旋转惯量与调频资源不断下降,将对系统频率的抗扰性和稳定性造成威胁。现有研究集中于新能源系统惯量及一次调频技术的开发与应用,对风电、光伏、储能等多种新能源频率响应技术的中长期发展优先级研究较少。为此,展开了华东电网系统的协同调频技术演进路径研究。首先,基于华东电网历年扰动事件分析了系统多源协同频率响应体系,通过构建决策实验室模型量化分析了各调频主体在扰动事件中的影响因素。其次,以影响因素为权重分配前瞻性地分析了华东电网协同调频技术的发展优先级及其最优演化路径,为华东电网新能源调频技术的有序发展提供了理论基础,可支撑华东电网在新能源高比例馈入下的频率安全性。

新能源  /  调频响应  /  演化路径  /  决策实验室对抗解释模型

The rapid increase in the proportion of renewable energy in the East China Power Grid System and the continuous decline in the rotational inertia and frequency modulation resources in the system will pose a threat to the system's frequency immunity and stability. The existing research focuses on the development and application of renewable energy system inertia and primary frequency modulation technology,while there is less research on the medium and long-term development priorities of multiple renewable energy frequency response technologies such as wind power,photovoltaic,and energy storage. Therefore,a research on the evolution path of collaborative frequency modulation technology in the East China Power Grid System was proposed. Firstly,based on the disturbance events of the East China Power Grid over the years,the system's multi-source collaborative frequency response system was analyzed,and the influencing factors of various frequency modulation entities in the disturbance events were quantitatively analyzed by decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)model. Secondly,the development priority and optimal evolution path of collaborative frequency modulation technology in East China Power Grid were prospectively analyzed based on the weight distribution of influencing factors,providing a theoretical basis for the orderly development of renewable energy frequency modulation technology in East China Power Grid. This has consolidated the frequency security of the East China Power Grid under the high proportion of new energy feeds.

renewable energy  /  frequency modulation (FM) response  /  evolutionary path  /  decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory- adversarial interpretive structure modeling(DEMATEL-AISM)
巩伟峥, 姚寅, 陈梦滢, 李东东, 张先明, 朱烨冬. 考虑频率扰动主客观影响因素的华东电网调频技术演进路径研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (3) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25288
Weizheng GONG, Yin YAO, Mengying CHEN, Dongdong LI, Xianming ZHANG, Yedong ZHU. Study of Evolution Path of Frequency Modulation Technology in East China Power Grid Considering Subjective and Objective Factors of Frequency Disturbance Events[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (3) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25288
第二十次全国代表大会,习近平总书记指出要深入推进能源革命,加快建设新型能源体系[1]。新型电力系统是以新能源为供给主体,具有清洁低碳、安全可控等基本特征的电力系统。在国家能源结构变革的大背景下,2022年我国可再生能源新增装机1.52亿kW,占全国新增发电装机的76.2%。高比例新能源通过电力电子变流器接入电网,有功功率扰动下不能为系统惯量和一、二次调频提供主动支撑,威胁电力系统稳定运行[2]
近年来,华东分部持续提升电网频率防护能力,开展多种形式的新能源一次调频能力建设[3],包括2017年的频控系统功能性演练和2021年的华东929试验,验证了新能源机组一次调频功能,成功开展覆盖s级至min级负荷侧资源对电网频率的调节响应,证明抽蓄电站频控系统就地低频切泵功能的正确可靠。
为了应对弱惯量支撑问题给电力系统稳定运行带来的挑战,国内外学者已经进行了多方研究。文献[4]在构建频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)约束时考虑了静态负荷特性和动态频率空间分布特性,在频率最低点约束中计及多类型调频资源的系统频率响应模型进行最小惯量评估。文献[5]针对大功率扰动下惯量响应与一次调频之间的相互作用进行研究,估算最小一次调频容量和最小惯性时间常数,这两篇文献的研究重点在于系统惯量大小对频率变化的影响,但本文依据华东电网929试验,在多次系统频率变化时,故障发生时的相关参数具有差异化,惯量并非影响系统频率变化的唯一因素,还需考虑影响系统频率变化的多重因素。对于新能源场站中的主要惯量来源,文献[6]提出以超速降载运行的方式预留功率备用,这将造成风能资源的浪费。文献[7-8]提出多种风电机组的最优控制方法以提高风电场的频率响应能力。文献[9]提出高风电综合电力系统的惯性和一次频率响应的风电场控制框架。文献[10]分析了新能源调频参数对东北电网频率特性的影响。文献[11]提出一种基于多目标优化的风储协同一次调频控制策略,但其对于调频资源的选择过于单一,未综合考虑光伏、抽蓄等新能源机组及其组合的调频效果。文献[12]构建最小化的多目标互补控制模型,但未对协同调频技术的发展优先级进行量化分析,无法推演新能源机组最优演化路径。
综上所述,大部分研究集中于风电或光伏渗透电力系统的惯量、调频能力估计,研究对象较为单一,为了全面考虑多种形式新能源以及它们的组合在一次调频后系统频率响应中所表现出的特点,本文提出了多源协同频率响应体系,建立含多种新能源的系统频率响应模型。目前对于多种新能源同时参与到调频后,新能源调频技术在系统层级的发展路径研究较少,且聚焦于新能源出力的不确定性而造成的经济损失,着重在于对电力系统的经济性进行研究,本文从有效调频容量最大和经济性最优这两个角度分析调频技术的发展路径,在高新能源渗透的背景下,为新能源配置调频容量的比例与顺序提供参考。
本文针对华东电网展开系统协同调频技术的演进路径研究。首先,建立新能源占比提升背景下的多源协同频率响应体系;其次,提出利用多影响因素分析的方法,得到各类影响因素的影响度,使用决策实验室对抗解释模型(decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory- adversarial interpretive structure modeling,DEMATEL-AISM)对调频影响因素进行解耦,量化分析主次影响因素并进行权重分配;最后,结合多种协同调频资源面对频率事故时的的频率支撑表现能力,对新能源渗透率增长背景下不同调频技术在不同阶段的最优占比进行推导与分析,为华东电网的运行和控制提供理论依据和实用化调度策略。
“十四五”电网规划研究显示华东电网新增装机1.6亿kW,风电、光伏装机近1亿kW,核电1 018万kW,抽蓄1 053万kW,气电1 044万kW。截至2021年底,新能源装机容量约占总装机容量的18.2%,能源结构清洁化趋势明显。
现代电力系统的调频体系主要由惯量响应和一、二次调频等部分构成,频率响应模型如图1所示。图中,TCH为汽轮机蒸汽容积时间常数;H为发电机惯性时间常数;KL为负荷调节系数;Km为汽轮机系数;ΔPref为系统二次调频功率变化量。
惯量响应一般采用发电机摇摆方程描述[13],如下式所示:
$2H\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+{M}_{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)=\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)-\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left(t\right)-\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)$
式中:Δf(t)为频率偏差;Md为发电机阻尼系数;ΔPe为电磁功率变化量;ΔPm为原动机输出机械功率变化量;ΔPL为负荷有功功率变化量。
新能源机组多采用虚拟惯量控制,系统等效惯性时间常数表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{H}_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{s}}+{E}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{s}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{s}}}\\ =\frac{\sum _{i\in G}{H}_{\mathrm{T}i}{S}_{\mathrm{T}i\mathrm{n}}+\sum _{j\in {G}_{\mathrm{V}}}{H}_{\mathrm{V}j}{S}_{\mathrm{V}j\mathrm{n}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{s}}}\end{array}$
式中:Ss为各发电机容量之和;ETsHTiSTinG分别为传统发电机转子动能之和、惯性时间常数、发电机容量、发电机集合;EVsHVjSVjnGV分别为新能源发电机虚拟转子动能之和、虚拟惯性时间常数、新能源发电机容量、新能源发电机集合。
一次调频是发电机调速系统根据电网频率变化调整有功出力,以达到新的平衡的功能。调速器控制模块根据一次调频指令控制汽轮机气门开度,其数学模型表示为
${T}_{\mathrm{n}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{v}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{v}}\left(t\right)=\frac{1}{R}\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)$
式中:R为发电机调差系数;Tn为调速器时间常数;ΔPv(t)为汽轮机气门开度变化量。
二次调频采用AGC,为无差调节,其数学模型表示为
$\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\left(t\right)=K\int \mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t$
式中:ΔPref为二次调频功率变化量;K为二次调频效应系数。
负荷频率响应表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}{a}_{i}{P}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{N}}{\left[\frac{f\left(t\right)}{{f}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right]}^{i}$
式中:PLN为额定频率下负荷的有功功率;fn为系统额定频率;f(t)为t时刻系统频率;ai为与频率i次方成正比的负荷有功在PLN中所占份额。
在系统频率变化过程中,故障发生时相关参数具有差异化,惯量大小会影响频率下降幅度和到达最低点的速度,但非唯一因素,需综合考虑。
华东电网频率响应体系中主客观因素较多,需要合理安排调频技术发展策略,厘清各因素之间的逻辑关系,确定计及多因素的解决方案,解决复杂的系统问题。DEMATEL-AISM法能较好地分析影响频率变化的多个因素间的耦合关系,确定主导、重要及次要因素,准确评估各因素间的影响程度,确定各扰动事件的主次影响排序,为后续各调频资源容量权重因子分配提供主要参考。
决策实验室算法运用图论和矩阵解释问题,通过各要素间的逻辑关系和直接影响矩阵,计算出相互影响度、原因度与中心度,从而确定要素间的因果关系和在系统中的地位。
首先,确定影响系统频率变化的各要素,根据故障发生的实际参数统计,通过模糊化矩阵量化各因素的影响范围,得到影响系统频率变化的多因素直接影响矩阵:
$\mathit{M}=[{m}_{ij}{]}_{n\times n}$
式中:Mn×n阶的直接影响矩阵;n为影响因素的个数;mij为影响因素gi对影响因素gj的影响程度,mii=0
其次,获得规范影响矩阵,规范基准值Maxvar定义如下:
$Maxvar=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left[\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\right(\sum _{i=1}^{n}{m}_{ij}),\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}(\sum _{j=1}^{n}{m}_{ij}\left)\right]$
则规范影响矩阵计算如下:
$\mathit{N}={\left[\frac{{m}_{ij}}{Maxvar}\right]}_{n\times n}$
将规范影响矩阵N自乘,表示各要素间增加的间接影响,并将所有间接影响相加,得到综合影响矩阵T如下:
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathit{T}=({t}_{ij}{)}_{n\times n}=\underset{k\to \infty }{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}}(\mathit{N}+{\mathit{N}}^{2}+{\mathit{N}}^{3}+\dots +{\mathit{N}}^{k})\\ =\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\mathit{N}}^{k}=\mathit{N}{(\mathit{I}-\mathit{N})}^{-1}\end{array}$
式中:tijgi 和gj之间产生的综合影响程度;I为单位矩阵。
基于综合影响矩阵T求解系统各个要素的影响度、被影响度、中心度和原因度:
1)影响度D定义为gi对其他要素的综合影响值:
$D=({D}_{1},{D}_{2},{D}_{3},\dots,{D}_{n})$
其中
${D}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}{t}_{ij}    i=\mathrm{1,2},3,\dots,n$
2)被影响度C定义为gj受其他要素的综合影响值:
$C=({C}_{1},{C}_{2},{C}_{3},\dots,{C}_{n})$
其中
${C}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}{t}_{ji}    i=\mathrm{1,2},3,\dots,n$
3)中心度Mi表示该要素在影响系统频率变化过程中的中心位置及其重要程度:

Mi=Di+Ci

4)原因度Ri表示影响系统频率变化的原因:

Ri=Di-Ci

通过(M,R)坐标散点图,可得各因素在系统中的权重ω。
基于上文所得综合影响矩阵T,以均值$\stackrel{-}{x}$及系统总体标准差σ2为归范化方法求取截距λ
$\stackrel{-}{x}=\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{100}{x}_{i}}{100}$
${\sigma }_{2}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{100}({x}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{2}}{100}}$
$\lambda =\stackrel{-}{x}+{\sigma }_{2}$
λT得到关系矩阵A,关系矩阵A的计算规则如下:
${a}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }{g}_{i}\to {g}_{j}, {t}_{ij}>\lambda \\ 0\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }{g}_{i}\to {g}_{j}, {t}_{ij}<\lambda \end{array}\right.$
A计算得到自乘矩阵B,并通过连乘法获得可达矩阵R
$\mathit{B}=\mathit{A}+\mathit{I}$
${\mathit{B}}^{k}={\mathit{B}}^{k+1}=\mathit{R}    k=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,n$
根据可达矩阵R,采用结果与原因优先两种层级抽取方式,构建UP型与DOWN型层级系统,确定影响系统频率变化的各层级因素。由R进行缩点,获得缩点可达矩阵R',再删除R'中重复边,可得骨架矩阵S'
${\mathit{S}}^{\text{'}}={\mathit{R}}^{\text{'}}-({\mathit{R}}^{\text{'}}{-\mathit{I})}^{2}-\mathit{I}$
S'进行增点,获得一般性骨架矩阵S,代入T中对应数值,获得带影响值的矩阵TS,得到含影响值的层级系统。
电力系统遭遇扰动时,影响频率变化的因素是多元且复杂的,因此选择DEMATEL-AISM作为分析工具,通过AISM在解释结构模型基础上融入对抗思想,获得系统最简层次化拓扑图,实现要素间耦合关系简洁化分析[14],流程图如图2所示。
由2.2节所述可达矩阵R与带影响值矩阵TS得到UP和DOWN型层级拓扑图分别如图3图4所示。
通过决策实验室对抗解释模型对华东电网扰动事件进行建模分析,获得扰动事件中主次影响因素排序及量化占比。在此基础上,为进一步计算各协同调频资源的最优占比,本节构建了协同调频容量优化算法,流程图如图5所示。
算法首先梳理扰动发生时可能影响频率变化的因素,利用DEMATEL-AISM算法确定各影响因素的权重占比ai;其次,将权重占比ai和总装机容量∑PiN作为输入量,在确定的目标函数及约束条件下输出各新能源机组的装机容量PiN;最后,利用帕累托多目标优化算法,求解在双目标函数下各新能源机组装机容量最优占比。
本文以新能源装机容量的10%配置连续备电2 h的储能[15]。配备储能后,风电和光伏机组可降低减载预留备用容量,一定程度缓解了弃风弃光,提高了经济性,储能的配置也显著提高了新能源机组的稳定性和系统的频率支撑能力。因此第一个优化目标为系统有效调频容量最大;运行的经济性也是电力系统容量配置考虑的重要因素,因此第二个优化目标为运行成本最小。以调频容量为上层优化目标,运行成本为下层优化目标,对华东电网在不同新能源渗透率下的调频资源最优配比进行预测分析。
目标函数为有效调频容量最大:
$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}G=\sum _{i=1}^{5}{q}_{i}{P}_{i}$
式中:qi为各调频资源的权重因子,参考2.3节模型所得结果进行设定;Pi为各调频资源的容量。
1)旋转系统容量包含火储及抽水蓄能。火储调频容量P1

P1=l1P1N+l2P1N

式中:P1N为火电机组额定功率;l1为一次调频功率与额定功率的比值;l2为配置储能容量与火电额定装机容量的比值。
抽水蓄能调频容量P2

P2=λoP2N

式中:λo为比例系数;P2N为抽水蓄能电站额定功率。
2)非旋系统容量包含风光及集中式储能。风储调频容量P3

P3=10%k3M3P3N

光伏调频容量P4

P4=10%k4M4P4N

集中式储能调频容量P5

P5=μP5N

式中:k3 ,k4为损耗系数;P3NP4N分别为风机、光伏的额定装机容量;M3,M4为合格率;μ为比例系数;P5N为集中式储能的额定装机容量。
目标函数为系统运行成本最小:
$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}f=\sum _{i=1}^{5}{E}_{i}-\sum _{i=1}^{5}{F}_{i}$
式中:Ei为发电容量的配置运行成本;Fi为调频资源的调频收益。
控制变量为风光火储的容量PiEiFiPi的函数,其具体设定参考文献[16]。
风光火储联合发电系统运行时,需要考虑自身约束条件。
1)系统功率平衡约束。不考虑网损,系统出力之和等于实时负荷:
$\sum _{i=1}^{5}{P}_{i\mathrm{N}}={P}_{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}$
2)风光火储出力约束。火电机组负荷在最小和最大出力间变化,负荷变化速率不超过机组爬坡速率限值;风光上网功率不大于电站最大出力;储能系统充放电功率不大于最大充放电功率:
${P}_{i.\mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}}<{P}_{i}<{P}_{i.\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{X}}$
3)各种出力装置的数量约束。新能源机组各自数量有一定限制,且需考虑实际运行容量:
${P}_{i\mathrm{N}.\mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}}<{P}_{i\mathrm{N}}<{P}_{i\mathrm{N}.\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{X}}$
式中:PiN.MAX,PiN.MIN分别为最大、最小装机容量,一般最小装机容量取零。
4)电化学储能(蓄电池)的容量约束。蓄电池在实际充放电时,受内部电荷容量的约束:
$SO{C}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}}<SOC\left(t\right)<SO{C}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{X}}$
式中:SOCMAX,SOCMIN分别为蓄电池充、放电完全时电荷容量,一般取0.9和0.1。
5)抽水蓄能电站切负荷功率小于运行功率:

P5.cut<P5(t)

在仿真构建方面,本文首先调研汇总了电力系统发生扰动时可能会对频率造成影响的因素,利用DEMATEL-AISM确定各影响因素的权重占比,确定主次因素;其次,以不同新能源渗透率为背景,可调频容量最大、经济性最优为目标函数,结合多种形式新能源及其组合的一次调频能力,分析华东电网协同调频技术发展优先级。
截至2020年底,华东电网调度口径装机容量为39 617.5万kW,各能源装机容量如表1所示[17]
华东电网四省一市的新能源装机容量如图6所示。
根据华东电网实际测量数据及基本逻辑推演,梳理了可能影响频率变化的10个主客观因素:旋转机组装机容量、旋转机组容量占比、新能源机组装机容量、新能源机组容量占比、K值、机组实际输出功率、机组备用容量、扰动大小、直流功率、扰动位置。其中,新能源机组装机容量、新能源机组容量占比以及扰动大小设为对系统频率变化产生负面影响。
通过蒙特卡洛法进行模拟,得到了500次仿真模拟下的各因素评估指标的均值,如表2所示。
表2可知,系统中各机组的容量配置和占比对其余各因素的影响度最大,为主导因素;外部输入直流功率、机组实际输出功率及机组备用容量为重要因素,对系统调频恢复时间长短及故障导致的频率差产生一定影响;损失功率及故障类型为次要因素,对系统频率最低点影响不大;表中K值的D值为0,说明K值对频率无影响。
表2中的MiRi求得各因素在影响系统频率变化中的权重占比,如表3所示。
表3可知,主导因素为各类机组的容量及占比,影响度为62.44%,其中旋转机组影响度为34.26%,新能源机组影响度为28.18%,符合系统惯量越大频率下降越慢的趋势。若想优化频率降低的趋势,应提高主导因素,且更应注重影响度为18.37%的旋转机组容量占比;重要因素为实际输出功率与备用容量,影响度为19.48%,当系统机组的输出功率较大、备用容量不足时,产生故障后频率下降速度较快,需准备充足的备用容量,防止故障发生时可调裕度低导致无法有效调频。
以上影响系统频率变化的多种因素中,机组容量及占比为主观可调因素,在建设机组过程中可通过调整旋转机组及非旋机组的数量与规模,改变系统中装机占比;而其余因素多为客观环境因素,扰动位置及扰动大小无法预测,机组实际输出功率随时间发生变化。同时,系统中各类机组的配置及占比为影响系统频率变化的主导因素,将表3中对应的权重占比进行归一计算,并结合华东电网某机组实际调频机组分布建设情况,得到各调频资源容量的权重因子如表4所示。
根据第3节中所提优化目标及约束条件,采用离散粒子群算法进行寻优,分别得到两个目标条件下各调频资源装机容量占比,如图7图8所示,储能与抽水蓄能装机容量提升百分比如图9图10所示。
储能电池可快速满足短期需求,且不受地理条件限制,在新能源占比较低时,为实现有效调频容量最大,应大力配备储能装置,装机容量提升百分比均大于0.8%,而抽水蓄能仅0.4%左右。当新能源占比大于50%时,大规模储能的价格昂贵,维护成本增加,装机容量提升占比均值仅为0.35%,抽水蓄能电站的集中式规模及削风填谷的特性使其优势更加凸显,容量提升百分比大于0.8%,且与新能源占比成正相关,当保证电化学储能稳步提升时,应大力发展抽水蓄能电站。
风机和光伏机组装机容量提升百分比如图11图12所示。在新能源占比较低时,由于风电可靠性优于光伏,为获得更大的调频容量,在新能源占比小于50%时,风电占主要部分,容量提升占比均值达到5%,而光伏提升均值仅为3%;华东电网海上风电比例较高[18],度电的运维成本高,因此光伏具有更高的经济性,在以经济性为目标时,光伏容量提升占比值均大于5%。
随着新能源占比增加,风电可开发储量饱和,为获得更大的有效调频容量应增加光伏机组,其容量提升均值达到4.9%,但光伏发电能源转化率低,占地面积较大,在以经济性为目标时应增加风电机组,容量提升占比均值达到5.1%。
综合上文提出的有效调频容量最大与经济性最优两个目标函数,以调频容量为上层优化目标,系统运行成本最小为下层优化目标,利用帕累托多目标优化算法,求解各新能源的最优占比。同时,结合华东电网当前的新能源占比,华东电网四省一市的十四五规划和2030与2060规划目标,分析并预测2020—2050年华东电网电力负荷需求和新能源占比,得到华东电网未来新能源装机容量发展的最优配比如图13所示。
受制于碳达峰、碳中和的目标,火电机组增速放缓,将于2030年达到顶峰,预计2050年华东电网火电机组占比将低于50%。华东电网风光资源丰富,在2020—2035年期间,由于风电机组对地理环境要求高,建设成本高,光伏电站经济优势凸显,虽然光伏调频性能劣于风电,但在新能源占比不高时,可以忽略,因此光伏电站的占比增量高于风电,预测装机容量增速极值达到5 696万kW,增长比例均值达到4.25%。在2035—2050年期间,新能源占比逐渐增高,光伏发展进入瓶颈期,增速放缓,同时高比例的光电需要相匹配的风电来实现风光互补,以达到更高的经济性和可靠性,因此风电优先级要高于光伏,预测装机容量增速极值达到1 718万kW,增长比例均值达到1.8%。应稳步而非盲目发展储能电站,抽水蓄能电站前期投入成本高,在2020—2030年期间,逐步开展抽水蓄能电站探索,预测容量增长比例均值仅为0.8%。在2030—2050年期间,新能源占比较高,为充分利用抽水蓄能电站的优势特性应大力发展抽水蓄能,预测容量增长比例均值达1.1%。
本文对新能源接入下协同调频技术特性及评估进行研究,基于DEMATEL-AISM算法提出了一种新能源调频能力的有效评估方法,前瞻性地分析了华东电网协同调频技术的发展优先级。主要结论如下:
1)通过DEMATEL-AISM算法获得了影响系统频率变化各个因素的权重占比,其中各类机组的容量配置及容量占比为主导因素,影响度为62.44%;外部输入直流功率、机组实际输出功率及机组备用容量为重要因素。
2)为获得更高的有效调频容量,在新能源占比较低时应增加风电机组容量,同时配备储能,两者装机容量提升占比均值为5%和0.8%;在新能源渗透率超过60%后应发展光伏和抽水蓄能电站,两者装机容量提升占比为4.9%和0.8%。
3)为获得更高的经济效益,在新能源占比较低时应增加光伏机组装机容量,其装机容量提升占比值均大于5%;在新能源占比较高时应发展风电和抽水蓄能电站,两者装机容量提升占比分别为5.1%和1%。
本文结合当前华东电网新能源配置以及相关规划文件,提出协同调频技术演进方向的建议,确保华东电网新能源高比例馈入的安全性,为华东电网后续频率设防体系优化升级和频率标准制定提供了理论支撑,但由于未考虑调频技术的迭代升级,此结果具有一定保守性,后续将深入探讨调频技术创新对电力系统的影响,提出更具长期指导意义的协同调频技术的发展优先级及其最优演化路径。
  • 国家电网科技项目(52080023002K)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25288
  • 接收时间:2023-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-28
  • 修回日期:2024-04-23
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国家电网科技项目(52080023002K)
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    1 国家电网有限公司华东分部,上海 200120
    2 上海电力大学 电气工程学院,上海 200090

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姚寅(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为计及新能源与电动汽车的智能电网系统研究,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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