Article(id=1200394759228486140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25387, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695398400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-23, revisedDate=1699200000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126012855, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126012855, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126012855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126012855, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394757995360759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126012562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764148644802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200489684553027931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1200394757995360759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394759421424127, articleId=1200394759228486140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research of IGBT Gate Oscillation Mechanism and Suppression Methods, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid development of modern power electronics technology promotes the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)wide range of applications in the AC motor drive,inverter,switching power supply and new energy industry. In the application process of IGBT,due to the complex and varied circuit topology and system conditions,the problem of gate waveform oscillation usually exists. How to understand the oscillation mechanism and suppress methods becomes the basis of IGBT security and stability application. According to the IGBT internal parasitic parameter structure and switching process,the IGBT gate turn-on oscillation,turn-off oscillation and short-circuit oscillation were introduced in detail,the mathematical model of the gate oscillation process and the oscillation of the radio frequency (RF)positive feedback oscillation (turn-off oscillation and short-circuit oscillation) were deduced. The corrective measures of adding negative feedback or decreasing the positive feedback gain were put forward. By improving the experiment of different oscillations,the effectiveness of the suppression measures was verified,and the stability and reliability of IGBT application were improved.

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现代电力电子技术的不断发展推动了IGBT在交流电机驱动、变频器、开关电源及新能源行业的广泛应用。IGBT在应用过程中,由于电路拓扑和系统工况复杂多变,栅极波形振荡的问题普遍存在,如何认识振荡机理并抑制振荡成为IGBT安全稳定应用的基础。从IGBT内部寄生参数结构和开关过程出发,详细介绍了IGBT栅极开通振荡、关断振荡和短路振荡,推导了开通栅极振荡过程的数学模型及射频振荡(关断振荡与短路振荡)的正反馈振荡机理,提出加入负反馈或降低正反馈增益的修正措施。通过改进不同振荡的实验,验证了抑制措施的有效性,提高了IGBT应用的稳定性与可靠性。

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雷二涛(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向电能质量、无功电压控制,Email:
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张浚坤(1992—),男,博士,主要研究方向为高效高功率密度电源、与电力电子相关的电力系统等技术领域,Email:

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张浚坤(1992—),男,博士,主要研究方向为高效高功率密度电源、与电力电子相关的电力系统等技术领域,Email:

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张浚坤(1992—),男,博士,主要研究方向为高效高功率密度电源、与电力电子相关的电力系统等技术领域,Email:

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Parameters influences turn-off oscillation

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振荡类型 振荡时刻 振荡频率 影响因素
关断振荡 关断过程中的Miller平台 约几十MHz 栅极电阻,模块封装
IGBT参数,dVCE/dtIc
), ArticleFig(id=1200488844920484088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394759228486140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响关断振荡的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振荡类型 振荡时刻 振荡频率 影响因素
关断振荡 关断过程中的Miller平台 约几十MHz 栅极电阻,模块封装
IGBT参数,dVCE/dtIc
), ArticleFig(id=1200488845050507515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394759228486140, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters influences short-circuit oscillation

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短路类型 振荡时刻 振荡频率 影响因素
SC1 短路电流
稳定后
10~20 MHz 模块内部结构,IGBT
特性,低VCE,高VGE
SC2 退饱和阶段 >10 MHz 模块内部结构,IGBT
特性,高VCE,低dVCE/dt
), ArticleFig(id=1200488845134393595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1200394759228486140, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

影响短路振荡的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
短路类型 振荡时刻 振荡频率 影响因素
SC1 短路电流
稳定后
10~20 MHz 模块内部结构,IGBT
特性,低VCE,高VGE
SC2 退饱和阶段 >10 MHz 模块内部结构,IGBT
特性,高VCE,低dVCE/dt
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IGBT栅极振荡机理与抑制方法研究
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张浚坤 1 , 雷二涛 1 , 金莉 1 , 马凯 1 , 夏晨阳 2 , 王茜睿 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(3): 35-42
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(3): 35-42
IGBT栅极振荡机理与抑制方法研究
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张浚坤1 , 雷二涛1 , 金莉1, 马凯1, 夏晨阳2, 王茜睿2
作者信息
  • 1 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510000
  • 2 中国矿业大学 电气工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 张浚坤(1992—),男,博士,主要研究方向为高效高功率密度电源、与电力电子相关的电力系统等技术领域,Email:

通讯作者:

雷二涛(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向电能质量、无功电压控制,Email:
Research of IGBT Gate Oscillation Mechanism and Suppression Methods
Junkun ZHANG1 , Ertao LEI1 , Li JIN1, Kai MA1, Chenyang XIA2, Xirui WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou 510000,Guangdong,China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221116,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25387
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现代电力电子技术的不断发展推动了IGBT在交流电机驱动、变频器、开关电源及新能源行业的广泛应用。IGBT在应用过程中,由于电路拓扑和系统工况复杂多变,栅极波形振荡的问题普遍存在,如何认识振荡机理并抑制振荡成为IGBT安全稳定应用的基础。从IGBT内部寄生参数结构和开关过程出发,详细介绍了IGBT栅极开通振荡、关断振荡和短路振荡,推导了开通栅极振荡过程的数学模型及射频振荡(关断振荡与短路振荡)的正反馈振荡机理,提出加入负反馈或降低正反馈增益的修正措施。通过改进不同振荡的实验,验证了抑制措施的有效性,提高了IGBT应用的稳定性与可靠性。

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)  /  栅极振荡机理  /  抑制方法  /  正反馈

The rapid development of modern power electronics technology promotes the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)wide range of applications in the AC motor drive,inverter,switching power supply and new energy industry. In the application process of IGBT,due to the complex and varied circuit topology and system conditions,the problem of gate waveform oscillation usually exists. How to understand the oscillation mechanism and suppress methods becomes the basis of IGBT security and stability application. According to the IGBT internal parasitic parameter structure and switching process,the IGBT gate turn-on oscillation,turn-off oscillation and short-circuit oscillation were introduced in detail,the mathematical model of the gate oscillation process and the oscillation of the radio frequency (RF)positive feedback oscillation (turn-off oscillation and short-circuit oscillation) were deduced. The corrective measures of adding negative feedback or decreasing the positive feedback gain were put forward. By improving the experiment of different oscillations,the effectiveness of the suppression measures was verified,and the stability and reliability of IGBT application were improved.

insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)  /  gate oscillation mechanism  /  suppression methods  /  positive feedback
张浚坤, 雷二涛, 金莉, 马凯, 夏晨阳, 王茜睿. IGBT栅极振荡机理与抑制方法研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (3) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25387
Junkun ZHANG, Ertao LEI, Li JIN, Kai MA, Chenyang XIA, Xirui WANG. Research of IGBT Gate Oscillation Mechanism and Suppression Methods[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (3) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25387
随着电力电子技术的不断发展,绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)越来越广泛地应用于各个领域。工业转换器、逆变器、电力电子变压器、开关电源、电机控制和其他应用广泛使用模块化IGBT作为开关器件。然而,IGBT的应用涉及到一些需要解决的技术挑战[1-3],其中一个挑战是在某些时刻栅极波形振荡的发生[4-8]。这些振荡包括IGBT开通过程中由于栅极电阻和寄生参数不匹配引起的栅极开通波形振荡[9-10]、IGBT作为反向放大器时由于Colpitts反馈支路的存在引起的关断波形振荡[11-13]及短路条件下由于延迟关断引起的潜在短路振荡[13-17]。这些振荡与IGBT栅极驱动和模块特性密切相关。然而由于驱动器与IGBT模块寄生参数之间的匹配关系具有时变性[18-20],难以建立精确的数学模型。此外,在关断和短路条件下建立振荡模型和确定预测方法具有挑战性,其特点是复杂和不可预测的运行条件[21-23]。因此,在IGBT模块和驱动器的设计中考虑振荡抑制至关重要,旨在最大限度地减少大规模和严重振荡的发生,从而增强系统稳定性[24-25]
目前的研究主要集中在振荡机理和抑制方法上,且大多集中在IGBT模块本身。对于与模块紧密相连的驱动电路研究较少。漂移区电荷载流子密度和电场强度的垂直分布被认为是引起高频短路振荡的主要原因[26],输入直流电压和杂散电感也被认为与栅极振荡有关[27]。文献[28]提出了一种简化的小信号模型来描述振荡机理。以上大多数文章只关注了短路或关断过程中的栅极振荡。为了抑制栅极振荡现象,文献[15,29-30]提出了改善发射极处电场和通过分析外电路参数来确定振荡极限的方法。上述方法均取得了一定的抑制效果,但在用户侧的实际应用较为复杂。
本文以IGBT的内部结构和驱动电路作为研究的出发点,详细分析了IGBT栅极振荡的三种类型及其内在机理,提出了用户侧IGBT应用中避免栅极振荡的解决方案和生产侧抑制振荡的工艺手段。
IGBT结合了MOSFET与BJT双极晶体管的优势,是一种复合全控型功率半导体器件,兼有MOS管高输入阻抗与GTR的低导通压降等优点,已经广泛应用于交流电机驱动、变频器、开关电源等领域。
IGBT的等效电路如图1所示。图中,Rint为IGBT的栅极寄生电阻;CGE,CGC和CCE分别为栅射极电容、米勒电容和集射极电容。IGBT大致开关过程为:开通时,驱动器先给CGE充电,当其电压达到阈值电压Vge(th)时,IGBT开通,驱动器给CGE和CGC同时充电,栅极电压出现米勒平台,最终继续上升达到正向电压最大值;关断时CGC与CGE同时放电,栅极电压下降至米勒平台,此时CGC单独放电,发生强烈米勒效应,之后CGC与CGE继续放电至反向电压最大值。
在IGBT的参数手册中,给出三个电容值,分别为:输入电容Cies=CGC+CGE,输出电容Coes= CGC+CCE,反向传输电容Cres=CGC
栅极驱动器作为驱动IGBT正常开关、提供驱动功率与各类保护的装置,与IGBT模块联系最为紧密,因此驱动器的性能对于IGBT而言十分重要。在驱动器电路中由于制作工艺与连接线材料的限制,必然会有寄生参数的存在。含寄生参数栅极驱动器等效电路如图2所示。
驱动器振荡是IGBT振荡类型中最为常见的情况,通常是因为门极电阻RGon,RGoff和引线电感LG与额外附加电容CG发生谐振效应,导致栅极波形出现超调不稳定现象。
栅极开通波形振荡容易导致以下危害:
1)引起IGBT驱动器损坏,无法维持栅极电压,系统无法正常工作。
2)导致IGBT栅极振荡,引起模块PCB失效。
3)容易导致VGE超过阈值电压,引起IGBT误导通,进而引发短路等故障。
分析寄生参数不匹配导致的栅极振荡,需要分析驱动器与IGBT的联系电路。由于栅极振荡的频率通常远高于平时的开关频率,因此在米勒平台期间栅极电压相对固定,对快速的振荡影响较小。与内部的米勒效应相比,电路布局、寄生电感、驱动器特性等外部因素可能更为重要。IGBT在开通时忽略米勒电容,可以近似看作一个输入电容Cies,通常栅极波形振荡发生在开通时刻,含有寄生参数的栅极驱动电路(图2)化简可得IGBT栅极处等效电路如图3所示,其中,RΣ=Rgon+RintLσ=Lgon+LGvg为驱动电压,输入电容Cies=CGC+CGE
在开通过程中,驱动电压vg由闭锁电压-15 V上升至开通电压+15 V,在该阶段,驱动电压通过开通电阻与Lσ为输入电容Cies充电,因此该阶段可视为二阶电路全响应。根据电路暂态过程分析理论,简化门极驱动传递函数得到二阶系统标准型:
$G\left(s\right)=\frac{1/\left({L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}\right)}{{s}^{2}+2({R}_{\mathrm{\Sigma }}/2\cdot \sqrt{{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}/{L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}})\sqrt{1/\left({L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}\right)}s+1/\left({L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}\right)}$
比对二阶系统传递函数形式,可以得到系统振荡角频率ωn和阻尼系数ζ
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}=1/\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}}\\ \zeta =\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{\Sigma }}}{2}\sqrt{{C}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}/{L}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}}\end{array}\right.$
根据ζ的取值分三种情况讨论:
1)当ζ∈(0,1)时,系统为欠阻尼状态,阶跃响应为
${v}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)={v}_{\mathrm{g}+}-\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{g}+}}{\sqrt{1-{\zeta }^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta {\omega }_{n}t}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\omega }_{n}\sqrt{1-{\zeta }^{2}}t+\varphi )$
其中
$\varphi =\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{ }\zeta $
式中:ϕ为阻尼角。
存在稳态分量和一个正弦振荡分量,振荡幅度由vg+ζ决定。
2)当ζ=1时,系统为临界阻尼状态,阶跃响应为
${v}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)={v}_{\mathrm{g}+}-{v}_{\mathrm{g}+}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}t}(1+{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}t)$
3)当ζ∈(1,∞)时,系统为过阻尼状态,阶跃响应为
${v}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)={v}_{\mathrm{g}+}+{v}_{\mathrm{g}+}\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{1}}}{{\tau }_{2}/{\tau }_{1}-1}+{v}_{\mathrm{g}+}\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{2}}}{{\tau }_{2}/{\tau }_{1}-1}$
其中
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\tau }_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}(\zeta -\sqrt{{\zeta }^{2}-1})} \\ {\tau }_{2}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}(\zeta +\sqrt{{\zeta }^{2}-1})}\end{array}\right.$
不同阻尼系数的门极电压波形如图4所示。对于门极信号传递函数的稳定性,我们可以通过改变阻尼系数的值来调整,而ζ的值由RgonLσCies决定,一般而言,线路寄生参数电感值不易调整,而门极电阻的阻值调整比较方便。
由于过阻尼系统响应速度慢,IGBT缓慢的开通速度会使得其损耗较大,而且IGBT在开通延迟内会一直处于线性工作区,导致门极振荡严重,损伤器件结构,因此通常不采取阻尼系数过大的配置。工程上的经验认为,门极电压可以允许小部分的振荡存在,这样做开通损耗会得到优化,同时也不会影响di/dt的安全工作区,因此阻尼系数的选择变得多样化。在大功率IGBT的驱动器中,器件开通损耗很大,尽量避免开通过于缓慢,且器件的di/dt承受能力较高,通常ζ取值在0.7~1.5范围内较为合适,小功率IGBT的ζ取值在2.0~3.0较为合适。
为了验证栅极电阻选择方法的正确性,文章选取三菱的一款1 200 V IGBT进行测试,其测试电路原理图如图5所示。图中,RΣ为驱动器开通电阻与寄生电阻之和,Lσ为驱动器寄生电感,D为上管IGBT的反并联二极管,Lload为负载电感,Ls为功率回路中的寄生电感,vg为IGBT模块外部和驱动器进行连接的端子间电压。在双脉冲测试过程中上管IGBT保持闭锁,通过驱动器为下管栅极发送两次开通的脉冲信号,最终获取模块相关的暂态特性。
IGBT开关栅极振荡测试平台如图6所示。为了获取较快的IGBT开通速度并且满足开关损耗较小的原则,初始测试中将栅极电阻设定为0.5 Ω,栅极最大振荡电压达到37 V。经过测量,驱动器的引线电感为40 nH,IGBT输入电容Cies为100 nF,栅极寄生电阻为0.3 Ω,按照电阻选择原则计算最小开通电阻Rg为1.0 Ω左右,因此调整开通电阻为1.5 Ω,相同电压电流等级测试后得到稳定的开通波形,栅极振荡电压仅为5 V,如图7所示。其中,ID为二极管电流,VF为二极管电压,Vge为门极电压,Eon为开通损耗。
功率器件一个重要指标是开关损耗,通常与IGBT开通速度成反比关系,它对器件的温升有着很大的影响,因此在应用时会在安全工作区内尽量加快IGBT开通速度,常规的IGBT驱动器可变的仅仅是栅极开通电阻,需要综合考虑驱动电阻阻值大小,均衡开关速度与损耗的关系。另一种常规的方法是IGBT驱动器中在栅极和发射极之间额外附加电容CG,如图8所示,在IGBT开通时需要同时给CG和Cies充电,在不改变栅极开通电阻的情况下减缓了开通速度,起到抑制振荡的作用,缺点是会使IGBT关断速度减慢,增大关断损耗。
IGBT可以看成一个反相放大器,此时IGBT处于放大工作区,若IGBT输入信号(门极驱动信号)能够没有相位差地反馈到输入端,则系统的放大倍数降低,此时形成负反馈;若有一定相位差,系统的放大倍数会越来越大,会导致正反馈,并且可能导致振荡产生。形成IGBT反馈支路的元件有模块米勒电容CGC,CGE,CCE和杂散电感LG,如图9所示,这样组成的振荡回路称之为Colpitts振荡,其回路正反馈示意图如图10所示。产生振荡不仅会影响IGBT模块误导通和误关断,影响系统正常工作甚至发生危险,同时其产生的EMI会干扰周围电子电路,影响系统稳定性。
图11所示为Colpitts反馈振荡电路,IGBT在关断过程中,集射极电压的变化率dVCE/dt通过Miller电容CGC反馈到IGBT的门极,产生位移电流iGC
${i}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}}={C}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{E}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$

ΔVGE=iGC⋅(Rg,int+Rg+Rdr)

该电流通过IGBT模块内部的寄生电阻Rg,int、外部门极电阻Rg和驱动器的电阻Rdr,在门极产生附加压降,在VCE缓慢上升时,门极电压会处于Miller平台,该位移电流有利于保持Miller平台稳定。
在IGBT硬关断时,存在较大的集电极电流IC,根据IGBT的半导体特性,其Miller电容随着IC的增大而变大,因此如果IGBT芯片并联使用时,正反馈容易引起振荡,表1为影响IGBT关断时振荡的主要参数。
为了抑制关断振荡现象,器件生产厂家可通过调节模块内部寄生电阻、降低Miller电容、提高模块栅射极电压、设计并联性能更加优异的模块封装等方式进行产品性能优化。
对于应用对象来说,可以通过调节栅极关断电阻来抑制振荡的产生,但栅极关断电阻过小会导致IGBT关断过快,在集电极出现很高的电压尖峰。因此在进行关断电阻选择时要权衡这两方面,具体方法如下:若偶尔出现关断振荡,且振荡幅度不是很大时,可以忽略;若频繁出现振荡或幅度很大时,可以将关断电阻减小为原来的0.6~0.8倍,此时观察是否出现振荡以及集电极关断过电压是否满足要求。
为了验证修改栅极关断电阻对于抑制关断振荡的有效性,本文采取额定电压为1 200 V的英飞凌IGBT模块进行700 V/600 A的开关实验,相关波形如图12所示。在首次测量中,栅极关断电阻为7.8 Ω,测试结果显示在该实验条件下发生栅极与集电极电压振荡,栅极振荡电压最大值为20 V;根据已有分析,将关断电阻更换为5.5 Ω,即原有关断电阻0.6~0.8倍后,振荡得到有效抑制,栅极振荡电压下降至5 V,同时发现关断速度变快。
减小栅极关断电阻之后,虽然栅极振荡抑制效果较好,却使得稳定的集电极电压尖峰变高,此时就需要依赖栅极有源钳位进行尖峰抑制。通过在集电极与栅极加入双向TVS,形成对集电极电压的闭环负反馈控制,能有效降低电压尖峰。IGBT有源钳位电路与原理如图13所示。
短路振荡与短路类型有关,IGBT有两种短路类型,分别是SC1与SC2。SC1型短路是指在IGBT开通前已经发生短路故障,即IGBT所在桥臂或支路发生短路以后,该IGBT开通进入短路状态;SC2型短路是指由于IGBT的导通导致了短路的发生。这两种短路引发的振荡有所区别,在SC1型短路的发生过程中,短路电流在稳定之后的很短时间内发生振荡,栅极电压出现明显的振荡,同时集射极电压和集电极电流也可能出现较为明显的振荡现象;SC2型短路振荡则是发生在IGBT退饱和过程,栅极电压出现明显振荡现象,但是集射极电压与集电极电流振荡现象不明显。IGBT两种短路振荡类型的电压、电流波形如图14所示,影响短路振荡的参数如表2所示。
短路时,IGBT集射极电压VCE出现较高的变化率dVCE/dt,特别是在SC2短路中,IGBT从导通时的低饱和压降状态迅速进入退饱和状态,此时,IGBT承受直流母线电压和由于杂散电感引起的电压尖峰之和,这样的电压变化率会产生很大的反馈电流iGC,可能导致IGBT门极电容继续充电,使得门极电压继续升高甚至超过IGBT的最高标称门极电压阈值,由于IGBT可以看成由跨导组成的放大器,集电极电流变大,进一步加深短路效应,形成正反馈。因此,限制门极电压对于短路电流的抑制和模块剧烈振荡有重要意义。对于应用IGBT的对象来说,可以采取以下措施进行改进:
1)在驱动器中使用较小的门极电阻Rg,这样会降低由于位移电流iGC引起的压降,抑制门极电压,防止振荡的发生。
2)使用在栅极和发射极之间外接附加电容CG的IGBT驱动器,这样位移电流在给模块门极电容充电的同时,也需要给CG充电,可以抑制门极电压的上升,但模块内部的寄生电阻会解耦内外电容,限制增益。
3)采用接地式的IGBT驱动器。器件生产厂家可以调整IGBT内部的寄生门极电阻,增加门极电阻会大大减小振荡,调整IGBT的阈值电压Vge(th),提升阈值电压势必减缓了IGBT开通的速度,加快关断速度,有利于抑制振荡,同时也可以改变模块布局,如通过制造工艺的改进减少内部的反馈回路,防止反馈进入模块等。经过改进后的IGBT短路波形如图15所示。
本文以IGBT及其驱动电路作为出发点,详细探讨了引发IGBT栅极波形振荡的三个主要类型以及相关产生机理,通过推导栅极开通振荡的数学模型,提出了可以抑制栅极开通振荡现象的系统阻尼参数的选择方式与调整原则。同时针对IGBT作为反向放大器所引起的正反馈振荡机制进行分析研究。
对于振荡现象,文章提出了一系列引入负反馈回路或降低正反馈增益的抑制措施,具体包括:通过调整IGBT栅极电阻、引入有源钳位等措施抑制关断振荡;采用栅极电阻调整策略、外接CG的驱动器和适当的接地措施以抑制短路振荡。通过针对各种振荡类型的系统优化实验,验证了相关修正措施的有效性,为确保IGBT系统的可靠性和稳定性提供了理论依据和实际验证。
  • 南方电网重点科研项目(GDKJXM20212014)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25387
  • 接收时间:2023-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-06
基金
南方电网重点科研项目(GDKJXM20212014)
作者信息
    1 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510000
    2 中国矿业大学 电气工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116

通讯作者:

雷二涛(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向电能质量、无功电压控制,Email:
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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