Article(id=1195748953808482800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24588, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661443200000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-26, revisedDate=1666022400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763018366528, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763018366528, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763018366528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763018366528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195748950557901709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763018365754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763022843823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195767733011923850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195767733011923851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195748953980449267, articleId=1195748953808482800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Simulation and Research on ECVT Signal Processing Circuit of Primary and Secondary Fusion Equipment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The secondary voltage signal output by electronic capacitive voltage transformer in the primary and secondary fusion equipment is very weak,which is easy to be interfered by high-order harmonics,resulting in unstable signal transmission. In order to solve these problems,a high-order and high-precision filter based on Sallen-Key was proposed to suppress harmonics and reduce the interference to the working signals. Firstly,the working principle of the transformer was analyzed. Then,based on the principle and the working frequency band of the primary and secondary fusion equipment,the integration circuit and filter circuit were studied and designed with Matlab/Simulink simulation software. Finally,the filtering circuit was optimized and the whole circuit was simulated. The results show that the optimized circuit can suppress the interference of high-order harmonics more effectively and ensure the stable output of fundamental wave.

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针对电容分压式电子式电压互感器在一二次融合设备中输出的二次电压信号微弱、容易受到高次谐波干扰、信号传输不稳定等问题,提出了一种基于Sallen-Key型的高阶高精度滤波器来抑制谐波,减少对工作信号的干扰。首先对互感器的工作原理进行了分析,然后基于该原理和一二次融合设备的工作频带,结合Matlab/Simulink仿真软件对积分电路和滤波电路进行研究设计,最后对滤波电路环节进行优化,对整体电路进行仿真。结果表明,优化后的电路能够更有效地抑制高次谐波的干扰,保证基波稳定输出。

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郭佳豪(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网,Email:

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郭佳豪(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网,Email:

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郭佳豪(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网,Email:

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一二次融合设备ECVT信号处理电路仿真与研究
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郭佳豪 1 , 杨雄 1 , 方鑫 1 , 管嘉敏 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(1): 27-32
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(1): 27-32
一二次融合设备ECVT信号处理电路仿真与研究
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郭佳豪1 , 杨雄1, 方鑫1, 管嘉敏2
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
  • 2 南京工程学院 机械工程学院,江苏 南京 211167
  • 郭佳豪(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网,Email:

Simulation and Research on ECVT Signal Processing Circuit of Primary and Secondary Fusion Equipment
GUO Jiahao1 , YANG Xiong1, FANG Xin1, GUAN Jiamin2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 211103,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Nanjing Institute of Technology,Nanjing 211167,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-01-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24588
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针对电容分压式电子式电压互感器在一二次融合设备中输出的二次电压信号微弱、容易受到高次谐波干扰、信号传输不稳定等问题,提出了一种基于Sallen-Key型的高阶高精度滤波器来抑制谐波,减少对工作信号的干扰。首先对互感器的工作原理进行了分析,然后基于该原理和一二次融合设备的工作频带,结合Matlab/Simulink仿真软件对积分电路和滤波电路进行研究设计,最后对滤波电路环节进行优化,对整体电路进行仿真。结果表明,优化后的电路能够更有效地抑制高次谐波的干扰,保证基波稳定输出。

一二次融合设备  /  电子式电压互感器  /  滤波电路  /  频率特性

The secondary voltage signal output by electronic capacitive voltage transformer in the primary and secondary fusion equipment is very weak,which is easy to be interfered by high-order harmonics,resulting in unstable signal transmission. In order to solve these problems,a high-order and high-precision filter based on Sallen-Key was proposed to suppress harmonics and reduce the interference to the working signals. Firstly,the working principle of the transformer was analyzed. Then,based on the principle and the working frequency band of the primary and secondary fusion equipment,the integration circuit and filter circuit were studied and designed with Matlab/Simulink simulation software. Finally,the filtering circuit was optimized and the whole circuit was simulated. The results show that the optimized circuit can suppress the interference of high-order harmonics more effectively and ensure the stable output of fundamental wave.

primary and secondary fusion equipment  /  electronic voltage transformers  /  filter circuit  /  frequency characteristics
郭佳豪, 杨雄, 方鑫, 管嘉敏. 一二次融合设备ECVT信号处理电路仿真与研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (1) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24588
GUO Jiahao, YANG Xiong, FANG Xin, GUAN Jiamin. Simulation and Research on ECVT Signal Processing Circuit of Primary and Secondary Fusion Equipment[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (1) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24588
近年来,随着国网实施配电一二次同步规划、同步设计、同步建设,配网设备采取一二次整体设计、相互融合、整体招标的方式应用于现场,促进配电一二次融合技术快速发展[1]。而在一二次融合技术发展的过程中,电子式互感器相较于传统互感器的优越性就显现了出来。传统互感器稳态测量性能较好,而对于故障暂态,互感器容易发生饱和,造成测量误差。为提高暂态电量的测量精度,取而代之的是电子式互感器,暂态测量性能大大提升。另外,电子式互感器体积小的特点也有利于将其由外置改为内置于测量本体中融合为一体[2-3]
文献[4]和文献[5]对电子式电压互感器的积分电路进行了研究,其中文献[4]分析了RC无源积分电路和有源积分电路的数学模型和频率特性,并将二者级联构成复合积分电路;文献[5]提出一种双积分还原电路,采用主调理积分电路和辅助调理积分电路互相配合的方法对信号实现准确传变。文献[6]对罗氏线圈电子式互感器的积分电路、滤波电路、移相电路的传变特性进行了研究,并对积分电路的元器件参数进行优化,提高了互感器受雷击影响传变的精确性。文献[7]和文献[8]分别对电子式互感器的滤波算法和移相算法提出了改进,提高了互感器的测量精度。文献[9]对电子式电流互感器误差模型进行研究,并提出一种新误差状态预测方法防范贸易结算风险。文献[10]在电流互感器的测量中引入EMD算法,滤除大量谐波,提高了测量精度。
一二次融合设备测量系统中电容分压式电子式电压互感器(electronic capacitive voltage transformer,ECVT)输出信号微弱、幅值小,且易受高次谐波影响,输出信号不稳定,针对这些问题,需要在ECVT单元后设计添加信号处理电路,确保能稳定获得测量所得信号并保证其精确性。
图1为一二次融合设备中ECVT单元的等效电路图。
图1中,根据基尔霍夫电流定律得出输出电压与输入电压的关系,并通过拉普拉斯变换得出二者关系式为
s C 1 ( U 1 - U 2 ) = s C 2 U 2 + U 2 R 1
求得一次电压与二次电压之间的传递函数为
G ( s ) = U 2 U 1 = s C 1 R 1 s R 1 ( C 1 + C 2 ) + 1
s R 1 ( C 1 + C 2 ) 1时,
G ( s ) = U 2 U 1 s C 1 R 1
u 2 ( t ) = C 1 R 1 d U 1 d t
由式(4)可见二次电压 u 2 ( t )与一次电压U1的微分成正比[11-12],系数为高压臂电容C1和采样电阻R1的乘积。ECVT处于微分工作模式,需要加入积分电路以还原测量电压;且由于C1电容值一般为pF量级,二次信号幅值十分微弱,易受谐波干扰,因此加入滤波电路来保证基波稳定输出。
图2为一二次融合设备ECVT测量流程框图。
常用的积分电路包含无源积分电路和有源积分电路。无源积分电路由电阻和电容元件构成,结构简单,在高频段工作特性较好,但对于低频段信号灵敏度较低。一二次深度融合设备中ECVT输出信号的频率在工频到几kHz之内,属于较低频段信号,因此无源积分电路并不适用于此系统。而由集成运放构成的有源积分电路在低频段中工作特性较好,适用于该系统。
图3为基本的有源积分电路。
图3中,以理想有源积分电路为基础,在积分电容侧并联一个反馈电阻可有效抑制积分漂移的影响,其传递函数为
G ( s ) = U 2 U 1 = - R 3 s C 1 R 1 R 3 + R 1
sC1R3>>1时,U2 -U1/(sC1R1) ,二次输出电压与一次电压呈积分关系,可实现信号的积分作用。
利用Matlab/Simulink软件建立积分电路的数学模型,取R1=0.1 MΩ,C1=0.1 μF固定不变,仿真得出Bode图并研究其幅频特性,如图4所示。可以发现,该积分电路工作性能良好,且改变R3的大小可以改变积分器对低频信号的灵敏度。
由于二次电压信号中存在着高次谐波,可能会影响最终测量的准确性,且对于电气元件也会造成一定的损坏,影响使用寿命,因此在信号处理电路中设计并添加滤波电路,以实现保证基波稳定通过、滤除二次信号中的高次谐波、提高测量精确性的目的。
常用的滤波电路有巴特沃斯、切比雪夫、贝塞尔滤波电路3种,其中巴特沃斯滤波器在通频带内的幅频特性曲线没有起伏,最大限度平坦[13]。在一二次深度融合设备系统中,一次信号为10 kV的工频交流电,属于低频范畴,ECVT输出的二次电压信号中含有的谐波大多为63次左右的高次谐波。为确保基波稳定通过,并滤除高次谐波,滤波器需要保证最大限度的通带平坦度。因此巴特沃斯滤波器是一二次融合设备系统滤波单元的最佳选择。
图5所示为巴特沃斯滤波器的一种等效电路图,该二阶有源低通滤波电路又称为Sallen-Key电路[14-15],其中电阻R1R2相等,电容C1C2相等,可表达为R1=R2=RC1=C2=C。该电路由两节RC滤波电路和比例放大电路组成,比例放大电路的增益即为该低通滤波电路的增益,其增益AVF
A V F = 1 + R 4 / R 3
该电路传递函数为
$A(s)=\frac{U_{2}}{U_{1}}=\frac{A_{\mathrm{VF}}}{1+\left(3-A_{\mathrm{VF}}\right) s C R+(s C R)^{2}}$
ω c = 1 R C
Q = 1 3 - A V F
可得传递函数为
A ( s ) = A V F ω c 2 s 2 + ω c Q s + ω c 2
同时,该电路传递函数还可以表示为
G ( s ) = U 2 U 1 = 1 + R 4 R 3 s 2 R 1 R 2 C 1 C 2 + s [ ( R 1 + R 2 ) C 2 - R 4 R 1 C 1 R 3 ] + 1
式中: ω c为特征角频率;Q为等效品质因数。
由式(7)可以看出,当AVF≥3时,该电路会发生自激振荡,因此得保证AVF<3滤波电路才会稳定工作。
在滤波电路中电容C的值通常是根据滤波器的截止频率选取的,在一二次深度融合设备系统中,二次侧电压信号含有的谐波大多为63次左右的高次谐波,所以取滤波器的截止频率fc = 3 200 Hz,查询设计数据表后取C1=C2=C=8 nF,又因为
ω c = 2 π f c
联立式(8)与式(12)可得电阻R=6.2 kΩ,所以R1=R2=R=6.2 kΩ。
取等效品质因数Q=0.707构成巴特沃斯滤波器,此时幅频特性曲线最为平坦。由式(9)可得电压增益AVF≈1.586,再根据式(6),选取R3=10 kΩ,R4=5.86 kΩ。利用Matlab/Simulink建立该二阶有源低通滤波电路数学模型,仿真所得频率特性如图6所示。
图6可以看出,该低通滤波电路的幅频和相频特性曲线在低频范围内(50 Hz左右)足够稳定,随着频率的升高,超过3 200 Hz后,幅频和相频特性曲线都有所下降,此时电压信号的幅值减小,相位滞后。因此,该低通滤波电路可以滤除一二次融合设备中二次侧信号的高次谐波,保证基波稳定通过。
结合一二次融合设备系统ECVT单元与上述信号处理电路,建立系统整体模型,如图7所示。互感器输出的二次电压信号会通过一段8~10 m的电缆线传输至测量终端,取电缆线电阻Rline=1 Ω。
图7可得系统传递函数为
H ( s ) = s C 1 R s R ( C 1 + C 2 ) + 1 × ( -   R 2 R 1 ) × ( -   R 5 s C 3 R 4 R 5 + R 4 ) × 1 + R 10 R 9 s 2 R 7 R 8 C 4 C 5 + s [ ( R 7 + R 8 ) C 5 - R 10 R 7 C 4 R 9 ] + 1
其中,电子式电压互感器的参数为:C1=300 pF,C2=530 nF,R=100 Ω。
图8为一二次融合设备ECVT整体电路的频率特性曲线。由图8可知,ECVT在低频工作带的工作性能相对较好。
在一二次融合设备中,一次侧电压为工频10 kV、相角0°的交流电,经二次侧ECVT采样后,输出的电压信号如图9所示,为最大值小于0.1 V的余弦波形,十分微弱,从而导致在现场环境中输出的二次信号受谐波干扰严重。
增加滤波器的阶数可以使过渡带变窄,滤波电路的阶数越高,则滤波器所抑制的信号衰减越快,滤波器的工作性能越好。为了提高一二次融合ECVT测量单元最后输出波形的精度,就必须保证滤波器对于干扰信号抑制的有效性和快速性,因此提出了一种基于Sallen-Key型的高阶高精度滤波器,如图10所示。
根据该滤波器的结构推导出数学模型如下式所示:
$\begin{aligned}G(s)= & \frac{1+\frac{R_{4}}{R_{3}}}{s^{2} R_{1} R_{2} C_{1} C_{2}+s\left[\left(R_{1}+R_{2}\right) C_{2}-\frac{R_{4} R_{1} C_{1}}{R_{3}}\right]+1} \times \\& \frac{1}{s^{2} R_{5} R_{6} C_{3} C_{4}+s\left(R_{5}+R_{6}\right) C_{4}+1}\end{aligned}$
然后画出其频率特性曲线与原二阶滤波器的频率特性曲线作对比,如图11所示。
图11可以看出,改进后的高阶滤波器虽然在结构上有所改变,但其原有的高增益精度不受影响,由曲线中的4 dB可以推出对基波的增益约为1.585,与原二阶滤波器的设计增益1.586近乎相等;此外,对于基波到63次谐波的频段信号具有优良的幅值和相位响应特性,精度高、相移小;对高频干扰具有锐截止特性,能够快速衰减其幅值,减少对工作信号的干扰,保证工作信号的稳定输出。
优化后的整体电路模型如图12所示,模型中ECVT单元与各部分电路都是串联关系。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真建立其数学模型,与原电路的频率特性曲线对比,如图13所示,可以看出采用基于Sallen-Key型的高阶高精度滤波器之后,ECVT在工作带性能依旧稳定,而对于干扰信号抑制速度更快,其幅值和相位滞后更大,高效地滤除了二次信号的干扰信号,保证基波稳定输出。
最后搭建电路仿真模型,一次侧输入为工频10 kV的正弦波型,二次侧经过处理环节后最终输出电压波形如图14所示,有效值约为4 V、频率50 Hz的正弦波,表明所设计的信号处理电路可以有效还原、放大ECVT测量电压并进行稳定输出。
本文主要对一二次融合设备中的电容分压式电子式互感器原理进行了研究,在ECVT微分工作理论的基础上,主要对积分电路和滤波电路进行了研究,并提出了一种基于Sallen-Key型的高阶高精度滤波器,加强滤波环节对干扰信号的抑制效果,以达成保证基波稳定输出的目的。利用Matlab软件对各部分电路以及整体系统电路进行模型搭建,仿真研究频率特性,通过对比发现该高阶滤波器能保持原有的增益精度,并具有锐截止特性,能够更快速地滤除高频干扰信号。结果表明,所设计的信号处理电路能使一二次融合设备ECVT单元在低频范围内稳定工作,保证输出电压的稳定性。
  • 国网江苏电力有限公司科技项目(J2021016)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24588
  • 接收时间:2022-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-26
  • 修回日期:2022-10-18
基金
国网江苏电力有限公司科技项目(J2021016)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
    2 南京工程学院 机械工程学院,江苏 南京 211167
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