Article(id=1195748951942017510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24461, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656691200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-02, revisedDate=1660233600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763018366084, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763018366084, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763018366084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763018366084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195748950557901709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763018365754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763022843823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195767733011923850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195767733011923851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1195748950557901709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195748953091256809, articleId=1195748951942017510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Multi-time Scale Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Microgrid Consider Scheduling Priority, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the large increase of load users,the load side adjustable resources gradually increase,and the load side demand response(DR) resources are used to participate in microgrid scheduling to improve the level of new energy consumption. In order to give full play to the scheduling potential of DR resources and optimize the user side load management capability, a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy for microgrids that takes into account scheduling priorities was proposed. Firstly,according to the response characteristics of different DR resources,the price-based demand response(PDR) resources and incentive-based demand response(IDR) resources were subdivided into five types,and a DR model was constructed to match the scheduling period. Secondly,the multi-times cale optimal scheduling model of "day-intra-day 1 h-intra-day 15 min" was constructed,optimized scheduling of various adjustable resources in the microgrid,and established priority weights for real-time adjustable resources that have a direct impact on users' electricity consumption behavior. Finally,taking an actual microgrid as an example in Fujian,the simulation verifies the validity of the model.

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随着负荷用户的大量增长,负荷侧可调资源逐渐增多,利用负荷侧需求响应资源参与微电网调度,以提升新能源消纳水平。为充分发挥需求响应资源调度潜力,优化用户侧负荷管理能力,提出一种计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化调度策略。首先根据不同需求响应资源响应特性进行划分,将价格型需求响应资源与激励型需求响应资源细分为5种类型,构建需求响应模型与调度时段进行匹配;其次,构建“日前-日内1 h-日内15 min”的微电网多时间尺度优化调度模型,对微电网内各类可调资源进行优化调度,并针对直接影响用户用电行为的实时可调资源建立优先级权重;最后,以福建地区某实际微电网为例,仿真验证了该模型的有效性。

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陈灵(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统调控运行技术,Email:

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陈灵(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统调控运行技术,Email:

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陈灵(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统调控运行技术,Email:

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label=Fig.11, caption=Scheduling result of each user considering the user priority, figureFileSmall=Vclrz6CzvupC347Z1nQPzA==, figureFileBig=EqDKVjn5EBTY0Xl9gCezcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197108659311395124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1195748951942017510, language=CN, label=图11, caption=计及用户优先级后各用户的调度结果, figureFileSmall=Vclrz6CzvupC347Z1nQPzA==, figureFileBig=EqDKVjn5EBTY0Xl9gCezcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197108659378503990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1195748951942017510, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of unit

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名称 数值
柴油发电单位运行成本系数/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.296
柴油发电机单位燃料成本系数/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.088
柴油发电机出力的下限/kW 10
柴油发电机出力的上限/kW 54
柴油发电机最大向上爬坡功率/kW 30
柴油发电机最大向下爬坡功率/kW 30
储能装置单位运行成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.032 2
储能装置充放电运行效率 90%
风电机组单位出力成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.029 6
单位弃风成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1197108659449807160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1195748951942017510, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 数值
柴油发电单位运行成本系数/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.296
柴油发电机单位燃料成本系数/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.088
柴油发电机出力的下限/kW 10
柴油发电机出力的上限/kW 54
柴油发电机最大向上爬坡功率/kW 30
柴油发电机最大向下爬坡功率/kW 30
储能装置单位运行成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.032 2
储能装置充放电运行效率 90%
风电机组单位出力成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.029 6
单位弃风成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1197108659512721722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1195748951942017510, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Unit scheduling cost factor of IDR

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IDR类型 单位调度成本/[元·(kW·h)-1]
A类 0.125
B类 0.15
C类 0.175
D类 0.2
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IDR 单位调度成本系数

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IDR类型 单位调度成本/[元·(kW·h)-1]
A类 0.125
B类 0.15
C类 0.175
D类 0.2
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Parameters of user preferences

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用户类型 经济偏好 舒适偏好
居民 0.7 0.3
商业 0.5 0.5
工业 1 0
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用户偏好参数

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用户类型 经济偏好 舒适偏好
居民 0.7 0.3
商业 0.5 0.5
工业 1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1197108659785351490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1195748951942017510, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of scheduling results in different scenarios

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场景 用户类型 调度补贴/元 用户满意度/%
场景1 居民 13.14 33.50
商业 11.19 46.03
工业 25.51 27.57
场景2 居民 12.46 33.32
商业 12.46 45.58
工业 24.92 26.93
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不同场景调度结果对比

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场景 用户类型 调度补贴/元 用户满意度/%
场景1 居民 13.14 33.50
商业 11.19 46.03
工业 25.51 27.57
场景2 居民 12.46 33.32
商业 12.46 45.58
工业 24.92 26.93
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计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化调度策略
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陈灵
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(1): 61-67
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(1): 61-67
计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化调度策略
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陈灵
作者信息
  • 国网福建省电力有限公司,福建 福州 350000
  • 陈灵(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型电力系统调控运行技术,Email:

Multi-time Scale Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Microgrid Consider Scheduling Priority
CHEN Ling
Affiliations
  • State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Fuzhou 350000,Fujian,China
出版时间: 2024-01-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24461
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随着负荷用户的大量增长,负荷侧可调资源逐渐增多,利用负荷侧需求响应资源参与微电网调度,以提升新能源消纳水平。为充分发挥需求响应资源调度潜力,优化用户侧负荷管理能力,提出一种计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化调度策略。首先根据不同需求响应资源响应特性进行划分,将价格型需求响应资源与激励型需求响应资源细分为5种类型,构建需求响应模型与调度时段进行匹配;其次,构建“日前-日内1 h-日内15 min”的微电网多时间尺度优化调度模型,对微电网内各类可调资源进行优化调度,并针对直接影响用户用电行为的实时可调资源建立优先级权重;最后,以福建地区某实际微电网为例,仿真验证了该模型的有效性。

多时间尺度调度  /  调度优先级  /  用户评价  /  需求响应资源  /  微电网

With the large increase of load users,the load side adjustable resources gradually increase,and the load side demand response(DR) resources are used to participate in microgrid scheduling to improve the level of new energy consumption. In order to give full play to the scheduling potential of DR resources and optimize the user side load management capability, a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy for microgrids that takes into account scheduling priorities was proposed. Firstly,according to the response characteristics of different DR resources,the price-based demand response(PDR) resources and incentive-based demand response(IDR) resources were subdivided into five types,and a DR model was constructed to match the scheduling period. Secondly,the multi-times cale optimal scheduling model of "day-intra-day 1 h-intra-day 15 min" was constructed,optimized scheduling of various adjustable resources in the microgrid,and established priority weights for real-time adjustable resources that have a direct impact on users' electricity consumption behavior. Finally,taking an actual microgrid as an example in Fujian,the simulation verifies the validity of the model.

multi-time scale scheduling  /  scheduling priority  /  user evaluation  /  demand response(DR) resources  /  microgrid
陈灵. 计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化调度策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (1) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24461
CHEN Ling. Multi-time Scale Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Microgrid Consider Scheduling Priority[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (1) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24461
由于我国新能源发电比例不断增大[1],需求侧负荷类型逐渐丰富[2],在新能源波动性与负荷不确定性的源荷双侧作用下,含高比例风电出力的微电网优化调度难度增大。因此,研究基于“源荷储互动”进行微电网优化调度方法,充分发挥各类可调资源的调度潜力,对提升微电网运行经济性具有重要意义[3]
随着人民电能需求的增加,需求响应(demand response,DR)资源作为负荷侧重要的可调资源越来越受到研究人员的重视。DR资源主要分为电价型需求响应资源(price-based demand response,PDR)和激励型需求资源(incentive-based demand response,IDR)这两种类型[4-5]。其中,PDR通过电价引导的方式改变用户的用电习惯,响应速度较慢[6-7]。IDR主要通过激励性政策实现负荷调度,具体响应速度受负荷类型与激励性政策影响有所不同[8-9]。以上两种DR资源都能通过需求侧调度提升新能源消纳能力与优化调度经济效益。
文献[10-11]均仅在单一时间尺度对负荷侧一种DR资源进行优化调度,提升了系统优化调度运行的经济效益,但没有充分发挥负荷侧资源的调度潜力。文献[12]以DR资源的响应速度为依据,对DR资源的调度时段进行划分,并在多时间尺度下进行优化调度,实现源荷互动,但负荷侧调度资源仍然单一,没有对各类负荷进行充分考虑。
以上文献仅以系统内经济性需求为目标实现系统的优化调度,未考虑负荷侧的负荷管理优化机制,忽略了被调度用户的个体意愿。针对以上问题,本文提出了一种计及调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化运行策略。将不同类型的DR资源进行划分,并构建微电网“日前-日内1 h-日内15 min”三个时间尺度的优化调度模型,充分发挥系统内的源荷储可调资源的调度潜力,并考虑被调度用户意愿,对实时可调的DR资源进行优先级的考虑。在满足微电网经济优化调度的基础上,最大限度地尊重用户意愿,提升用户评价。
本文以福建省宁德市某实际微电网结构为例,进行优化调度策略研究,微电网结构图如图1所示。
图1所示,该微电网系统依靠风电出力与向大电网购电作为主要的电能来源,柴油发电机作为辅助电源,以满足用户的电能需求。可调资源主要有柴油发电机、储能装置以及需求响应资源。其中储能装置主要包含蓄电池与超级电容两种,由于他们响应特性的差异性,分日内两个时间尺度对其进行调度安排。
负荷侧需求响应资源主要有PDR资源与IDR资源两种。由于PDR资源响应调度指令的速度较慢,本文将在日前阶段完成PDR的调度计划。又因IDR资源中各负荷调节特性不同,将其分为A类,B类,C类和D类。其中,A类负荷响应时长大于1 h,B类负荷响应时长为15 min~1 h,C类负荷响应时长为5~15 min,D类负荷能够进行实时响应。
柴油发电机的出力成本包含其运行成本与燃料成本两个部分,即
C D E = t = 1 T D E [ α D E P D E ( t ) + β D E P D E ( t ) ]
式中:CDE为柴油发电机的的调度成本;αDE为柴油发电机运行单位成本系数;βDE为柴油发电机单位发电的燃料成本系数;TDE为柴油发电机所在调度时段;PDEt)为柴油发电机在t时刻发出的功率。
其相关运行约束为
P D E , m i n P D E ( t ) P D E , m a x P D E ( t ) - P D E ( t - 1 ) P D E . m a x U P D E ( t - 1 ) - P D E ( t ) P D E . m a x D
式中:PDE,minPDE,max分别为柴油发电机出力的下限值和上限值; P D E . m a x U P D E . m a x D分别为柴油发电机最大向上、向下爬坡功率。
由于负荷侧PDR资源为用户受电价影响而响应,本文不考虑其调度成本大小,仅对其进行约束考虑。
P P D R , m i n P P D R ( t ) P P D R , m a x
式中:PPDR,minPPDR,max分别为价格型需求响应资源可调的下限值和上限值;PPDRt)为t时刻PDR类负荷资源调度功率。
A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源的调度成本如下:
C L A = t = 1 T A j = 1 N A α L A P L A ( t ) C L B = t = 1 T B j = 1 N B α L B P L B ( t ) C L C = t = 1 T C j = 1 N C α L C P L C ( t ) C L D = t = 1 T D j = 1 N D α L D P L D ( t )
式中:CLACLBCLCCLD分别为A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源的调度成本;αLAαLBαLCαLD分别为A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源的单位调度成本;PLAt),PLBt),PLCt)和PLDt)分别为A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源在t时刻的调度功率;TATBTCTD分别为A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源所在调度时段;NANBNC,和ND分别为微电网系统内A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源数量。
A类、B类、C类和D类IDR资源约束大致相同,这里以A类IDR资源调度约束为例,其他IDR资源相关约束将不再赘述。
0 P L A d ( t ) P L A , m a x d 0 P L A c ( t ) P L A , m a x c
式中: P L A d ( t ) P L A c ( t )分别为A类IDR资源在t时刻下调和上调的功率大小; P L A , m a x d P L A , m a x c分别为A类IDR资源在t时刻可下调和上调的最大功率。
储能侧包含蓄电池与超级电容器两种储能设备,由于两者响应调度指令的速度不同,故参与调度的时段也有所不同。其中蓄电池装置调度成本如下所示:
$C^{\mathrm{EES} 1}=\sum_{t=1}^{T_{\mathrm{EES} 1}}\left\{\alpha_{\mathrm{EES} 1}\left[P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{ch}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{dis}}(t)\right]+\right.\frac{\left[P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{ch}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{dis}}(t)\right] C_{\mathrm{EES} 10}}{2 N \times P_{\mathrm{EES} 1 \mathrm{~N}}}\text { \} }$
式中:CEES1为蓄电池装置的调度成本; α E E S 1为蓄电池充放电的单位成本系数; P E E S 1 c h ( t ) P E E S 1 d i s ( t )分别为蓄电池装置在t时刻的充、放电功率;CEES10为蓄电池装置的投资成本;N为蓄电池装置的充放电循环使用次数;PEES1N为蓄电池装置的额定功率;TEES1为蓄电池装置所在调度时段。
该设备运行约束如下所示:
S E E S 1 ( t ) = S E E S 1 ( t - 1 ) + η E E S 1 c h P E E S 1 c h ( t ) - P E E S 1 d i s ( t ) / η E E S 1 d i s P E E S 1 c h ( t ) P E E S 1 , n c h P E E S 1 d i s ( t ) P E E S 1 , n d i s S E E S 1 , m i n S E E S 1 ( t ) S E E S 1 , m a x t = 1 T Δ S E E S 1 ( t ) = 0 P E E S 1 c h ( t ) P E E S 1 d i s ( t ) = 0
式中: S E E S 1 ( t )为蓄电池在t时刻所储电量; η E E S 1 c h η E E S 1 d i s分别为蓄电池的充、放电效率;$P_{\mathrm{EES} 1, \mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{ch}}(t)$,$P_{\mathrm{EES} 1, \mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{dis}}(t)$分别为蓄电池最大充、放电功率; S E E S 1 , m i n S E E S 1 , m a x分别为蓄电池所储电量的上、下限; Δ S E E S 1 ( t )为蓄电池在t时刻与上一时刻储电量的差值。
本文所考虑的其他储能设备相关模型与蓄电池模型大致相同,文中不再赘述。
为提升需求侧用户用能体验,本文提出了一种计及实时DR资源调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度优化策略,其调度策略如图2所示。
1)在日前调度中以风电与负荷日前的预测曲线为场景,确定未来一天中的PDR与A类IDR资源的调度安排。
2)在日内1 h级调度中进行滚动优化,优化计算未来4 h中的调度计划,确定柴油发电机、C类IDR以及蓄电池的调度安排。
3)在日内15 min级调度中进行滚动优化,优化计算未来1 h中的调度计划,确定C,D类IDR以及超级电容器的调度安排,并对各D类IDR负荷进行优先级数值计算,确定各用户的调度顺序。
在日前调度中考虑风电的弃风成本,以微电网未来一天的运行成本最优为目标进行优化调度,确定PDR与A类IDR资源的调度计划。其成本如下所示:
m i n C 1 = C W T + C E E S 1 + C L A + C g r i d
C W T = t = 1 T [ α W T P W T ( t ) + β W T P W T ( t ) ]
C g r i d = t = 1 T α g r i d P g r i d ( t )
式中:C1为微电网日前调度的运行成本;CWT为风电机组的运行成本;αWT为风电机组单位运行成本系数;PWTt)为t时段风电机组输出的电功率;βWT为单位弃风惩罚系数;Cgrid为微电网向大电网购电的成本;αgrid为微电网单位购电成本系数。
在日前调度阶段,约束条件主要分为功率约束与相关设备约束,其中源荷储侧的可调资源相关运行约束在前文已经说明,在此不再赘述。
1)功率平衡约束:
P W T ( t ) + P G ( t ) + P E E S 1 d i s ( t ) + P L A d ( t ) = P L , P D R ( t ) + P L A c ( t ) + P E E S 1 c h ( t )
式中:PL,PDRt)为PDR调度后t时刻负荷的功率需求大小;PGt)为t时刻的联络线功率。
2)联络线约束:
0 P G ( t ) P G , m a x
式中:PG,max为联络线上所允许通过功率最大限值。
在日内1 h级调度中以经济最优为目标,每小时进行优化滚动,确定蓄电池、柴油机与B类IDR的调度计划。其成本如下所示:
m i n C 2 = C W T + C E E S 1 + C L B + C g r i d + C D E
式中:C2为日内1 h级调度的成本。
日内1 h级调度阶段约束条件与日前阶段仅功率约束条件有所不同。其约束条件如下所示:
P W T ( t ) + P G ( t ) + P E E S 1 d i s ( t ) + P D E ( t ) + P L B d ( t ) = P L , D R 1 ( t ) + P L B c ( t ) + P E E S 1 c h ( t )
式中:PL,DR1t)为日前阶段DR资源调度后的t时刻负荷需求。
日内15 min级调度阶段进一步以成本最优为调度目标,每15 min进行滚动优化,确定C类、D类IDR资源和超级电容器的调度计划。其成本如下所示:
m i n C 3 = C W T + C E E S 2 + C L C + C L D + C g r i d
式中:C3为日内15 min级调度的成本;CEES2为超级电容器的调度成本。
在日内15 min级调度阶段,超级电容器相关约束与蓄电池约束模型相似,功率约束条件有所不同。其约束条件如下所示:
$\begin{array}{l}P_{\mathrm{WT}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{G}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{dis}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 2}^{\mathrm{dis}}(t)+ \\P_{\mathrm{DE}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{LC}}^{\mathrm{d}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{LD}}^{\mathrm{d}}(t)=P_{\mathrm{L}, \mathrm{DR} 2}(t)+ \\P_{\mathrm{LC}}^{\mathrm{c}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{LD}}^{\mathrm{c}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 1}^{\mathrm{ch}}(t)+P_{\mathrm{EES} 2}^{\mathrm{ch}}(t)\end{array}$
式中:PL,DR2t)为前两个阶段DR资源调度后t时刻的负荷需求; P E E S 2 c h ( t ) P E E S 2 d i s ( t )分别为超级电容器在t时刻的充放电功率大小。
本文以具有实时响应能力的D类IDR资源为研究对象,讨论微电网系统在满足调度需求的前提下,考虑具体用户的调度优先顺序,即在确定实时响应资源的调度功率后,在用户侧进一步确定各D类IDR资源的调度顺序。在调度顺序的设定上,同时考虑系统的调度需求与用户的个体意愿,并分别以可调容量度d1和用户意向程度d2来表示,即对可调容量与相关经济比例进行计算,最后对二者进行乘积归一化处理得到调度优先权重d,其数值越大,代表该用户调度优先权越高。相关优先级模型定义如下:
d 1 , i ( t ) = Q i ( t ) / t = 1 N D Q i ( t ) d 2 , i ( t ) = Δ P L D , i ' ( t ) α L D / [ P L D , i ( t ) p e , i ] d ( t ) = d 1 , i ( t ) d 2 , i ( t ) / [ t = 1 N D d 1 , i ( t ) d 2 , i ( t ) ]
式中:Qit)为t时刻用户i的D类IDR资源可调容量大小; Δ P L D , i ' ( t )t时刻用户i的D类IDR资源可参与调度的功率;pe,i为用户i支付的单位电价。
研究表明,负荷侧用户对用电需求主要体现在经济性和舒适性两个方面。但不同类型的用电用户对两方面的偏好往往具有明显的差异。故本文建立用户经调度后的经济满意程度与用能满意度,同时考虑不同用户的用能偏好,构建具有经济偏好系数λ1,i和舒适偏好系数λ2,i的用户评价公式,以体现不同类型用户的个性化需求,贴合用户实际情况。相关公式如下:
E i = ( λ 1 , i E c o s t , i + λ 2 , i E c o s y , i ) × 100 % E c o s t , i = t = 1 T p s , i Δ P L D , i ( t ) p e , i P L D , i ( t ) E c o s y , i = t = 1 T Δ P L D , i ( t ) - P L D , i ( t ) P L D , i ( t )
式中:λ1,iλ2,i分别为用户i的经济偏好与舒适偏好系数;EiEcostiEcosy,i分别为用户i的总体调度的满意程度、经济性满意度和舒适性满意度;ps,i为用户i补贴后的单位电价;ΔPLD,it)为t时刻用户i的D类IDR资源实际参与大小。
以福建省宁德市某实际微电网为依据,对本文所提策略进行分析验证。该微电网中含有2 MW的风电机组、54 kW的柴油机、1 MW的蓄电池和100 kW的超级电容器,机组详细参数如表1所示。日前、日内1 h 、日内15 min的负荷预测曲线与风电预测曲线分别如图3图4所示。为简化计划IDR资源的单位调度成本,这里取固定值。通过通用代数建模系统 (general algebraic modeling system,GAMS)进行模型求解,模型相关参数详见表2
图5为微电网系统日前优化调度的调度计划。从图5中可以看出PDR在日前调度中起到了一定的削峰填谷的作用,在风电不足时减少负荷需求,在风电出力充足时增大负荷需求。
图6为A类IDR一天的调度曲线。A类负荷在08:00-20:00时段,即风电出力充足时段增加负荷需求,在其他时段减少负荷需求,使得负荷从负荷高峰时段转移至负荷低谷时段,达到消峰填谷的目的,同时平滑负荷曲线,与蓄电池装置相互配合促进风电的消纳。
日内1 h级的调度结果如图7所示。00:00-07:00时段由于风电出力较小,柴油机一直处于满发的状态,但不足以平衡源荷功率差值,依旧需要向大电网购电。相比较于日前的调度结果,经过日内1 h级的调度,微电网购电量明显减少,缓解了大电网供电的压力。
图8为B类IDR的调度曲线。如图所示,由于B类IDR单位调度成本相比储能装置单位调度成本较高,在08:00-13:00和15:00-17:00时段,风电出力盈余主要依靠储能、PDR与A类IDR进行消纳。在其他时段功率差额较大时,B类IDR发挥重要作用,在23:00-07:00时段进行下调,缓解系统的供电压力。
日内15 min级调度结果如图9所示。如图所示,23:00-07:00时段负荷需求与风电出力差值较大,DR资源大量下调,其中00:00-1:00和22:00-23:00时段还需要蓄电池等其他可调资源协助实现功率平衡。08:00-20:00时段风电出力较为充足,DR资源按情况进行上调,同时补充了储能装置的电量。
图10为C类IDR与D类IDR的调度安排,从图中可以看出两者的调度方向与A类、B类IDR方向大致相同。但由于日前阶段风电预测误差较大,部分时段会出现A类IDR资源过度上调的情况,因此需要响应速度更快的IDR资源帮助弥补。同时受调度成本与可调容量限制,D类IDR资源调度功率总是小于C类IDR资源的调度功率,二者共同作用实现风电消纳。
考虑D类IDR资源调度优先权时由于不同 类型用户的D类IDR资源在激励型政策引导下具有不同的优先级别,本文分别考虑居民、商业与工业用户类型,各类型用户的偏好系数如表3所示。对他们进行优先权的排序,从而分析不同种类负荷的调度情况。其中三者的单位电价设定为福建省现行的阶梯电价,容量比值为1∶1∶2,图11为计及各用户优先级后各用户在其调度时段内的调度计划。
图11中可以看出,夜晚及白天部分时段里三类用户都需要将可调容量全部进行调度,以缓解系统供电压力或提高风电消纳水平。在风电出力与负荷需求差值较小的时段,微电网才有余力考虑D类IDR资源各用户的调度优先级别,并对各用户进行调度安排。其中商业用户调度情况最少,居民用户对较少的功率调度反映最为积极,工业用户承担较大的功率调度需求。这是因为三种类型的用户受电价和自身可调容量大小的影响。其中居民电价最低,对D类IDR资源进行调度时,居民用电花费受影响最大,居民用户参与调度的意愿也较为强烈。工业用户可调容量最大,当系统有较大调度需求时微电网系统将着重考虑可调容量的大小,采用容量较大的工业用户进行调度。
为分析考虑优先权的经济调度的有效性,本文设计了两种场景并进行分析对比。场景1:考虑用户优先权优化调度即为本文调度情况;场景2:仅以负荷容量大小为依据进行等比例分配的优化调度。表4为两种场景调度结果的对比。
表4内容可知,与场景2相比场景1的商业用户的调度补贴更少,但是用户满意度更高;居民用户调度补贴有所增加,且用户满意度有所提升。这是因为相比场景2只考虑容量大小的情况,场景1增加的对用户意愿的考虑。虽然本文设定中居民用户与商业用户的可调容量相同,但受其电价不同的影响,各时段居民调度意愿相比商业用户更高,因此居民用户调度优先级往往高于商业用户。同时居民用户对经济满意度的偏好更高,商业用户对经济满意度与舒适性满意度的需求比较平均,因此二者的总体满意度都有所上升。由于工业用户可调度容量最大,本文场景中风电出力与负荷需求差值相较D类IDR资源可调容量往往较大,该时段对容量需求较为迫切,因此该时段内工业用户的调度优先级较高,场景1相比场景2中工业用户的调度补贴也就更多。由于本文所调研的工业用户仅需满足其生产任务,对用电舒适性需求较低,因此其用户满意度同样有所上升。
本文提出了一种计及用户调度优先级的微电网多时间尺度调度策略,同时设置了用户满意度指标评估调度结果。为验证该模型有效性对该模型调度结果进行了详细的分析,并设定不考虑优先级的场景进行对比分析,结果表明:
1)多种DR资源依据其响应特性分时间尺度参加微电网系统调度,能最大程度地发挥需求侧DR资源的调度潜力。其中PDR,A类与B类IDR资源主要实现了系统内负载需求曲线的削峰填谷,缓解了大电网供电压力,提升了风电消纳水平。C类与D类IDR资源在短时间内调节系统内的功率平衡,减少弃风现象,应对源荷双侧的不确定性风险。
2)不同类型的储能装置依据其响应速度不同参与不同时间尺度的优化调度,能最大程度发挥其双向调节的优势。其中蓄电池在风电出力不足时能缓解系统供电的压力,在风电充足时帮助风电进行消纳,同时储备电能。超级电容器能在短时间尺度上平衡源荷双方的供需关系,减少弃风状况的发生。
3)在调度中同时考虑负荷可调容量大小与用户意愿程度,能更好地服务需求侧用户,提升工业用户与居民用户的补贴收益,保障商业用户用电的稳定性。因此本文所提的调度方法更有助于用户满意度的提升。
本文所提方案仅以微电网经济性为目标进行多时间尺度的优化调度,随着未来新型电力系统的发展,以风光为代表的新能源出力比例将逐渐扩大,电力系统中需要预留出一定的灵活性裕度应对风光的波动。在未来的研究中可以在日前阶段加强对灵活性的研究,充分发挥负荷资源的可调优势,提升系统的灵活性。
  • 国网福建省电力有限公司研究项目(52130021004R)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24461
  • 接收时间:2022-07-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-02
  • 修回日期:2022-08-12
基金
国网福建省电力有限公司研究项目(52130021004R)
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    国网福建省电力有限公司,福建 福州 350000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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