Article(id=1194957530536329763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24933, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675353600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762829676517, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762829676517, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762829676517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762829676517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194957528560812573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762829676042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762830003292, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194957530712490534, articleId=1194957530536329763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Hierarchical Reactive Power Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in V2G Mode, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the adverse effects of large-scale electric vehicle charging load on the distribution network,based on vehicle to grid(V2G)technology,a V2G reactive dispatching strategy combining the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and the local optimization of global objectives algorithm was proposed. The superstructure was based on the ordered charging strategy of electric vehicles based on the non-dominating ranking genetic algorithm,and the standard deviation of the user's starting charging time distribution was optimized with load mean square deviation,charging cost and voltage offset rate as the target,and the starting charging parameters that meet the needs of users were obtained. The sub-architecture was a local optimization algorithm for global targets,which optimizes the amount of reactive power compensation with voltage offset rate as the target for vehicles that can provide reactive power compensation. Finally,taking the IEEE100 node system as an example to simulate,it was found that this method can provide charging station operators with better load peak-valley difference,charging cost,voltage quality and other charging methods,and the hierarchical scheduling strategy can better ensure the safety and economy of the power grid compared with the single-layer scheduling strategy.

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针对大规模电动汽车充电负荷对配电网产生的不利影响,基于车辆到电网(V2G)技术,提出了结合非支配排序遗传算法和全局目标的局部优化算法的V2G无功调度策略。上层架构是基于非支配排序遗传算法的电动车有序充电策略,进行以负荷均方差、充电成本和电压偏移率为目标的用户开始充电时间分布的标准差的寻优,得到满足用户需求的开始充电参数;下层架构是全局目标的局部优化算法,对可提供无功补偿的车辆,进行以电压偏移率为目标的无功补偿量的寻优。最后以IEEE100节点系统为例进行仿真,发现该方法能为充电站的经营者提供更佳的负载峰谷差率、充电成本、电压质量等多种充电方式,分层的调度策略与单层调度策略相比,能更好地保障电网的安全性和经济性。

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蔡慧(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术与电气传动、新能源发电技术,Email:
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何奎元(1999—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车充电站优化控制,Email:

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何奎元(1999—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车充电站优化控制,Email:

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何奎元(1999—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车充电站优化控制,Email:

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Pareto solution set table of standard deviation value of the distribution of user start charging time in corresponding region

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Pareto解序号 居民区 公共区 商业区 Pareto解序号 居民区 公共区 商业区
1 0.94 1.51 2.58 10 0.94 2.16 6.42
2 0.94 1.65 6.42
3 0.94 1.51 2.58 65 2.65 4.39 2.35
4 0.94 1.51 6.32 66 2.65 4.39 2.35
5 0.94 1.51 6.32 67 2.80 4.40 2.61
6 0.94 1.97 6.42 68 2.81 4.33 2.61
7 0.94 2.16 6.42 69 2.82 4.39 3.84
8 0.94 2.63 6.42 70 2.82 4.30 3.84
9 0.94 4.37 2.60
), ArticleFig(id=1195014016876658718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530536329763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Pareto解集对应区域用户开始充电时间分布的标准差值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pareto解序号 居民区 公共区 商业区 Pareto解序号 居民区 公共区 商业区
1 0.94 1.51 2.58 10 0.94 2.16 6.42
2 0.94 1.65 6.42
3 0.94 1.51 2.58 65 2.65 4.39 2.35
4 0.94 1.51 6.32 66 2.65 4.39 2.35
5 0.94 1.51 6.32 67 2.80 4.40 2.61
6 0.94 1.97 6.42 68 2.81 4.33 2.61
7 0.94 2.16 6.42 69 2.82 4.39 3.84
8 0.94 2.63 6.42 70 2.82 4.30 3.84
9 0.94 4.37 2.60
), ArticleFig(id=1195014016935378975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530536329763, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The Pareto solution set of multi-objective optimization corresponds to the objective function value table

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Pareto解序号 全天负荷均方差 网络偏移率 充电成本/元 Pareto解序号 全天负荷均方差 网络偏移率 充电
成本/元
1 51.587 0.040 1 384.95 10 50.535 0.041 1 359.35
2 52.443 0.040 1 384.42
3 51.638 0.040 1 386.22 65 16.920 0.044 1 119.31
4 52.680 0.041 1 388.31 66 17.251 0.044 1 130.60
5 53.247 0.040 1 393.79 67 15.227 0.044 1 102.93
6 51.594 0.041 1 371.45 68 15.614 0.043 1 116.51
7 50.878 0.041 1 363.25 69 15.726 0.045 1 120.41
8 49.055 0.040 1 335.08 70 14.893 0.045 1 112.19
9 46.321 0.039 1 287.80
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多目标优化的Pareto解集对应目标函数值表

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Pareto解序号 全天负荷均方差 网络偏移率 充电成本/元 Pareto解序号 全天负荷均方差 网络偏移率 充电
成本/元
1 51.587 0.040 1 384.95 10 50.535 0.041 1 359.35
2 52.443 0.040 1 384.42
3 51.638 0.040 1 386.22 65 16.920 0.044 1 119.31
4 52.680 0.041 1 388.31 66 17.251 0.044 1 130.60
5 53.247 0.040 1 393.79 67 15.227 0.044 1 102.93
6 51.594 0.041 1 371.45 68 15.614 0.043 1 116.51
7 50.878 0.041 1 363.25 69 15.726 0.045 1 120.41
8 49.055 0.040 1 335.08 70 14.893 0.045 1 112.19
9 46.321 0.039 1 287.80
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Comparison of optimization results of load mean square deviation index

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运行工况 无序充电 分层调度策略充电
充电负荷均方差 22.310 14.893
充电加基础负荷均方差 94.489 89.103
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负荷均方差指标优化结果对比表

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运行工况 无序充电 分层调度策略充电
充电负荷均方差 22.310 14.893
充电加基础负荷均方差 94.489 89.103
), ArticleFig(id=1195014017208008739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530536329763, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of optimization results of charging cost index

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运行工况 无序充电 分层调度策略充电
充电成本/元 1 360.06 1 102.93
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充电成本指标优化结果对比表

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运行工况 无序充电 分层调度策略充电
充电成本/元 1 360.06 1 102.93
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Table of average value of voltage deviation and average value of network loss

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补偿工况 工况a 工况b 工况c 工况d 工况e
电压偏移率平均值 0.052 0.063 0.047 0.055 0.039
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电压偏差平均值与网损平均值表

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补偿工况 工况a 工况b 工况c 工况d 工况e
电压偏移率平均值 0.052 0.063 0.047 0.055 0.039
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V2G模式下的电动汽车充电站分层无功调度策略
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何奎元 1 , 于江涛 1, 2 , 朱棋 1 , 蔡慧 1, 2 , 郭倩 1 , 卫东 1
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(10): 39-49
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(10): 39-49
V2G模式下的电动汽车充电站分层无功调度策略
全屏
何奎元1 , 于江涛1, 2, 朱棋1, 蔡慧1, 2 , 郭倩1, 卫东1
作者信息
  • 1.中国计量大学 机电工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 2.中国计量大学 浙江省智能制造质量大数据溯源与应用重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 何奎元(1999—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电动汽车充电站优化控制,Email:

通讯作者:

蔡慧(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术与电气传动、新能源发电技术,Email:
Hierarchical Reactive Power Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in V2G Mode
Kuiyuan HE1 , Jiangtao YU1, 2, Qi ZHU1, Hui CAI1, 2 , Qian GUO1, Dong WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou 310018,Zhejiang,China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Quality Big Data Tracing and Analysis of Zhejiang Province,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou 310018,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24933
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针对大规模电动汽车充电负荷对配电网产生的不利影响,基于车辆到电网(V2G)技术,提出了结合非支配排序遗传算法和全局目标的局部优化算法的V2G无功调度策略。上层架构是基于非支配排序遗传算法的电动车有序充电策略,进行以负荷均方差、充电成本和电压偏移率为目标的用户开始充电时间分布的标准差的寻优,得到满足用户需求的开始充电参数;下层架构是全局目标的局部优化算法,对可提供无功补偿的车辆,进行以电压偏移率为目标的无功补偿量的寻优。最后以IEEE100节点系统为例进行仿真,发现该方法能为充电站的经营者提供更佳的负载峰谷差率、充电成本、电压质量等多种充电方式,分层的调度策略与单层调度策略相比,能更好地保障电网的安全性和经济性。

车辆到电网  /  无功补偿  /  调度架构  /  电压偏差  /  充电器

Aiming at the adverse effects of large-scale electric vehicle charging load on the distribution network,based on vehicle to grid(V2G)technology,a V2G reactive dispatching strategy combining the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and the local optimization of global objectives algorithm was proposed. The superstructure was based on the ordered charging strategy of electric vehicles based on the non-dominating ranking genetic algorithm,and the standard deviation of the user's starting charging time distribution was optimized with load mean square deviation,charging cost and voltage offset rate as the target,and the starting charging parameters that meet the needs of users were obtained. The sub-architecture was a local optimization algorithm for global targets,which optimizes the amount of reactive power compensation with voltage offset rate as the target for vehicles that can provide reactive power compensation. Finally,taking the IEEE100 node system as an example to simulate,it was found that this method can provide charging station operators with better load peak-valley difference,charging cost,voltage quality and other charging methods,and the hierarchical scheduling strategy can better ensure the safety and economy of the power grid compared with the single-layer scheduling strategy.

vehicle to grid(V2G)  /  reactive power compensation  /  scheduling architecture  /  voltage deviation  /  recharger
何奎元, 于江涛, 朱棋, 蔡慧, 郭倩, 卫东. V2G模式下的电动汽车充电站分层无功调度策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (10) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24933
Kuiyuan HE, Jiangtao YU, Qi ZHU, Hui CAI, Qian GUO, Dong WEI. Hierarchical Reactive Power Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in V2G Mode[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (10) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24933
新能源汽车的问世,使人们的生活和能源结构发生了巨大的变化。尽管电动汽车使用的电能会引起发电厂产生污染,但与传统燃料汽车不同,通过电代替汽油来作为汽车的动力,可以有效降低二氧化碳的排放量,从而降低矿物能源的消耗[1-2]。采用新能源车作为家用车辆,可以很好地克服传统燃料车所造成的问题。为了更好地发展新能源汽车,许多学者进行了大量的研究,从车辆到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)的角度出发,探讨了电动汽车充放电的可行性[3-4]。当海量电动汽车接入电网充电,其形成的负荷高峰对配电网的正常运行会造成一定干扰,进一步引发线路过载、谐波污染等电能质量问题,给电网的良好运行带来困扰。
目前国内外有关V2G技术的研究大多是围绕着V2G技术对电网进行削峰填谷展开的[5],而随着V2G技术的广泛使用,许多学者对电动汽车作为转移的负载、充电功率的大小、控制策略等问题也进行了深入的探讨[6]。这些研究的目标是在充电站内将电动汽车作为分布式电源,在电网有需要的时候,它就会被用来供电。然而,问题也随之产生,这会导致电动汽车充电和放电的频率增大,从而导致电池的损耗增大,缩短电池的使用年限,提高了用户的使用费用[7]
充电桩是电动汽车的基础设施,但随着新能源时代的到来,充电桩可以通过V2G技术加入到补偿服务中,使其成为电动汽车的无功补偿装置[8],这是一个新的研究方向。电动汽车可以在充电的同时进行无功补偿,利用充电桩的额外容量来进行无功补偿,不会增加电动汽车电池的放电次数,既能有效地解决电网的电压质量问题,又能有效地解决电动汽车电池在无功补偿后的损耗,从而极大地改善了经济性[9]。因此,把电动汽车与充电桩相结合作为一种新型的无功补偿设备,不仅可以保障配电网的电压稳定,而且可以充分地利用充电桩的额外容量,具有很大的应用价值。传统的无功补偿策略是针对固定位置的补偿设备的,而对于充电站这样的随机负荷系统并不太适合,且不能有效地对电网的电压进行调节。因此,研究V2G参与无功优化的策略是十分必要的。
在充电站算法调度方式中,文献[10]提出了一种可以进一步提高电动汽车充电和换电池决策的便利性策略,该调度策略能够同时减少充电等待时间,并提高充电站的运行效率。文献[11]提出了一种新的鲁棒策略来提供最优竞价曲线,可以在电价不确定的情况下以经济的价格获得满足系统需求所需的电力。文献[12]探讨了基于优先级排序的电动汽车充电策略优化问题,该方案能够帮助电动汽车运营商制定有效的充电方案。文献[13]提出了一种电动汽车与风电协同调度模式,提高了电动汽车的低碳和经济效益。以上文献表明充电调度问题目前已有多方面的研究,充电站运营商可以从充电等待时间、充电成本、经济效益等方面求解最优充电方案。但是以上研究中,算法的寻优目标单一,只能对某一个目标进行优化。
针对以上问题,本文对基于V2G技术的分层无功调度策略进行了研究。首先,对分层无功调度分别提出其相应的无功调度控制策略,上层为电网-充电站运营商层,下层为充电站运营商-用户层;然后,使用充电站模型对该方法进行仿真,以验证该方法的正确性。控制策略上提出采用非支配排序遗传算法(the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm,NSGA-Ⅱ)结合全局目标的局部优化(local optimization of global objectives,LOGO)算法的方法对三类用户充电站模型求解,并且所提方法可以直接对三个目标函数同时进行寻优。本文提出的调度策略给充电站运营商提供了可多目标选择的充电方案,可有效地缓解电网的负担,同时对充电站运营商的电网安全、充电经济、电能质量方面进行了改善。
充电站运营商通过充电桩向用户下达充电指令,为了使V2G无功补偿更好地在电网调度中发挥作用,采用图1所示的充电站分层调度架构。其中,电网作为充电指令的发送端,充电站运营商作为接收端,用户作为执行端,而执行器是充电桩[14-15]
分层调度架构上层为电网-充电站运营商层,下层为充电站运营商-用户层。首先根据充电站电网的特点,制定充电站分层调度架构以及无功优化实现流程。在此基础上,结合上层的车网特性,提出基于非支配遗传算法的上层调度策略[16-17],以用户开始充电时间分布的标准差作为优化变量,在此基础上确定可提供无功补偿车辆数,再把可以补偿无功容量的车辆数及车辆停放节点位置输入给下层调度策略。下层考虑到充电桩的容量限制和下层车网特性,采用基于全局目标的局部优化算法,对可提供无功补偿的车辆,进行以电压偏移率为最优目标,以有功充电、无功补偿功率比例为优化变量的寻优,最后把下层最优电压偏移率返回给上层,与电网负荷波动率、充电成本共同作为上层的寻优目标。
上层调度以负荷均方差、充电成本、下层寻优得到的电压偏移率为调度优化目标。三个优化目标均是求最小值,即负荷均方差最小时,负荷波动最优;充电成本最小时,经济最优;电压偏移率最小时,电压质量最优。目标函数拟定为三个,分别为:负荷均方差、充电站用户的充电成本和电压偏移率。具体介绍如下:
1)负荷均方差:
m i n   L P V t = E { [ P l + e v ( t ) - E ( P ( t s ) ) ] 2 }
式中: L P V t为负荷均方差值; P l + e v t为当前功率; t s为电动汽车开始充电时间。
2)充电站用户的充电成本:
m i n   C ( t s ) = i = 1 n [ p v P n t v ( i ) + p p P n t p ( i ) ]
式中:n为电动车数量; p v为谷时段电价; P n为充电功率; t v ( i )为第i辆车在谷时段的充电时间; p p为峰时段电价; t p ( i )为第i辆车在峰时段的充电时间。
3)电压偏移率:
V p i a n y i = i = 1 N [ ( V b i a o z h u n - V i ) / V b i a o z h u n ] N
式中: V b i a o z h u n为电网中的标准电压参考值;N为充电站的节点总数; V i为第 i节点的电压。
以用户开始充电时间分布的标准差作为上层优化变量,在不影响大多数使用者的充电习惯的前提下,将上层优化变量的取值范围设置为0~50%,对优化变量即用户开始充电时间分布的标准差进行寻优后,将充电指令发送给充电桩,由充电桩完成指令,上层优化采用非支配排序遗传算法[18]
约束条件除电池容量限制、补偿容量限制之外,还包括以下优化模型控制变量的约束:
1)谷时段开始时刻约束:
t v s m i n t v s t v s m a x
式中: t v s m i n t v s m a x分别为谷时段开始时刻的上、下限值。
2)谷时段时长约束:
Δ t m i n Δ t Δ t m a x
式中: Δ t m a x Δ t m i n分别为谷时段时长的上、下限值。
3)峰时段电价约束:
p p m i n p p p p m a x
式中: p p m a x p p m i n分别为负荷峰时段电价的上、下限值。
4)谷时段电价约束:
p v m i n p v p v m a x
式中: p v m a x p v m i n分别为负荷谷时段电价的上、下限值。
由于电动汽车充放电双层优化模型具有多种约束条件,同时遗传算法进化特性决定了在搜索时不必过多地关注约束条件是线性或非线性,而直接使用目标函数为搜索信息,灵活性极强。故上层优化采用了非支配排序遗传算法。
下层调度主要是对有功充电、无功补偿功率比例进行寻优,电网部门通过充电站运营商将无功补偿量指令发送到充电桩,然后由能够提供无功补偿量的充电站进行功率分配。电动汽车用户与充电站运营商之间通过信息交互,可以获取或变更自己的充电计划。控制流程如图2所示。
由于后文要用三类用户的充电站系统作为测试对象,所以充电桩根据充电需求不同设置为空闲 ( f l a g = 0 )、居民区慢充 ( f l a g = 1 )、公共区标准充 ( f l a g = 2 )、商业区快充 ( f l a g = 3 )四种状态,分别对应四种无功补偿容量0, q 1 q 2 q 3。调度所需的无功容量由数据驱动局部全局目标优化算法计算得到,其中, x 1 x 2 x 3为充电桩状态值   f l a g=1,2,3的三类充电桩参与调度的数量;S为充电桩的额定容量; p c h 1 p c h 2 p c h 3 f l a g=1,2,3的三类充电桩所对应的充电功率; n f l a g≠0的充电桩个数; n 1 n 2 n 3 n中可以提供无功补偿的个数; Q *为无功补偿容量的总量; Δ q为额外可能的容量。按下式线性规划分配:
$\begin{cases}x_1 q_1+x_2 q_2+x_3 q_3=Q^* & x_1, x_2, x_3 \in N \\ q_1=\sqrt{\left(S^2-p_{\mathrm{ch} 1}^2\right)}-\Delta q & x_1 \in\left[1, n_1\right] \\ q_2=\sqrt{\left(S^2-p_{\mathrm{ch} 2}^2\right)}-\Delta q & x_2 \in\left[1, n_2\right] \\ q_3=\sqrt{\left(S^2-p_{\mathrm{ch} 3}^2\right)}-\Delta q & x_3 \in\left[1, n_3\right]\end{cases}$
图2中下层控制目标是充电负荷均方差,控制条件是在满足充电功率圆的限制范围内进行补偿,控制变量是无功补偿功率。
根据上述介绍的分层调度的V2G无功优化策略对充电站数学模型进行求解,具体求解流程如图3所示。采用蒙特卡洛法对用户充电行为进行模拟,其核心是多次相互独立的模拟随机变量产生的值之和服从正态分布,这符合用户的充电习惯,其均值收敛于函数期望值[19-20]
当充电站汽车总数为 n时,使用蒙特卡洛法模拟电动车辆充电负荷流程如图4所示。
使用蒙特卡洛法模拟充电站充电行为后,采用非支配排序遗传算法求解目标函数,在充电状态分布确定的情况下,再应用数据驱动局部全局目标优化算法对各个节点的无功补偿量进行寻优求解,采取先进行上层调度后进行下层调度的调度策略。具体的求解过程为:
1)收集充电站系统相关数据;
2)充电站运营商采用蒙特卡洛法模拟充电站内用户充电行为,确认参与无功补偿服务的用户数量;
3)根据电网电压、可提供无功补偿容量的电动车的情况,应用非支配排序遗传算法对目标函数下的三类充电用户的开始充电时间分布的标准差进行优化求解;
4)确定可进行无功补偿车辆的节点位置;
5)应用数据驱动局部全局目标优化算法对停有电动车节点的充电桩的有功充电、无功补偿功率比例寻优求解,并通过在曲面图中得到最适合的补偿量进行补偿。数据驱动是将数据进行组织形成信息,并对相关的信息进行整合和提炼,然后经过拟合形成曲面图;
6)若达到最大迭代次数,输出Pareto解集方案,否则执行步骤3)。
非支配排序遗传算法的主要步骤是:首先生成取值范围内的初始种群,每个种群通过适应度函数得到适应度,然后通过非支配排序选择排名最优的个体,然后是次优的个体,以此类推,直到选择的种群个数达到种群的最大规模数,没有选择的种群因为适应度低,不符合要求被淘汰。然后选择的种群再通过选择、变异、交叉操作生成新的种群,重复迭代后得到最优的种群[21-22]。非支配排序遗传算法在标准遗传算法的基础上增加了非支配排序操作。
多目标问题实际上是一个向量优化问题,帕累托优胜原则可以更好地解决电动车充电优化问题。帕累托最优原本是指变量在配置时的一种理想状态,而在多目标优化领域中被表示为一组各个目标都没有同时改进余地的解集。解集中的各个解没有相互支配的关系,它们的优缺点也没有可比性。决策者需要根据问题的需要对被选为最优个体的特定个体进行折中选取。
由于变异和交叉操作很难保证均匀地生成种群,导致迭代陷入局部最优,无法达到全局性的寻优,引入小生境方法可以避免这种情况。种群的适应度值根据共享半径内单个 x的新适应度值重新分配,下式为新的适应度函数:
f ' ( x ) = f ( x ) y P s [ d ( x ,   y ) ]
其中
s d i ,   j = 1 d i ,   j σ s h a r e α         d i ,   j < σ s h a r e 0                                                    else
式中: s为共享函数,代表着个体 x i和小生境种群内其余个体之间的关系; x ,   y为两个个体; P为当前种群; f ( x )为原来指定的适应度值; d为距离函数; σ s h a r e为共享半径; α为常数。
若个体的虚拟适应度值一样,则优先考虑小生境范围内密度较低的个体。
设计上层电网-充电站运营商控制流程如图5所示,用非支配排序遗传算法进行优化计算。负荷均方差、充电站用户充电成本和电网电压偏移率是上层调度的优化目标,调度的优化参数是三类用户开始充电时间分布的标准差。主要调度流程如下:
1)生成取值范围内的规模为 N的初始种群 P t,经过选择、交叉、变异等操作产生新种群 Q t
2)将生成的新种群 Q t与初始种群 P t合并成规模为 2 N的种群 R t,然后对 R t进行小生境方法的非支配排序和拥挤度计算;
3)从 R t中选择 N个较优个体,先将 F 1中的个体放到新父代种群 P t + 1中,如果 F 1中的个体数小于 N,则将 F 2中的个体放到 P t + 1中;
4)若 P t + 1中个体数目大于 N,那就需要根据最后一层中个体的拥挤度进行选择,以确保新父代种群个体数目为 N
5)对种群 P t + 1进行交叉、变异等操作产生新种群 Q t + 1
6)若迭代次数达到设置的最大迭代数,则退出,否则程序执行步骤2)。
为了使充电桩只需要通过访问局部变量充电功率 P c h a r g e、无功补偿量 Q c o m p e n s e,就可以实现对全局变量目标值电压偏移率 V p i a n y i的优化,必须找出全局变量和局部变量之间的关系。因此,本文采用了数据驱动的方法,其中无功调度优化在充电桩视在功率范围内。在每个补偿步长上运行最优潮流算法,对于每一个 P c h a r g e Q c o m p e n s e值,得到相应的 V p i a n y i值。在此基础上,将两个局部变量作为 x y轴,以优化全局变量作为 z轴绘制出三维图形。然后利用Matlab软件中的拟合工具箱对函数曲面进行拟合,用来确定曲面中的最优值,其中曲面为二次函数曲面。
数据驱动运行在带有基础负载、电动车无功补偿、充电桩的容量约束等条件下,且容量一定的情况下。上述的约束条件在功率圆的范围内,在满足充电功率的前提下,看能补偿多少的无功功率给车网。充电桩无功运行功率限制域如图6所示。最优的局部变量为图7图8中标出点对应的 x y值。因此,对于特定的电网拓扑,即使在不同的运行条件下,散布在空间中的每个变量点与目标函数也存在一定的联系,这种联系受双向充电桩系统中最大无功容量约束。
由功率圆可知,第 i节点的充电功率 P c h a r g e i表示为
P c h a r g e i = τ × S i - P l o s s i
式中: τ为单位为0.1的步长; S i为第 i台充电桩的额定容量; P l o s s i为第i台充电桩在充电时的有功功率损耗。
在不同的充电环境中, P l o s s i会实时变化,本文在不考虑环境变化且充电效率为90%时, P l o s s i恒定不变,为 P c h a r g e i的0.1倍。因此,该方法需要的数据可以在电网互联过程中通过现有系统的步进计算,从而实现自动化遍历。在步进计算后,若数据量比较大,可以根据数据绘制图从而找出最优值以及对应的比例。由于数据的步进单位为0.1,从而可以针对变量与目标值进行绘图,不需要使用高采样率来生成图中的数据。如图7所示,式(8)中的关系对于欠压和过压场景都是有效的。
同理,第 i节点无功补偿量 Q c o m p e n s e i
Q c o m p e n s e i = 1 - τ 2 × S i - Q l o s s i
式中: Q l o s s i为充电桩在补偿充电时的无功功率损耗,大小为0.1倍的 Q c o m p e n s e i
将得到的有功、无功补偿值代入到如下式所示的潮流计算公式中,可以计算出下一节点电压 V i + 1值:
V i + 1 = { [ V i - ( P i + P c h a r g e i ) R i + ( Q i - Q c o m p e n s e i ) X i V i ] 2 + [ ( P i + P c h a r g e i ) R i - ( Q i - Q c o m p e n s e i ) X i V i ] 2 } 1 2
式中: V i为当前节点的电压值; P i为当前节点的有功功率; R i为当前节点与下一节点间的电阻; Q i为当前节点的无功功率; X i为当前节点与下一节点间的电纳。
有了上述参数,即可由式(3)得出目标值电压偏移率 V p i a n y i。其中 V i作为步进计算的电压值,参数的分辨率为0.1,所以得到的结果也是由步长为0.1的单位构成。
图7为该算法应用实例,绘制了以节点电压为 z轴的图,图8为以电压偏移率为 z轴的图,可明显得到在约束条件下 z轴最小值对应的 x y值,即可得出最优充电功率因数。
总体的控制策略是分布式优化,即将整个车网的节点分为单个节点进行控制。但考虑到节点控制的优先级,需要由本地和邻近节点的电压幅值、电压相位角、母线导纳元素来确定电动车的充电功率和无功输出[23]
设定整个充电站的充电桩都具有额外容量,这样每个充电桩满足用户期望荷电量之后均能进行无功补偿服务。充电桩可以运行在四个象限,但由充电桩模型可以得出,为避免由于无功补偿导致额外的充放电次数而增加电池损耗,使充电桩运行在第一象限。由于电池的充电功率是由车辆的类型决定的,因此变量设置步长为充电桩容量的0.1倍。根据数据点拟合函数后,选择 z轴最小点 x y的值作为补偿。全局目标的局部优化无功补偿的流程如图9所示。
为了验证V2G无功分层调度策略对充电站模型应用的有效性,以美国电气电子工程师学会标准的IEEE100充电站系统为算例进行了仿真分析。其中参考了如图10所示的某小区复用充电站,根据充电桩的位置绘制如图11所示的IEEE100节点图。
1)充电站居民区充电模式又称为慢充电方式。取充电桩最大电流为C,慢充充电电流一般为0.1C~0.2C,平均充电时长为6~9 h。该类用户的充电需求、用车行为和充电时间等分布特征是相对固定的[24]。上、下班时间(06:30—09:00,17:00—19:00)是居民区充电站运行的高峰时间,日用里程为10~50 km,电池剩余电量服从N(0.55,0.622)分布;
2)充电站公共区充电模式又称为标准充电方式。某小区的电动车充电站出行数据表明:该区域用户平均每天需要充电2次,其中(11:30—14:30,19:00—21:00)为电动车充电接入高峰时刻,上、下班高峰(06:00—07:30,16:00—17:00)为电动车充电退出高峰时刻。该区域内车辆,白天平均充电时间为3 h,夜间平均充电时间约为10 h,开始充电时荷电量SOC集中在20%~60%,若按照充电功率5 kW/h计算,车辆充满所需平均时间为3.5 h[25]
3)充电站商业区充电模式又称为快速充电方式。停靠在商业区的用户的出行规律在工作日和节假日并不相同。在工作日,商业区用户和居民区用户的出行规律基本一致;在节假日,出行时间则分散在整个白天[26]。节假日期间,车辆的日平均行驶里程在40~60 km之间,而在工作日时,车辆的日平均行驶里程在20~50 km之间。充电时间约3~5 h,日均停泊20 h。
调度时间为24个时段[27],含100个工作在四象限的充电桩和100台在充电站活动的电动车。电动汽车拟定为比亚迪的F3型号,假定三类车辆所占比例分别为50%,30%,20%。仿真数据为:种群大小NIND取100,迭代次数MAXGEN取100,变异概率 P m取0.03,交叉概率 P c取0.8,收敛值取1e-6,独立运行20次,下层LOGO算法中的步进单位 τ取0.1。
在Matlab R2020a环境下建立充电站系统仿真模型,对本文提出的分层调度策略求解方法进行验证。
在仿真过程中,采用分层无功调度策略求解时,共得到70个帕累托前沿点,即70组三类充电用户开始充电时间分布的标准差值,这70组标准差值的具体以及其对应的三个目标值信息如表1表2所示。
此外,这70个帕累托前沿点如图12所示,其中, x y z轴分别为全天负荷均方差、充电成本和电压偏移率。
1)当负荷波动最优时,即负荷均方差为14.893时,充电成本为1 112.19元、电压偏移率为0.045,对应的三类用户开始充电时间分布的标准差方案分别为2.82,4.30,3.84。叠加基础负荷后全天的充电负荷图如图13所示,充电站基础负荷在电动车进行无序充电后,会造成电网峰谷差率的进一步增大。图14为充电站系统在无序充电和分层调度策略调度时全天负荷比较图,从中可得到在上级有序调优策略的调度下能够有效改善无序充电带来的峰谷加剧问题。在分别进行无序充电和分层调度策略充电时的全天负荷均方差值如表3所示,叠加基础负荷前的全天负荷均方差值由22.310减少至14.893,叠加基础负荷后的全天负荷均方差值由94.489减少至89.103。
2)当经济最优时,即充电成本为1 102.93元时,负荷均方差为15.227、电压偏移率为0.044,对应的三类用户开始充电时间分布的标准差方案分别为2.80,4.40,2.61。在此方案下,无序充电和分层调度策略充电下的全天充电成本曲线如图15所示,可以观察到,经过本文提出的充电站分层调度策略调度后,充电成本如表4所示,从1 360.06元减少至1 102.93元,节约了大约19%的充电成本。
3)当电压质量最优时,即电压偏移率0.039时,负荷均方差为46.321、充电成本为1 287.80元,对应的三类用户开始充电时间分布的标准差方案分别为0.94,4.37,2.60。图16为固定时段内单个节点电压在用电高峰期间在以下五种工况下的波形图:基础负荷工况a;无序充电的工况b;无序充电过程中应用下级无功调度策略进行无功补偿的工况c;上级有序充电的工况d;分层无功调度策略的工况e。从图中可以得知,使用分层无功调度策略寻优后的充电方案后,整体节点的电压质量明显得到了改善,并且分层调度策略的改善效果是优于上层、下层单层调度策略的。
图17为全天时段所有节点的电压偏移率平均值,计算出如表5所示的五种工况下的节点电压偏移率平均值。对比可以看出,全天电压偏差平均值在分层无功调度策略调度后最低,且均符合在0.05以下;工况c全天变化相对剧烈,这种工况下的电压偏差变化主要原因是V2G参与无功补偿降低电压偏移率造成的。上层调度下结合下级无功补偿时,电压偏移率相较于无补偿时有明显的降低,但相应的峰时段变化同样明显。
在选择负荷波动最优的方案后,全天的负荷均方差值从22.310减少至14.893;选择经济最优的方案后,充电成本从每天1 360.06元减少至每天1 102.93元;选择电压质量最优的方案后,各节点电压偏移率从0.063减少至0.039,并且有效地降低了网损。
以上分析验证了本文提出的分层调度策略求解方法的有效性,该方法能为充电站的经营者提供更佳的负载峰谷差率、充电成本、电压质量等多种充电方式的选择。
本文利用IEEE100充电站系统作为目标电网,对结合非支配排序遗传算法和全局目标的局部优化算法的V2G无功调度策略进行仿真验证。首先利用蒙特卡洛模拟法模拟充电行为,得到充电负荷的概率密度、全天的充电负荷曲线,再结合前推回代潮流计算方法得到各个节点的实时电气参数。利用基于V2G技术的充电站分层无功调度策略进行优化后得到的70组三类用户充电方案,进行负荷波动、经济、电压质量最优去选择充电方案,在帕累托解集图上选择侧重的充电方案。分别对三个目标值最优时选择的充电方案进行结果分析,仿真结果表明在使用本策略调度后的充电方案中,充电站运营商可以自由地从电网安全、充电经济和电能质量方面去选择,验证了本文策略的可行性和优越性。
根据目前的发展趋势,到2030年,新能源汽车很有可能达到50%的市场份额,而V2G技术也越来越成为研究热点。本文在现有的研究基础上,对V2G无功优化方面进行了一定的完善,但仍然有不少不足之处:
1)本文仅对用户参与V2G无功优化时的充电成本进行寻优,而未考虑到用户参与无功补偿的奖赏机制。
2)本文仅对充电站数学模型拟定了三条针对电网和充电站运营商的目标函数,而未考虑到用户方面,例如对充电站的满意度。
3)本文仅针对某一款电动车进行了试验,并没有测试其他车型,希望日后可以继续研究多型号电动车的V2G无功优化策略。
  • 浙江省基础公益项目(LGG22E070003)
  • 浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2021YW42)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24933
  • 接收时间:2023-02-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-03
基金
浙江省基础公益项目(LGG22E070003)
浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2021YW42)
作者信息
    1.中国计量大学 机电工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018
    2.中国计量大学 浙江省智能制造质量大数据溯源与应用重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310018

通讯作者:

蔡慧(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术与电气传动、新能源发电技术,Email:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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