Article(id=1194957530406306338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679328000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762829676485, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762829676485, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762829676485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762829676485, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194957528560812573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762829676042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762830003292, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194957530599244325, articleId=1194957530406306338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Capacity Configuration and Power Regulation of Scenic Hydrogen Production System Considering Maximum Efficiency, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of high investment cost,low efficiency of electrolyzer operation and high fluctuation of power input in the new energy electrolytic water to hydrogen microgrid system,the scenery hydrogen production capacity configuration scheme with the installation cost of microgrid equipment and the comprehensive optimization index of the system consisting of load hydrogen deficiency rate and power abandonment rate as the objective function and the power regulation method for achieving maximum hydrogen production efficiency based on the characteristic curve of electrolyzer efficiency was proposed. The battery was selected to supplement the electrolyzer according to the fluctuation of the power of the scenery generation,and the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)was written to solve the capacity configuration of each device in the system,and the multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)was used to perform the maximum efficiency power regulation of the electrolyzer. In comparison to the scenery complementary hydrogen generation scheme,the capacity configuration model achieved a lower overall optimization index with a similar installation cost. After power regulation,the average electrolyzer input power fluctuation rate and electrolyzer efficiency decreased by 58.37% and 37.54%,respectively,which significantly improved the system stability and energy utilization.

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为解决新能源电解水制氢微电网系统中投资成本高、电解槽运行效率低、功率输入波动大等问题,以微电网设备安装成本以及由负荷缺氢率和弃电率组成的系统综合优化指标为目标函数,提出风光制氢容量配置方案,并根据电解槽效率特性曲线制定最大制氢效率的功率调控方法。根据风光发电功率波动情况选择蓄电池为电解槽补充电能,编写基于精英非支配排序遗传算法求解系统中各设备的容量配置,利用多目标粒子群优化算法进行电解槽最大效率功率调控。对比风光互补制氢方案,该容量配置模型可在安装成本接近的条件下达到更低的综合优化指标,功率调控后系统平均电解槽输入功率波动率与电解槽效率分别下降了58.37%与37.54%,显著改善了系统稳定性,提高了能源利用率。

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何山(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:
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李亚军(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:

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李亚军(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:

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李亚军(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:

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Power System Protection and Control, 2022, 50(10):48-60., articleTitle=Capacity configuration and optimal scheduling of a wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen-thermal virtual power plant based on a wide range power adaptation strategy for an alkaline electrolyzer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194957978353778816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530406306338, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=2653, pageEnd=2658, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=张帆, 王博文, 樊林浩, journalName=工程热物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张帆, 王博文, 樊林浩, 等. 光伏发电制氢储能系统仿真及性能分析研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2022, 43(10):2653-2658., articleTitle=光伏发电制氢储能系统仿真及性能分析研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194957978412499075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530406306338, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=2653, pageEnd=2658, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=ZHANG Fan, WANG Bowen, FAN Linhao, journalName=Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Fan, WANG Bowen, FAN Linhao, et al. Simulation and performance analysis of photovoltaic power generation and hydrogen storage system[J]. 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Unit capacity cost of each equipment and its parameters

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项目类型 安装成本/
(元·kW-1
运维成本/
(元·W-1
折旧率/%
光伏 3 500 40 6
风电 2 000 35 6
电解槽 4 000 160 6
蓄电池 2 700 130 6
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各设备单位容量成本及其参数

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项目类型 安装成本/
(元·kW-1
运维成本/
(元·W-1
折旧率/%
光伏 3 500 40 6
风电 2 000 35 6
电解槽 4 000 160 6
蓄电池 2 700 130 6
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考虑最大效率的风光制氢系统容量配置及功率调控
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李亚军 1 , 何山 1, 2 , 胡兵 1, 2 , 谢少华 1
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(10): 50-57
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(10): 50-57
考虑最大效率的风光制氢系统容量配置及功率调控
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李亚军1 , 何山1, 2 , 胡兵1, 2, 谢少华1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 李亚军(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:

通讯作者:

何山(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:
Capacity Configuration and Power Regulation of Scenic Hydrogen Production System Considering Maximum Efficiency
Yajun LI1 , Shan HE1, 2 , Bing HU1, 2, Shaohua XIE1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical Engineering,Xinjiang University,Urumqi 830017,Xinjiang,China
  • 2. Engineering Research Center of Renewable Energy Generation and Grid-connected Control Ministry of Education,Urumqi 830017,Xinjiang,China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25048
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为解决新能源电解水制氢微电网系统中投资成本高、电解槽运行效率低、功率输入波动大等问题,以微电网设备安装成本以及由负荷缺氢率和弃电率组成的系统综合优化指标为目标函数,提出风光制氢容量配置方案,并根据电解槽效率特性曲线制定最大制氢效率的功率调控方法。根据风光发电功率波动情况选择蓄电池为电解槽补充电能,编写基于精英非支配排序遗传算法求解系统中各设备的容量配置,利用多目标粒子群优化算法进行电解槽最大效率功率调控。对比风光互补制氢方案,该容量配置模型可在安装成本接近的条件下达到更低的综合优化指标,功率调控后系统平均电解槽输入功率波动率与电解槽效率分别下降了58.37%与37.54%,显著改善了系统稳定性,提高了能源利用率。

微电网  /  最大效率  /  制氢  /  容量配置  /  功率调控

Aiming at the problems of high investment cost,low efficiency of electrolyzer operation and high fluctuation of power input in the new energy electrolytic water to hydrogen microgrid system,the scenery hydrogen production capacity configuration scheme with the installation cost of microgrid equipment and the comprehensive optimization index of the system consisting of load hydrogen deficiency rate and power abandonment rate as the objective function and the power regulation method for achieving maximum hydrogen production efficiency based on the characteristic curve of electrolyzer efficiency was proposed. The battery was selected to supplement the electrolyzer according to the fluctuation of the power of the scenery generation,and the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)was written to solve the capacity configuration of each device in the system,and the multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)was used to perform the maximum efficiency power regulation of the electrolyzer. In comparison to the scenery complementary hydrogen generation scheme,the capacity configuration model achieved a lower overall optimization index with a similar installation cost. After power regulation,the average electrolyzer input power fluctuation rate and electrolyzer efficiency decreased by 58.37% and 37.54%,respectively,which significantly improved the system stability and energy utilization.

microgrid  /  maximum efficiency  /  hydrogen production  /  capacity configuration  /  power regulation
李亚军, 何山, 胡兵, 谢少华. 考虑最大效率的风光制氢系统容量配置及功率调控. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (10) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25048
Yajun LI, Shan HE, Bing HU, Shaohua XIE. Capacity Configuration and Power Regulation of Scenic Hydrogen Production System Considering Maximum Efficiency[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (10) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25048
随着经济迅速发展,能源危机问题日渐受到重视,大力发展风电、光电等可再生能源成为推动资源可持续发展的必然要求,也是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措[1]。由于风、光发电的装机容量不断增加,风电、光电消纳成为一个重要研究课题[2]。基于现阶段可再生能源制氢技术的发展与突破,风电、光电等清洁电力转化为高质量的氢气为提升可再生能源发电的稳定性与高效性提供了有效解决途径[3-4]
近年来,国内外对风、光发电制氢系统的容量配置和功率调控已有一些研究。文献[5]提出以蓄电池作为储能方式,为系统运行过渡期短暂供电;文献[6]提出以系统缺电率和供电波动率为目标函数的容量配置模型,提高了系统的稳定性;文献[7]提出了目标函数为含氢储能的风光互补容量优化模型,综合考虑了系统的经济性和稳定性;文献[8]提出了一种考虑电制氢系统的电热综合能源系统两阶段随机调度模型,可提高系统运行的灵活性,促进风电消纳;文献[9]以发电成本作为单目标函数,使用基于相似度权重动态调整的粒子群算法对并网下微网冬季典型日进行优化调度;文献[10]以最小化系统年运行费用为目标,研究柔性氢需求在不同光伏消纳水平下对区域综合能源系统优化运行的影响;文献[11]建立基于随机机会约束规划模型的冷热电联供微电网能量优化调度模型,优化系统中光伏阵列、电解槽等设备容量配置;文献[12-13]建立了考虑电氢耦合的混合储能孤岛微电网的微源容量优化配置模型,优化系统中光伏阵列、电解槽等设备容量配置;文献[14]建立以微电网投资成本和可再生能源利用率综合最优的多目标优化配置模型,提高了风力机和光伏出力与负荷的匹配程度。
上述研究中多以经济成本或系统运行稳定性为优化目标,未计及系统运行中电解槽效率及输入功率波动性。本文在以上研究的基础上,提出考虑系统安装成本及系统功率波动性的风光制氢系统容量配置优化方法与功率调控方法,采用基于精英非支配排序遗传算法(elitist non-domi-nated sorting genetic algorithm,NSGA-Ⅱ),以系统设备年均成本以及由负荷缺氢率(hydrogen deficiency rate,HDR)和电损率(power loss rate,PLR)组成的系统综合优化指标为目标函数计算系统各部分容量,利用多目标粒子群优化(multiobjective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)算法进行电解槽最大效率功率调控,可综合评估微电网对负荷供电的可靠性、新能源的利用率以及电解槽制氢效率,改善系统的经济性与实用性。最后经算例验证,分析了此方案在平衡设备投入的年均成本、系统缺电率、电解槽效率及输入功率波动性等方面的有效性。
微电网系统中的发电设备主要包括光伏阵列及风力发电机,储能设备为蓄电池,制氢设备为碱性电解槽。其结构如图1所示。首先根据氢需求及风光发电的总功率规划系统容量方案,而后功率调控模型设计系统的运行方式。风能和太阳能在时间和地域上有互补优势,能有效平抑风光互补发电系统中风电和光伏出力波动,蓄电池可为电解槽补充供电,保证电解槽制氢最大效率、降低输入功率波动。
光伏阵列的输出功率与太阳辐照强度、环境温度及光伏变换器的效率有关[15]。光伏发电数学模型可表示为
P p v = P p v N f p v α ( t ) G t / G r e f
式中:Ppv为单位光伏阵列实际输出功率;PpvN为单位光伏阵列的额定输出功率;fpv为光伏变换器的效率,取90%;Gt为太阳辐照强度;Gref为标准参考辐照强度;αt)为温度对光伏功率的影响系数。
αt)可表示为
α ( t ) = 1 + μ [ T ( t ) - 25 ]
其中
T ( t ) = T a ( t ) + G t / 800 ( T N - 20 )
式中:μ为温度系数,取0.004 8;Tt)为当前工作温度;Tat)为当前环境温度;TN为标准工作温度25 ℃。
风力发电机组将风轮捕获的风能转化为电能输出,其输出功率PWT与实时风速、风轮面积、空气密度等参数相关,如下式所示:
P W T = 1 / 2 C P ρ S v 3
式中:v为实时风速;ρ为空气密度;S为风轮扫过的面积;CP为风力发电的功率因子。
CP可表示为
C P = 0.517   6 × ( 116 / λ - 0.4 β - 5 ) × e - 21 / λ + 0.006   8 λ
其中
1 λ = 1 λ + 0.08 β - 0.035 β 3 + 1
式中:λβ分别为叶尖速比与桨距角。
电解槽工作数学模型可表示为
Q e l ( t ) = P H ( t ) η ( t ) η ( t ) = 0.965 e [ 0.09 / I ( t ) - 75.5 / I 2 ( t ) ] U t n U e l ( t )
式中:Qelt)为电解槽产氢量;PHt)为电解槽输入功率;ηt)为电解槽效率;It)为电解电流;Utn为热中性电压,即理论分解电压1.23 V;Uelt)为实际电解电压。
电解槽效率特性曲线如图2所示。由电解槽模型可知,电解槽效率受到电解电流I与实际电解电压Uel影响,且随I增大而增大,随Uel减小而减小[16]。由文献[17]可知,当电解槽输入功率达到额定功率的31%时,电解效率为83.42%,此时电解槽效率较高,但输入电压太小,产氢速率较低;当输入功率大于电解槽额定功率的50%时,电解槽效率略有降低,但产氢速度有所提升;当输入功率为电解槽额定功率时,电解槽效率为71%,此时电解槽产氢速度最大,制氢收益最高。综合考虑电解槽效率、产氢速率以及电能损失,电解槽的最优工作区间为电解槽额定功率PN的50%~100%。
蓄电池是系统中的储能设备,其数学模型可表示为
E t = 1 τ E t 1 Δ E t
Δ E t = P b t η c Δ t           P b t 0 P b t / η d Δ t P b t 0
式中:Et), E ( t - 1 )分别为第t时刻与 t - 1时刻蓄电池电量;ΔEt)为蓄电池第t个时段的电量变化;τ为蓄电池的放电率;Pbt)为蓄电池充放电功率,正值表示放电,负值表示充电;ηcηd分别为电池的充电效率和放电效率;Δt为时间间隔。
经济性指标函数从系统的主要设备整个生命周期出发,计算其年均经济成本。不仅包含设备单位容量的安装成本,还包含设备单位容量的折旧率、设备单位容量运行时的维护成本。经济性目标函数如下式所示:
E t o t a l = N p v · E p v + N w t · E w t + N H · E H + N b · E b
式中:Etotal为系统设备年均经济成本;NpvNwtNHNb分别为光伏阵列、风力发电、电解槽、储氢罐和蓄电池的安装容量,即系统容量优化的决策变量;EpvEwtEHEb分别为对应设备单位容量的年均安装成本。
EpvEwtEHEb分别可用下式表示:
E p v = P p v N C p v N + [ ( 1 + r ) N - 1 ] C p v _ M P p v N r ( 1 + r )
E w t = P w t N C w t N + [ ( 1 + r ) N - 1 ] C w t _ M P w t N r ( 1 + r )
E H = P H N C H N + [ ( 1 + r ) N - 1 ] C H _ M P H N r ( 1 + r )
E b = P b N C b N + [ ( 1 + r ) N - 1 ] C b _ M P b N r ( 1 + r )
式中:PwtNPHNPbN分别为风力发电机、电解槽和蓄电池单位容量的额定功率;CpvCwtCHCb分别为对应设备单位容量的年均安装成本;Cpv_MCwt_MCH_MCb_M分别为对应设备单位容量的年均运维成本;N为设备的使用年限,通常为20 a,具体使用年限根据设备不同略有差异;r为设备的折旧率,通常取6%。
系统综合优化指标由两部分组成,分别为代表系统供电可靠性的系统缺氢率(HDR)及反映系统新能源利用率的系统电损率(PLR)。HDR表示为下式:
H D R = Q d ( t ) Q l o a d ( t ) Q d ( t ) = Q l o a d ( t ) - Q e l t
式中:Qdt)为系统缺氢量;Qloadt)为系统氢负荷。
PLR可表示系统运行过程中除电力电子设备消耗的电能损失,其表示为下式:
P L R = P r e ( t ) P s p v ( t ) + P s w t ( t ) P r e ( t ) = P s p v ( t ) + P s w t ( t ) - P H ( t )
式中:Pret)为风光发电满足氢负荷后的多余功率;Pspvt),Pswtt)分别为系统风力、光伏发电总量。
HDR可反映系统供电可靠性,PLR可反映系统风能与光能利用率,二者权重可根据系统建设要求适当调整,本文讨论的微电网系统对系统稳定性及新能源利用率并无侧重,故赋予HDRPLR相同的权重,转换成衡量系统平衡的系统综合优化指标(comprehensive index,CI),表示为
C I = H D R + P L R
以电解槽能量利用率f1最大与输入电解槽能量波动率f2最小作为目标函数,如下式所示,决策变量为采样点各设备功率。
f 1 = t = 1 m a x η ( t ) · P H ( t ) t = 1 m a x P s p v ( t ) + P s w t ( t ) f 2 = 1 m a x · t = 1 m a x P H ( t + 1 ) - P H ( t ) P H ( t )
式中:max为系统运行周期最大采样点数。
各装置的功率平衡约束、功率边界约束、容量边界约束表示为下3式。
1)功率平衡约束:
P s p v t + P s w t t = P H t + P b t + P r e t             P s p > P l o a d P l o a d ( t ) = P s p v ( t ) + P s w t ( t ) + P b ( t )                       P l o a d > P s p
式中:Psp为风光发电总功率;Pload为氢负荷所需电量。
2)电解槽与蓄电池功率边界约束:
0 P H t N H · P H N 0 P b t N b · P b      
3)各装置容量约束:
0 < N p v N p v . max       N p v . max N 0 < N w t N w t . max     N w t . max N 0 < N H N H . max     N H . max N 0 < N b N b . max      N b . max N
式中:Npv.maxNwt.maxNH.maxNb.max分别为光伏阵列、风力发电机、电解槽、蓄电池能够单独满足负荷时的数量;N为自然数集。
系统控制策略决定各部分的出力顺序,反映各部分的运行状况,对容量优化结果起到决定性作用,也与之后的功率调控相关,系统控制流程如图3所示。图3中,Ps为风光发电总功率,Psb为蓄电池组最大功率。
当采样点风光发电功率大于氢负荷需求功率时,计算多余电功率并判断蓄电池状态,若储满则计算系统弃电量,未储满则执行A方案;当采样点风光发电功率小于氢负荷需求功率时,判断蓄电池状态,若蓄电不足,则计算系统缺氢率,若充足则继续判断缺额功率是否大于蓄电池总功率,若大于则执行B方案,小于则执行C方案。
A~C方案具体如下:
A方案:满足负荷要求后,多余功率为蓄电池充电,若仍有余电则放弃并计算系统弃电量;
B方案:系统蓄电池最大功率启动仍不能满足氢负荷,重新计算系统缺氢并计算缺氢率;
C方案:启动蓄电池可以满足系统氢负荷,此时系统无缺氢。
根据负荷用电量,以光伏阵列、风力发电机、电解槽、蓄电池等设备的容量作为目标变量的容量优化,是一个多目标、多变量的非线性问题[16],NSGA-Ⅱ不受问题的具体领域和场景影响,有很强的鲁棒性,能很好地解决相关领域复杂的多目标优化问题[17]。本文采取NSGA-Ⅱ进行对系统容量求解,使用MOPSO算法对系统进行功率调控。具体求解流程如图4所示。
首先导入所需风速、辐照强度、氢负荷等数据,通过风光发电、电解槽等数学模型计算,使用NSGA-Ⅱ计算系统容量;然后将系统容量等数据导入MOPSO算法,配置算法参数如下:种群大小、最大迭代次数、交叉概率、变异概率等,最后结合导入的数据利用算法计算各目标函数的适应度值,以及各设备的输入、输出功率结果。
选取新疆某风电场和光电厂实测数据作为参考数据,数据采样间隔为1 h,该地年平均风速为7.805 m/s,年平均辐照强度为189.566 W/m2。全年风速与光辐照强度分别如图5图6所示。
选取全年风光气象数据4个季度中各一个典型日,结合风光发电数学模型,以额定功率为50 kW的风力发电机与光伏阵列模拟典型日风光出力如图7所示。根据文献[18]选取城市居民天然气、氢燃料、天然气电池汽车的用量并加以处理、换算作为系统负荷,将城市氢负荷分为春冬负荷与夏秋负荷。不同时间段氢负荷有较大的差异,全年用氢量上呈现年初及年尾(春冬)用量大,年中(夏秋)用量小,其主要原因受气温影响;由于居民生活习惯等因素,氢气一天内的需求量也不均匀,氢负荷曲线如图8所示。
设备成本包括购买费用、安装设备所耗费的建设成本、设备运行过程中耗费的维护成本以及设备更换折旧率。每kW容量的具体数据如表1所示[19-20]
对NSGA-Ⅱ的初始参数设置如下:种群规模为100,迭代次数为200,交叉概率为0.8,变异概率为0.2。得到最优容量规划最优解集,本文容量优化模型包含3个元素,分别为年均经济成本Etotal、缺氢率HDR、电损率PLR,故其最优解集在一个3维平面中,容量优化解集如图9所示,典型日运行周期各部分出力结果如图10所示。
图9可知,容量优化模型中3个元素互相矛盾,不可能同时达到最优,在不考虑其中两种元素的情况下,另外一种元素可以找到最优解。按照折中原则选择相对最优解进行仿真验证分别为:年均成本2 127 500 元、弃电率12.39%、缺氢率2.61%;各设备的容量(决策变量)分别为:光伏电池1 450 kW、风力发电机4 550 kW、蓄电池3 250 kW、电解槽4 800 kW。
图10可知,运行周期内风力发电总量为263 820.03 kW∙h、光伏发电总量为37 306.47 kW∙h、蓄电池放电量为56 241.79 kW∙h、蓄电池耗电量为68 135.83 kW∙h、电解槽耗电量为241 847.72 kW∙h。由于风力发电机安装成本较低,为系统的主要供电设备,光伏电池与蓄电池容量相对较小,可在风机出力不足时为系统补充供电。
根据容量配置优化结果,结合各个季度典型日气象数据所得系统供电波动率如图11所示。由图7可知光伏发电随太阳辐照强度周期变化,而风力发电白天出力较低,夜晚出力较高,二者具有良好的互补能力。
风力发电平均功率波动为19.89%,最高波动率为121.58%;光伏发电平均功率波动为16.11%,最高波动率为118.34%;风光互补发电平均功率波动为22.24%,最高波动率为98.47%;蓄电池补充发电平均功率波动为15.64%,最高波动率为79.43%。风光互补发电可有效降低系统发电波动率,采用蓄电池作为储能装置并经算法对功率调控优化之后可进一步降低系统供电波动,减小由于供电波动造成的电解槽损伤。
带蓄电池储能的风光互补制氢系统功率调控经优化后,有效改善了系统的动态运行稳定性,并可大幅度提升电解槽的制氢效率、增加系统制氢收益,在全年4个典型日运行周期中,带蓄电池储能与风光互补直接制氢系统电解槽效率与输入功率波动率对比如图12所示,蓄电池电量与充放电功率如图13所示。
风光互补与蓄电池储能系统电解槽输入功率平均波动率分别为57.12%,26.37%,峰值分别为118.51%,86.24%,两系统电解槽平均效率分别为45.36%,62.39%。由前文可知,电解槽输入功率在额定功率PN的50%~100%之间为最优工作区间,当输入功率低于50%时,带蓄电池储能的制氢系统可根据蓄电池状态判断是否为电解槽补充电能。经蓄电池为电解补充电能后较前者蓄电池储能系统电解槽平均输入功率波动率下降了53.87%,电解槽制氢效率提升了37.54%,提高了系统的能源利用率和稳定性。
可再生能源制氢是实现能源转型与高效开发的重要途经,为减少系统安装成本、提高电解水制氢能源利用率,降低风光发电功率的波动性,根据电解水制氢效率特性,提出了带蓄电池储能的容量规划方案与功率调控方法,结论如下:
1)采用NSGA-Ⅱ,对容量配置模型进行求解,最终求得84个相对最优解,其中绝大部分系统缺氢率可在5%以下,系统弃电率在20%以下,年均安装成本在2 000 000元以下;
2)针对工作中电解槽输入功率不稳定导致制氢效率低的问题,基于MOPSO算法的功率调控方法可降低电解槽输入波动率,提高电解槽制氢效率,相对优化前的风光互补制氢系统电解槽平均输入功率波动率下降了53.87%,电解槽制氢效率提升了37.54%,有效提升了系统的稳定性与能源利用率。
本文只考虑风光发电、蓄电池、制氢、储氢成本,并未计算其他电力电子设备的运行成本,未来可进一步调查加以完善。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1506902)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52266018)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B01003-3)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点实验室开放课题(2022D04029)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25048
  • 接收时间:2023-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1506902)
国家自然科学基金(52266018)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B01003-3)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点实验室开放课题(2022D04029)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

通讯作者:

何山(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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