Article(id=1194957530121089624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25847, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762829676418, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762829676418, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762829676418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762829676418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194957528560812573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762829676042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762830003292, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194957530385330777, articleId=1194957530121089624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Design Method of Compensation Network Parameters for Bilateral LCC Topological Magnetic Coupling Mechanism, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the principle of magnetic coupling resonance technology, a bilateral LCC topology compensation network parameter design method was adopted. Firstly, the mathematical model of the main circuit of the bilateral LCC topology was analyzed, and the inductance ratio of the coil self-inductance and the series compensation inductance was set.Then, by writing an M file and building a Simulink simulation platform, according to the relationship between inductance ratio and efficiency, found the optimal efficiency point. Finally, a all-SiC MOSFET device system experimental platform was built for verification. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the coupling mechanism can be maintained at about 95% and the maximum efficiency of the system is more than 92.5% in the range of full power offset by setting the appropriate inductance ratio, which proves that the compensation network parameter design method is effective.

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基于磁耦合谐振式技术原理,采用一种双边LCC拓扑补偿网络参数设计方法。首先对双边LCC拓扑主电路数学模型进行分析,设定线圈自感与串联补偿电感的电感比值。然后通过编写M文件和搭建Simulink仿真平台,根据电感比值与效率之间的关系,找到最优效率点。最后搭建全SiC MOSFET器件系统实验平台进行验证。实验结果表明,通过设置合适的电感比值,在满功率偏移范围内,耦合机构效率能够保持在95%左右,系统最大效率大于92.5%,证明了该补偿网络参数设计方法是有效的。

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张博雨(1987—),女,硕士研究生,助理研究员,主要研究方向为教育培训,Email:

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张博雨(1987—),女,硕士研究生,助理研究员,主要研究方向为教育培训,Email:

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张博雨(1987—),女,硕士研究生,助理研究员,主要研究方向为教育培训,Email:

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figureFileBig=3j9wXHsHgnhTAtn6SnhSzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194958000877187330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530121089624, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

System power and efficiency when coupling mechanism is placed in positive alignment and limit offset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对位置 输入功率/kW 输出功率/kW 系统效率/% 耦合机构效率/%
(0,0,190) 7.177 6.649 92.635 95.98
(-75,-100,190) 7.215 6.659 92.08 95.90
(0,0,200) 7.160 6.635 92.664 96.12
(-75,-100,200) 7.233 6.663 91.8 95.98
(0,0,210) 7.191 6.658 92.588 95.68
(-75,-100,210) 7.237 6.638 91.26 95.18
), ArticleFig(id=1194958000940101891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530121089624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耦合机构正对和极限偏移放置时系统功率、效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对位置 输入功率/kW 输出功率/kW 系统效率/% 耦合机构效率/%
(0,0,190) 7.177 6.649 92.635 95.98
(-75,-100,190) 7.215 6.659 92.08 95.90
(0,0,200) 7.160 6.635 92.664 96.12
(-75,-100,200) 7.233 6.663 91.8 95.98
(0,0,210) 7.191 6.658 92.588 95.68
(-75,-100,210) 7.237 6.638 91.26 95.18
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双边LCC拓扑磁耦合机构补偿网络参数设计方法
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张博雨 1 , 张晓丽 2 , 冯睿 3 , 张照博 3 , 蔡思淇 2 , 马晓轩 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(10): 32-38
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(10): 32-38
双边LCC拓扑磁耦合机构补偿网络参数设计方法
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张博雨1 , 张晓丽2, 冯睿3, 张照博3, 蔡思淇2, 马晓轩2
作者信息
  • 1.广州石油培训中心有限公司,广东 广州 510000
  • 2.许继电源有限公司,河南 许昌 461000
  • 3.中国石油天然气股份有限公司广东销售分公司,广东 广州 510000
  • 张博雨(1987—),女,硕士研究生,助理研究员,主要研究方向为教育培训,Email:

Design Method of Compensation Network Parameters for Bilateral LCC Topological Magnetic Coupling Mechanism
Boyu ZHANG1 , Xiaoli ZHANG2, Rui FENG3, Zhaobo ZHANG3, Siqi CAI2, Xiaoxuan MA2
Affiliations
  • 1. Guangzhou Petroleum Training Center Co., Ltd.,Guangzhou 510000,Guangdong,China
  • 2. Xu Ji Power Co., Ltd.,Xuchang 461000,Henan,China
  • 3. China National Petroleum Company Limited Guangdong Sales Branch, Guangzhou 510000,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25847
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基于磁耦合谐振式技术原理,采用一种双边LCC拓扑补偿网络参数设计方法。首先对双边LCC拓扑主电路数学模型进行分析,设定线圈自感与串联补偿电感的电感比值。然后通过编写M文件和搭建Simulink仿真平台,根据电感比值与效率之间的关系,找到最优效率点。最后搭建全SiC MOSFET器件系统实验平台进行验证。实验结果表明,通过设置合适的电感比值,在满功率偏移范围内,耦合机构效率能够保持在95%左右,系统最大效率大于92.5%,证明了该补偿网络参数设计方法是有效的。

磁耦合谐振  /  双边LCC拓扑  /  电感比值  /  SIC MOSFET器件  /  耦合机构效率

Based on the principle of magnetic coupling resonance technology, a bilateral LCC topology compensation network parameter design method was adopted. Firstly, the mathematical model of the main circuit of the bilateral LCC topology was analyzed, and the inductance ratio of the coil self-inductance and the series compensation inductance was set.Then, by writing an M file and building a Simulink simulation platform, according to the relationship between inductance ratio and efficiency, found the optimal efficiency point. Finally, a all-SiC MOSFET device system experimental platform was built for verification. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the coupling mechanism can be maintained at about 95% and the maximum efficiency of the system is more than 92.5% in the range of full power offset by setting the appropriate inductance ratio, which proves that the compensation network parameter design method is effective.

magnetic coupling resonance  /  bilateral LCC topology  /  inductance ratio  /  SiC MOSFET device  /  coupling mechanism efficiency
张博雨, 张晓丽, 冯睿, 张照博, 蔡思淇, 马晓轩. 双边LCC拓扑磁耦合机构补偿网络参数设计方法. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (10) : 32 -38 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25847
Boyu ZHANG, Xiaoli ZHANG, Rui FENG, Zhaobo ZHANG, Siqi CAI, Xiaoxuan MA. Design Method of Compensation Network Parameters for Bilateral LCC Topological Magnetic Coupling Mechanism[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (10) : 32 -38 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25847
无线电能传输技术主要是利用机械波、电场或磁场等中间介质来传输电能,供电系统与充电负载量传输技术是于2006年11月在美国物理学会工业物理论坛上首次被提出的[1]。其采用交变磁场作为空间能量传递的媒介,能量传输方式具有良好的穿透性、无严格的方向性,能同时给有效区域内多个相近谐振频率的接收端供电,而其他频率不匹配的物体几乎不受影响,因此具有传输距离较远、效率高以及无需通过金属导线连接等优点。其中磁耦合谐振式无线技术具有能效高、功率密度大等诸多优点,已经成为了当今无线输电领域的研究热点[2]
耦合机构的补偿电路主要用于实现发射端和接收端线圈的频率补偿,保证谐振频率接近,提升系统性能[3]。不同类型的补偿电容或补偿电感电压电流应力存在很大差异,因此补偿电路的拓扑选择是该环节的设计重点[4-6]。双边LCC 拓扑具有完美的对称性,兼顾串联与并联的各自优点,同时复合补偿网络里面的谐振元件以及基本的缓冲电路能够有效降低开关损耗,提高开关频率,易于实现软开关,提高系统整体的传输效率,已经成为国内外研究热点。
美国密歇根大学Chris Mi教授领导的研究小组从电路补偿网络拓扑的角度出发,第一次提出了双边LCC拓扑补偿网络,该网络是由两个补偿电容以及一个补偿电感构成的T型结构,并对其电路特性进行了分析,确保了谐振频率与耦合系数和负载条件无关[7]。接着,该研究团队又设计了基于双耦合、 LCC 拓扑补偿网络结构,除了原、副边线圈耦合之外,原、副边补偿电感器也耦合在一起以传输更多功率[8]。文献[9]综合考虑电路传输功率和效率,得出LCC补偿型无线充电系统电路要优于其它四种基本补偿拓扑。双边LCC拓扑由于匹配自身电感补偿电容的加入,自感与谐振补偿电感并无直接联系,增加补偿拓扑参数配置灵活性。文献[10]研究了双边LCC拓扑补偿网络及其整定方法,经过分析不同间距不同耦合系数对系统效率的影响,得到谐振频率与耦合系数和负载条件无关,但未充分考虑系统参数设计的问题。文献[11]仅研究了原副边线圈自感、双边LCC拓扑原副边补偿电感、电容相同的参数设计方法,并未考虑原副边线圈自感、双边LCC拓扑原副边补偿电感、电容不相同的双边LCC拓扑补偿网络的参数设计问题。
文献[12] 基于双边LCC互感模型的阻抗特性分析法,提出通过改变输入阻抗特性(即通过原边或者副边串联补偿电容)来调整关断电流以达到优化前级H桥变换器ZVS的参数的目的,从阻抗和电压增益角度对比分析了这两种优化参数方法对谐振电路特性的影响。通过改变谐振参数进而改变系统输出特性,提供一种不同工况下双LCC补偿拓扑参数设计思路,但侧重点并不在补偿网络的参数设计。文献[13]提出一种基于双边 LCC 谐振补偿网络的参数设计方法,通过推导出的输出电流和等效阻抗表达式,将电容耐压与系统等效阻抗设定在一定范围内,并通过仿真逐步确定谐振拓扑补偿电容参数的范围。虽能实现无线充电系统谐振补偿网络参数的优化,但是设计方法复杂且参数范围较大,不利于准确确认拓扑参数值。
为了解决由于原、副边线圈自感不同而带来的补偿网络参数不对称相等的计算问题,本文提出一种双边LCC拓扑磁耦合补偿网络参数设计方法。通过设定线圈自感与串联补偿电感的电感比值,根据谐振条件、原副边线圈电压电流、补偿电感电压电流、传输功率、效率等之间的关系,找到最优效率点,确定整个补偿网络的参数值。通过搭建仿真和实验平台,验证参数设计方法的可行性和有效性。
双边LCC补偿拓扑虽然补偿元件较多,但补偿元件应力相对较小,且其传输效率较高,具有线圈恒流、输出恒流等特性,其对参数敏感程度相对较低,具有较高的功率传输能力、较好的抗偏移特性,因此,中小功率等级无线充电系统的补偿网络拓扑选取双边LCC拓扑。
为简化计算,假设原副边线圈电阻、补偿电感及补偿电容的电阻均为0。当系统开关频率在谐振网络谐振频率附近时,可用基波等效模型近似分析。双边LCC补偿网络主电路拓扑示意图如图1所示,其基波等效电路图如图2所示。
图中,Lp,Ls为原、副边线圈自感;Cps,Css为原、副边串联补偿电容;Lrp,Lrs为原、副边串联补偿电感;Cp,Cs为原、副边并联补偿电容;S1~S8分别为原边和副边构成H桥的SiC MOSFET;u1u2为双边LCC补偿网络输入和输出电压;U1U2分别为u1u2的基波分量的有效值;Udp为高频逆变电源输入电压;Uds为副边整流输出电压;M为原、副边线圈互感;RE为交流等效负载;RL为直流等效负载。
为了提高效率,需要保证双LCC补偿拓扑的原、副边功率因数均为1。系统处于谐振工作状态,使系统参数配置如下:
ω L r p = ω L p - 1 ω C p s = 1 ω C p ω L r s = ω L s - 1 ω C s s = 1 ω C s
根据KVL定律,建立双边LCC补偿网络系统电压方程如下:
- 1 j ω C p = u 1 - 1 ω C p I r p - j ω M I s = 0 - 1 ω C s I r s - j ω M I p = 0 1 j ω C s I s = u 2
全桥逆变后的基波电压与全桥逆变的输入电压有如下关系:
U 1 = 2 2 π U d p U 2 = 2 2 π U d s R E = 8 π R L
其原边线圈和副边线圈电流分别为
I p = 2 2 π U d p ω L r p I s = 2 2 π U d s ω L r s
由式(4)可以看到,系统在谐振条件对应的谐振频率点下工作时,双边LCC补偿拓扑的原、副边线圈电流均只与输入、输出直流母线和补偿电感相关,与负载及耦合系数无关,系统不会出现空载过流的危险。
双边LCC补偿拓扑输入、输出均为恒流特性,输入电流和输出电流分别为
I i n = 2 2 U d s π k L p L s ω L r p L r s I o = 8 U d p π k L p L s ω L r p L r s
式中:k为耦合系数。
该恒流源输出特性适合于对电池直接充电,其传输功率为
P o = 8 π 2 k L p L s ω L r p L r s U d s U d p s i n β p 2 s i n β s 2
式中:βpβs分别为原、副边H桥的移相角。
可以看到,采用双有源控制可以实现功率的全范围调节。双边LCC拓扑补偿电感值小于原副边线圈电感值,更小的电感值意味着更小的体积和重量,因此,采用双边LCC拓扑补偿网络有着更高的功率密度。
耦合机构双边LCC拓扑网络参数设计方法总体思路及实施步骤如图3所示。
首先已知耦合机构原、副边线圈自感值, 设定无线充电系统耦合机构拓扑补偿网络谐振频率。原边线圈自感与原边串联补偿电感的比值、副边线圈自感与副边串联补偿电感的比值公式如下式所示:
α p = L p L r p α s = L s L r s
然后对双边LCC拓扑补偿电路进行分析,从设计指标如最小传输功率Pomin、最大传输距离、极限偏移量等参数入手,当耦合系数kLpLs均取最小值,可得原、副边电感比值系数的乘积为
α s α p = ω π 2 P o m i n L p m i n L s m i n 8 η k m i n U d s m i n U d p m a x
也就是说系统需在最小耦合系数kmin、最大输入电压Udpmax、最小输出电压Udsmin下实现满载功率输出,预估该工况下的无线充电系统效率,选择不同电感比αpαs来满足功率需求。
设定αpαs取值的范围一般在1~5之间,取值越大,谐振电感的体积越小。具体的αpαs取值关系到系统的效率,也和耦合机构线圈的品质因数、开关管以及谐振电感的损耗、电压范围、互感范围有关,为了在较宽的电压范围内均实现较高的传输效率,需要遍历寻找最优解。
获得地端和车端电感比后,可根据电感比对系统的补偿电感和补偿电容进行参数设计,设计的原则主要有两个,一是线圈恒流,二是单位功率因数。获得电感比后,为了保证系统软开关,根据式(1)选取地端自感的最大值Lpmax进行原边补偿电容和补偿电感的参数设计。使用Matlab仿真软件,考虑线圈、补偿电感的损耗与效率的关系,得到原边电感比值系数与效率的关系,然后根据该值选取效率最大值对应的比例系数,进而得到相应的补偿电感值。
综合市场产品电气参数,此处设定无线充电系统耦合机构拓扑补偿网络谐振频率f=85 kHz,Udpmax=760 V,Udpmin=380 V,Udsmax=450 V,Udsmin=320 V,根据ANSYS仿真得到车地端线圈自感Lpmax=77.646 μH,Lsmax=45.507 μH,Lpmin=77.142 μH,Lsmin=38.161 μH,工作气隙为190 ~210 mm时,耦合系数kpmax=0.307 1,kpmin=0.168。编写Matlab的M文件求解耦合机构最大效率点对应的比值系数。仿真结果如下:αpαs=6.737 2,对应的αp为2.36,αs为2.854 7。仿真结果如图4所示。
更进一步的效率曲线还包括整个系统的损耗值,如车地端全桥通态损耗、电容损耗、辅电损耗等,进而计算出整个系统的损耗值。根据整个系统效率随电感比值系数的变化规律,选取最大效率点对应的比值系数,进而确定整个补偿网络的参数值,实现对系统耦合机构拓扑补偿网络的参数优化。优化结果αpαs=6.737 2,对应的αp为2.33,αs为2.891 5。仿真结果如图5所示。
根据优化后的比值系数乘积αpαs=6.737 2, 对应的αp为2.33,αs为2.891 5。由式(1)和式(7)计算可得Lrp=33.108 2 μH,Lrs=13.197 6 μH,Cp=104.658 nF,Cps=78.69 nF,Cs=262.55 nF,Css=138.8 nF。
为了验证上述参数设计方法的可行性及正确性,把相关参数代入Simulink模块中建立6.6 kW无线充电系统仿真模型,如图6所示。输入电压有效值U1为650 V,开关频率为85 kHz,交流的等效电阻RE=25 Ω。
计及线圈损耗、补偿电感损耗、补偿电容损耗等,则双边LCC拓扑网络耦合机构效率仿真结果如图7所示为95.43%。
计及整个系统的损耗值,包括地端全桥的通态损耗、车端全桥的通态损耗、电容损耗、辅电损耗等,得到前级PFC整流和后级的DC-DC整流效率分别是98.8%和98.29%,实现了系统的高效率、高密度传输。
功率半导体器件一直被认为是电力电子设备的关键组成部分[14]。SiC材料较Si材料有难以比拟的优越性,可制作出具有耐高压、耐高温、高频率、高功率密度、强辐射特性的器件。对比Si MOSFET,SiC MOSFET具有耐压高、易散热、导通损耗和开关损耗低等特性。为减小原、副边全桥开关损耗,获得较高的系统效率,本文选用SiC MOSFET作为开关管。
搭建6.6 kW无线充电系统实验平台,主要包括原边电源模块、双边LCC拓扑磁耦合机构、副边电源模块及电阻负载等,其中原边电源模块接工业用电380 V交流电。无线充电系统模拟实验平台实物如图8所示, 双边LCC补偿网络结构实物图如图9所示。
为验证文中提出的双边LCC拓扑网络参数设计方法具有较高的传输功率和传输效率,在输出功率为满功率、耦合机构工作气隙为190~210 mm时,耦合机构正对放置和极限偏移放置时系统功率、效率测试结果表1所示。
同功率不同位移系统效率实验结果三维图如图10所示。
进一步观察其他性能,通过功率分析仪WPT1800可得,在耦合机构相对位置(0,0,190)额定工况下,额定工作点系统输入、输出功率和效率如图11所示,系统输入侧谐波电流测试结果如图12所示。通过示波器可得系统地端桥口电压和车端桥口电压如图13所示,耦合机构地端补偿电感电流及其谐振频率如图14所示。
表1图10可知,系统最大效率能够达到92.5%,耦合机构效率能够保持95%以上;在最大距离、最大偏移情况下,系统效率略小于92.5%,但是耦合机构效率依然保持在95%以上。
图11图12可知,双边LCC谐振网络中存在1,3,5,7等奇次谐波,如不加处理,对相位检测精度会造成不利影响,造成系统工作于硬开关模式,大幅增大开关损耗,降低系统效率,影响系统散热。通过频率分离,采用85 kHz作为基波频率,经低通滤波后,滤除高频成分,进行锁相角度计算,并留有30°左右的相移相角度裕量,保证系统在全工作范围实现软开关。
图13图14可知,车端桥口电压和地端桥口电压占空比基本开满,系统车地端SiC MOSFET基本实现软开关。此时,SiC MOSFET管损耗较小,功率密度增大,发热量减小,同时,开关噪声减小,相应的电磁干扰小,系统总损耗减小;耦合机构谐振频率点均固定在85 kHz附近,不存在因耦合机构相对偏移位置造成失谐的现象,原、副边均实现单位功率因数,原边无功功率和副边无功功率并没有通过耦合机构进行无功能量交换,减小输入功率等级,提高系统效率。
实验结果与理论、仿真分析的结果一致,耦合机构双边LCC拓扑网络设计方法是有效的。
文中采用了一种双边LCC拓扑网络设计方法用于设计磁耦合谐振式无线充电系统。通过分析双边LCC拓扑网络主电路的数学模型,确定耦合谐振条件、线圈电压电流、补偿电感电压电流、传输功率等与负载、耦合系数及频率之间的关系,从最小传输功率、最小传输效率、最大传输距离、极限偏移量等参数入手,取得原、副边线圈及其补偿电感相对应的电感比,不断迭代优化得到最佳谐振网络匹配参数,设计了6.6 kW无线充电磁耦合机构。最后搭建全SiC器件无线充电系统实验平台进行验证,实验数据与仿真结果基本一致。本文对无线充电系统双边LCC拓扑的电路特性分析和参数设计具有一定的指导意义,为无线充电系统优化研究提供依据。
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2024年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25847
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
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    1.广州石油培训中心有限公司,广东 广州 510000
    2.许继电源有限公司,河南 许昌 461000
    3.中国石油天然气股份有限公司广东销售分公司,广东 广州 510000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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