Article(id=1192850379269358448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=1700064000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762327292505, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762327292505, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762327292505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762327292505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190985985849705466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761882786476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762390467120, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192850379411964786, articleId=1192850379269358448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=A Method to Calculate the Peak Load Balancing Cost of Power System for Mass Access of Renewable Energy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem that the time-of-use price is not taken into account in the calculation of the peaking cost in the case of a large number of renewable energy sources,a method of calculating the peaking cost of power system with time-of-use price was proposed. First,the key scenarios of power grid peak regulation were obtained,and the technical cost characteristic boundaries of various peak regulation resources were determined. Second,according to typical daily new energy and load characteristics,taking the minimum total peaking cost of the power system as the objective function,taking into account the technical output of thermal power units,charging and discharging characteristics of energy storage,capacity of pumped storage power station and other constraints,and taking into account the time-of-sale price factor,a quantitative model of the peaking cost of the power system was established. Finally,through solving the model,the peak load balancing cost and unit output under the optimal scheme were obtained. The actual data of Ningxia Power Grid,the first provincial power grid whose output of new energy generation exceeds the entire regional power load,was taken as an example to verify the model. The results show that the model can effectively evaluate the peaking cost and unit output in the key scenarios of power grid peak regulation.

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为解决可再生能源大量接入情况下的调峰成本测算过程中未考虑分时电价的问题,提出了一种考虑分时电价的电力系统调峰成本测算方法。首先,获取电网调峰关键场景,确定各类调峰资源的技术成本特性边界;其次,针对典型日新能源和负荷特性,以电力系统总调峰成本最小为目标函数,考虑火电机组技术出力、储能充放电特性、抽水蓄能电站容量等约束,计及分时电价因素,建立电力系统调峰成本量化模型;最后,通过对模型进行求解,得到最优方案下的调峰成本和机组出力。以全国首个新能源发电出力超过全区用电负荷的省级电网——宁夏电网的实际数据为算例进行验证,结果表明该模型能够有效评估电网调峰关键场景下的调峰成本和机组出力情况。

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杨燕(1996—),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为企业战略研究,Email:

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杨燕(1996—),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为企业战略研究,Email:

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杨燕(1996—),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为企业战略研究,Email:

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Notice of the development and reform commission of the autonomous region on matters related to long-term electricity transactions in 2023 (Ningfa Reform Operation (2022) No. 918), refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193114832611279239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193114832619667848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, companyId=1193114832611279239, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Economic and Technological Research Institute,State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Yinchuan 750001,Ningxia,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193114832632250761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, companyId=1193114832611279239, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网宁夏电力有限公司 经济技术研究院,宁夏 银川 750001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193114835710869953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Net load characteristics in summer typical day, figureFileSmall=XINMSvofhTlZ06kjDHajvg==, figureFileBig=8fh56QCakXS5NbD6+Id+Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114835777978819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=CN, label=图1, caption=夏季典型日净负荷特性, figureFileSmall=XINMSvofhTlZ06kjDHajvg==, figureFileBig=8fh56QCakXS5NbD6+Id+Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114835870253509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Net load characteristics in winter typical day, figureFileSmall=XnC1I+sCNg/1t+zR0rbsIw==, figureFileBig=3ZuybzW/cvlOWJjoSQbQYQ==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.4, caption=300 MW units depth peak shift in summer typical day, figureFileSmall=OHInevBy+hMCNkBeE4GD4Q==, figureFileBig=dcCNZQpZh+osn8YEOsE/QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836331626958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=CN, label=图4, caption=夏季典型日300 MW机组深度调峰档位, figureFileSmall=OHInevBy+hMCNkBeE4GD4Q==, figureFileBig=dcCNZQpZh+osn8YEOsE/QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836390347216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=600 MW units depth peak shift in summer typical day, figureFileSmall=/KgkQ5rFeM18IReFlVcbwg==, figureFileBig=pJhwwCmYaaGUFfujFfI0pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836465844690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=CN, label=图5, caption=夏季典型日600 MW机组深度调峰档位, figureFileSmall=/KgkQ5rFeM18IReFlVcbwg==, figureFileBig=pJhwwCmYaaGUFfujFfI0pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836528759252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=1 000 MW units depth peak shift in summer typical day, figureFileSmall=4EQPQBRBwx+Jb/mQ+FpEuA==, figureFileBig=TDGeVHkLOMs5AuYkxdVnsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836604256726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=CN, label=图6, caption=夏季典型日1 000 MW机组深度调峰档位, figureFileSmall=4EQPQBRBwx+Jb/mQ+FpEuA==, figureFileBig=TDGeVHkLOMs5AuYkxdVnsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114836692337112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=New energy consumption in summer typical day, figureFileSmall=aQrHN3m30a4ujt89vxohXA==, figureFileBig=qSjHbPCmfrAyNbZcv8714g==, tableContent=null), 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Power supply composition

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电源 个数 容量/MW
火电机组 300 MW级 14 4 680
600 MW级 16 10 440
1 000 MW级 4 4 000
储能电站 100/200(MW/MW·h) 9 900
风电 14 570
光伏 15 840
固定出力 10 080
合计 60 510
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电源构成

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电源 个数 容量/MW
火电机组 300 MW级 14 4 680
600 MW级 16 10 440
1 000 MW级 4 4 000
储能电站 100/200(MW/MW·h) 9 900
风电 14 570
光伏 15 840
固定出力 10 080
合计 60 510
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Ningxia in-depth peak shaving specific grading and quotation

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报价档位 机组负荷率 报价下限/
[元·(MW·h)-1]
报价上限/
[元·(MW·h)-1]
第一档 40%<负荷率<50% 0 350
第二档 负荷率≤40% 350 750
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宁夏深度调峰具体分档及报价

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报价档位 机组负荷率 报价下限/
[元·(MW·h)-1]
报价上限/
[元·(MW·h)-1]
第一档 40%<负荷率<50% 0 350
第二档 负荷率≤40% 350 750
), ArticleFig(id=1193114838038708726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850379269358448, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ningxia in-depth peak shaving specific grading and quotation

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机组额定容量级别/MW 报价上限/(万元·次-1
300 110
600 200
1 000 300
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宁夏不同级别机组报价

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机组额定容量级别/MW 报价上限/(万元·次-1
300 110
600 200
1 000 300
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面向可再生能源大量接入的电力系统调峰成本测算方法
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杨燕 , 刘桐 , 靳盘龙 , 齐彩娟
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(5): 41-50
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(5): 41-50
面向可再生能源大量接入的电力系统调峰成本测算方法
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杨燕 , 刘桐, 靳盘龙, 齐彩娟
作者信息
  • 国网宁夏电力有限公司 经济技术研究院,宁夏 银川 750001
  • 杨燕(1996—),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为企业战略研究,Email:

A Method to Calculate the Peak Load Balancing Cost of Power System for Mass Access of Renewable Energy
Yan YANG , Tong LIU, Panlong JIN, Caijuan QI
Affiliations
  • Economic and Technological Research Institute,State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Yinchuan 750001,Ningxia,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25442
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为解决可再生能源大量接入情况下的调峰成本测算过程中未考虑分时电价的问题,提出了一种考虑分时电价的电力系统调峰成本测算方法。首先,获取电网调峰关键场景,确定各类调峰资源的技术成本特性边界;其次,针对典型日新能源和负荷特性,以电力系统总调峰成本最小为目标函数,考虑火电机组技术出力、储能充放电特性、抽水蓄能电站容量等约束,计及分时电价因素,建立电力系统调峰成本量化模型;最后,通过对模型进行求解,得到最优方案下的调峰成本和机组出力。以全国首个新能源发电出力超过全区用电负荷的省级电网——宁夏电网的实际数据为算例进行验证,结果表明该模型能够有效评估电网调峰关键场景下的调峰成本和机组出力情况。

电力系统  /  新能源  /  储能  /  调峰  /  典型日

In order to solve the problem that the time-of-use price is not taken into account in the calculation of the peaking cost in the case of a large number of renewable energy sources,a method of calculating the peaking cost of power system with time-of-use price was proposed. First,the key scenarios of power grid peak regulation were obtained,and the technical cost characteristic boundaries of various peak regulation resources were determined. Second,according to typical daily new energy and load characteristics,taking the minimum total peaking cost of the power system as the objective function,taking into account the technical output of thermal power units,charging and discharging characteristics of energy storage,capacity of pumped storage power station and other constraints,and taking into account the time-of-sale price factor,a quantitative model of the peaking cost of the power system was established. Finally,through solving the model,the peak load balancing cost and unit output under the optimal scheme were obtained. The actual data of Ningxia Power Grid,the first provincial power grid whose output of new energy generation exceeds the entire regional power load,was taken as an example to verify the model. The results show that the model can effectively evaluate the peaking cost and unit output in the key scenarios of power grid peak regulation.

power system  /  new energy  /  energy storage  /  peak shaving  /  typical day
杨燕, 刘桐, 靳盘龙, 齐彩娟. 面向可再生能源大量接入的电力系统调峰成本测算方法. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (5) : 41 -50 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25442
Yan YANG, Tong LIU, Panlong JIN, Caijuan QI. A Method to Calculate the Peak Load Balancing Cost of Power System for Mass Access of Renewable Energy[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (5) : 41 -50 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25442
积极推动可再生能源在电力系统中的大量快速接入是应对全球气候变化、推动“双碳”目标和实现可持续发展的迫切需求。以宁夏为例,其风光资源丰富,截至2023年4月,新能源装机容量为3 246万kW,占比51.85%,到 2025 年,新能源发电装机容量的占比将提高到55%以上,发电量占30%以上[1]。随着可再生能源占比不断上升,系统调峰难度因其出力的不确定性和反调峰特性而显著增加[2-4]。因此,在可再生能源大量接入情况下,灵活调用调峰资源实现电力系统调峰成本优化具有重要意义。
为解决电力系统的调峰问题,已有许多学者进行了相关研究。文献[5-7]探讨了利用储能来调节电网峰谷差,以实现可再生能源电力系统的调峰。文献[8-10]讨论了对火电机组出力进行灵活性改造以满足电力系统的调峰要求。文献[11-13]研究了水电机组通过抽水蓄能参与可再生能源电力系统调峰的方法。文献[14-16]提出了负荷侧主体需求响应在电力系统调峰中的应用策略。然而,仅采用单一种类的调峰技术不能适应高占比可再生能源电力系统的调峰,需要在考虑可再生能源发展关键场景下,对现有的调峰技术手段和经济成本进行研究,从而测算电力系统调峰成本。
目前,已有文献对提高电网调峰能力的措施方案成本展开研究[17],文献[18]提到提高电力系统调峰能力的两种技术措施分别为火电机组的灵活性改造和建设储能设施,并对两种方案所需投资成本分别进行了计算,但没有考虑调峰辅助服务机制下的电力系统调峰成本测算问题。在调峰辅助服务的经济性方面已有大量的研究,包括火电机组的深度调峰费用和经济性分析[19-21]、抽水蓄能机组提供调峰服务的综合效益分析[22-24]、因风电产生的调峰成本的计算[25-26]等。然而,上述文献均没有考虑储能利用分时电价峰谷套利对电力系统调峰成本经济性的影响。
综上所述,在可再生能源大量接入情况下,需要充分调动现有的调峰资源,实现调峰潜力的挖掘和系统调峰成本经济性的平衡,减少弃风弃光现象。为此,本文提出一种面向可再生能源大量接入的电力系统调峰成本测算方法,考虑国内现行电力辅助市场运行机制中主要的有偿调峰资源,建立考虑分时电价的电力系统调峰成本量化模型。该方法综合考虑了各种调峰技术手段,能够实现系统调峰成本最优,并将分时电价机制应用于引导储能充放电行为,实现已有储能配置容量下的合理利用。
调峰是为了保证电力系统稳定和可靠的电力供应,根据用电负荷的变化情况对电力系统进行合理调整的过程。在电力系统中,负荷通常会出现“峰”“谷”差异,即在一天中某个时间段内负荷较高,而其他时间段负荷较低。为了满足高峰期的用电需求,电力系统需要进行调峰操作,即增减发电容量或调整负荷分配,以确保供电能力与用电需求相匹配。可再生能源的出力有波动和不可调峰等特性,因此类似于负荷,也可视为一类“负”的负荷[27],因此调峰辅助服务的对象不仅是指用户,还包括风电、光伏等可再生能源。
当电力系统中的可再生能源占比较小时,依靠电力系统的基础调峰能够满足电力平衡需求,保证可再生能源的消纳。但是随着可再生能源占比的不断增加,系统的“峰”“谷”差距进一步增大,电力系统的固有调峰能力不能满足调峰需求,要在保证经济性的同时投入深度调峰、启停调峰、储能等高成本的调峰资源。
在“十四五”期间,宁夏将对黄河几字弯以及“宁电入湘”的绿能基地进行加快建设,达到可再生能源的发电装机容量大幅提升,使可再生能源在新增装机容量中的比重达到80%。同时,宁夏还将提高可再生能源在电力消纳中的占比至30%以上,提高非水可再生能源在电力消纳中的占比至28%以上,力争保持新能源的综合利用率在95%以上,并提高非化石能源在一次能源中的消费占比约至15% [1]
预计未来宁夏新能源装机容量和储能并网规模将快速增长,宁夏地区可再生能源发展也将呈现以下特点:
1)新能源日内“中间大、两头小”的特点改变了电网负荷传统意义上的“峰”“谷”特性及对应时段,电力系统等效负荷随之呈现出典型的“鸭型”特征;
2)由于新能源出力具有随机性和波动性,新能源对夏季晚高峰负荷支撑能力较弱,“极热无风、晚峰无光”特点突出;
3)受到电力系统安全和对端省份电网接纳能力等因素的限制,没有充分发挥电能外送的潜力。
根据上述分析,未来宁夏可再生能源消纳及发展将面临巨大压力和挑战,在网内,主要体现在新能源出力不确定性带来的系统日内、日间平衡风险增加,调峰需求规模极大。为了更好地对电网调峰成本进行测算,需要根据电力系统特性及资源条件,灵活性运用现有的调峰资源进行优化配置,降低系统的电力平衡风险。
调峰要求保持电力系统的电力供需平衡,调峰辅助服务主要是为了使得发电机组出力动态地跟随负荷波动。随着可再生能源占比的提升,传统的发电机组需要同时应对负荷的变化和新能源出力的波动。这要求发电机输出功率的调节区间能够满足负荷峰谷变化的需求,同时,其爬坡能力要符合机组出力和负荷之间的匹配特性。然而,发电机组的出力区间和爬坡能力会受到物理因素的制约,使得优化问题具有复杂性。
本文考虑的有偿调峰资源包括深度调峰火电机组、储能电站和抽水蓄能机组,并且计及弃风弃光成本,建立考虑分时电价的电力系统调峰成本量化模型。以电力系统调峰成本最小为目标函数,其表达式如下:
$\begin{array}{l}F=min\sum _{i\in {N}_{C}}\sum _{t\in T}(\sum _{k\in {S}_{T}}{c}_{i,k}^{}\Delta {P}_{i,t,k}^{}+{p}_{i,t}{C}_{i,t}^{OP}+{f}_{i,t}{C}_{i,t}^{OF})+\\ \sum _{t\in T}\sum _{g\in {N}_{E}}{c}_{g}^{}{P}_{g,t}^{Es,C}+\sum _{t\in T}\sum _{g\in {N}_{E}}{c}_{fs}({P}_{g,t}^{Es,C}-{P}_{g,t}^{Es,D})+\\ \sum _{t\in T}\sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}{c}_{h}^{}{P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}+\sum _{t\in T}\sum _{m\in {N}_{N}}{c}_{m}{P}_{m,t}^{cur }\end{array}$
式中:F为电力系统调峰成本;NC为火电机组的合集;ST为火电机组深度调峰的档位合集;NE为储能电站的合集;NP为抽水蓄能机组的合集;NN为新能源的合集;cik为机组i的深度调峰第k档报价;ΔPitk为在时段t机组i深度调峰的第k档中标调峰量;pit为0-1变量,取1为在时段t机组i开启,否则为0;${C}_{i,t}^{OP}$为在时段t内机组i的开启费用;fit为0-1变量,取1为在时段t机组i关停,否则为0;${C}_{i,t}^{OF}$为在时段t内机组i的关停费用;${P}_{g,t}^{Es,C}$为在时段t储能电站g的充电功率;cg为储能电站g充电的报价;${P}_{g,t}^{Es,D}$为在时段t储能电站g的放电功率;cfs为电网的分时电价,用于引导储能削峰填谷;ch为抽水蓄能机组h抽水电量的报价;${P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}$为在时段t抽水蓄能机组h的抽水功率;cm为弃风弃光的单位成本;${P}_{m,t}^{cur}$为在时段t新能源m的弃风弃光量。
1)系统功率平衡约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}\sum _{i\in {N}_{C}}{P}_{i,t}+\sum _{v\in {N}_{N}}{P}_{m,t}+\sum _{g\in {N}_{E}}({P}_{g,t}^{Es,D}-{P}_{g,t}^{Es,C})+\\ \sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}({P}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}-{P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S})+{P}_{gd}={D}_{t}  t\in T\end{array}$
式中:Pit为在时段t机组i的出力;Pmt为在时段t新能源m的出力;${P}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}$为在时段t抽水蓄能机组h的发电功率;Pgd为固定出力;Dt为负荷在时段t的数值。
2)系统备用约束如下:
$\sum _{i\in {N}_{C}}({u}_{i,t}{P}_{i}^{max}-{P}_{i,t})\ge {A}_{t}^{Ur}  t\in T$
$\sum _{i\in {N}_{C}}({P}_{i,t}-{u}_{i,t}{P}_{i}^{min })\ge {A}_{t}^{Dr }  t\in T$
式中:uit为0-1变量,取1为在时段t机组i处于开机状态,0为关机状态;AtUrAtDr分别为在时段t电力系统的正备用和负备用;PimaxPimin分别为机组i的最大技术出力和最小技术出力,最大技术出力为所有开启的机组处于满功率状态,最小技术出力为深度调峰机组灵活性改造后的出力下限值。
1)火电机组的功率约束如下:
${u}_{i,t}{P}_{i}^{min}\le {P}_{i,t}\le {u}_{i,t}{P}_{i}^{max}\hspace{1em}i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
$\Delta {P}_{i,t,k}^{}\le {u}_{i,t}{P}_{i,k}^{max}    i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T, k\in {S}_{T}$
${P}_{i,t}+\sum _{k\in {S}_{T}}\Delta {P}_{i,t,k}^{}\ge {u}_{i,t}{P}_{i,t}^{b}    i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
式中:${P}_{i}^{max}$为机组i的深度调峰第k档最大容量;${P}_{i,t}^{b}$为在时段t机组i的基本调峰基准值。
式(7)表明机组出力和深度调峰中标量之和应超过基本调峰基准值,体现机组的深度调峰。
2)火电机组爬坡约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,t}-{P}_{i,t-1}\le \Delta {P}_{i}^{U}+(1-{u}_{i,t-1}){P}_{i}^{max}\hspace{1em}\\ i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,t-1}-{P}_{i,t}\le \Delta {P}_{i}^{D}+(1-{u}_{i,t}){P}_{i}^{max}\hspace{1em}\\ i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T\end{array}$
式中:$\Delta {P}_{i}^{U}$$\Delta {P}_{i}^{D}$分别为机组i向上、向下爬坡速度上限。
3)火电机组运行状态约束如下:
${p}_{i,t}-{f}_{i,t}={u}_{i,t}-{u}_{i,t-1}\hspace{1em}i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
${p}_{i,t}+{f}_{i,t}\le 1\hspace{1em}i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
式(10)和式(11)表明,当机组在前后两个时段状态不同时才会产生启停费用,初始位置不存在启停费用,并且机组在同一时段如果动作只能是启动或者停机。
4)火电机组连续运行时间约束如下:
$\sum _{a=t}^{t+{T}_{i}^{ON}-1}{u}_{i,a}\ge {T}_{i}^{ON }{p}_{i,t}\hspace{1em}i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
$\sum _{a=t}^{t+{T}_{i}^{OFF}-1}(1-{u}_{i,a})\ge {T}_{i}^{OFF }{f}_{i,t}\hspace{1em}i\in {N}_{C}, t\in T$
式中:TiON为机组i最小连续运行时间;TiOFF为机组i最小连续停机时间。
1)储能充放电功率约束如下:
$0\le {P}_{g,t}^{Es,C}\le {u}_{g,t}^{Es,C}{P}_{g}^{C,max}\hspace{1em}g\in {N}_{E}, t\in T$
$0\le {P}_{g,t}^{Es,D}\le {u}_{g,t}^{Es,D}{P}_{g}^{D,max}\hspace{1em}g\in {N}_{E}, t\in T$
式中:${P}_{g}^{C,max}$为储能电站g最大的充电功率;${P}_{g}^{D,max}$为储能电站g最大的放电功率;${u}_{g,t}^{Es,C}$为0-1变量,取1为在时段t储能电站g充电,否则为0;${u}_{g,t}^{Es,D}$为0-1变量,取1为在时段t储能电站g放电,否则为0。
2)储能电站运行状态约束如下:
${u}_{g,t}^{Es,C}+{u}_{g,t}^{Es,D}\le 1\hspace{1em}g\in {N}_{E}, t\in T$
式(16)表明,储能电站不能同时处于充电和放电状态。
3)储能荷电状态约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{g,t}={S}_{g,t-1}(1-{\sigma }_{})+\frac{1}{{V}_{i}^{max}}({\eta }_{c}{P}_{g,t}^{Es,C}-\\ {P}_{g,t}^{Es,D}/{\eta }_{d})\hspace{1em}g\in {N}_{E}, t\in T\end{array}$
${S}_{g}^{min}\le {S}_{g,t}\le {S}_{g}^{max}\hspace{1em}g\in {N}_{E}, t\in T$
式中:Sgt为储能电站g在时段t的SOC值;${S}_{g}^{max}$${S}_{g}^{min}$分别为储能SOC的上、下限;σ为储能自放电率;ηcηd分别为储能充电、放电效率;Vimax为储能电站g的最大容量。
1)抽水蓄能电站功率约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{u}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}{P}_{h}^{G,min}\le {P}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}\le {u}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}{P}_{h}^{G,max}\\ h\in {N}_{P}, t\in T\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{u}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}{P}_{h}^{S,min}\le {P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}\le {u}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}{P}_{h}^{S,max}\hspace{1em}\\ h\in {N}_{P}, t\in T\end{array}$
式中:${P}_{h}^{G,max}$${P}_{h}^{S,max}$分别为抽水蓄能机组h最大抽水、放电功率;${P}_{h}^{G,min}$${P}_{h}^{S,min}$分别为抽水蓄能机组h最小抽水、放电功率;${u}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}$为在时段t抽水蓄能机组h是否抽水的0-1变量,取1为抽水;${u}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}$为在时段t抽水蓄能机组h是否放电的0-1变量,取1为放电。
2)抽水蓄能电站运行状态约束如下:
${u}_{t}^{HPS,G}+{u}_{t}^{HPS,S}\le 1\hspace{1em}t\in T$
${u}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}\le {u}_{t}^{HPS,G}\hspace{1em}h\in {N}_{P}, t\in T$
${u}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}\le {u}_{t}^{HPS,S}\hspace{1em}h\in {N}_{P}, t\in T$
式中:${u}_{t}^{HPS,G}$为0-1变量,取1为抽水蓄能电站在时段t发电,否则为0;${u}_{t}^{HPS,G}$为0-1变量,取1为抽水蓄能电站在时段t抽水,否则为0。
3)抽水蓄能电站容量约束如下:
${L}_{t}^{}={L}_{t-1}^{}+\sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}{\eta }_{s}{P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}-\sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}{\eta }_{g}{P}_{h,t}^{HPS,G}    t\in T$
${L}^{min}\le {L}_{t}^{}\le {L}^{max}\hspace{1em}t\in T$
$\sum _{t\in T}\sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}{\eta }_{g}{P}_{g,t}^{HPS,G}=\sum _{t\in T}\sum _{h\in {N}_{P}}{\eta }_{s}{P}_{h,t}^{HPS,S}$
式中:Lt为时段t末上水库蓄水量;LminLmax为上水库蓄水量的下限、上限;ηs为抽水时的水量与电量之比;ηg为发电时的电量与水量之比。
${P}_{m,t}+{P}_{m,t}^{cur }={P}_{m,t}^{pre }    m\in {N}_{N}, t\in T$
式中:${P}_{m,t}^{pre }$为新能源m在时段t的出力预测值。
本文以2022年宁夏实际电力系统数据为算例,结合宁夏现行电力辅助服务市场运营规则[28],验证所提调峰成本量化模型的有效性。
2022年,宁夏电网净负荷最大值为2 624.86万kW,最小值为755.4万kW,平均值为1 691.42万kW,标准差为358.51万kW。选取夏季、冬季最大负荷日的日负荷曲线开展净负荷特性分析,结果如图1图2所示。
夏季和冬季的净负荷特性曲线大致趋势基本一致,呈两端高、午间低的形态,等效负荷在早高峰阶段迅速下降,午间出现低谷,晚高峰快速上升。主要是受光伏出力特性影响。其中,早上06:00—07:00时,光伏开始出力,净负荷逐渐下降;晚上20:00之后,生活和商业用电需求叠加、光伏停止出力,故出现了净负荷增长。
2022年宁夏电力系统的电源构成如表1所示。表1中火电机组是指参与电力辅助服务的非供热火电机组,供热火电机组作为固定出力。
根据宁夏电力辅助服务市场政策[28],火电机组可参与深度调峰交易和应急启停交易。
1)深度调峰交易。深度调峰是电网负荷峰谷差较大情况下,火电厂超出基本调峰范围进行的一种调峰运行方式。火电机组有偿调峰基准为其额定容量的50%。深度调峰交易采用火电企业单边集中竞价方日前预出清,实时正式出清。火电机组根据不同的负荷率分两个档位进行深度调峰报价,具体分档价格如表2[28]所示。
2)应急启停交易。应急启停交易是指通过短时启动和停止特定的火电机组,以调整电力供需平衡,实现电力系统负荷平稳调节的调峰服务。火电企业在日前申报次日参与启停调峰的电价信息。不同额定容量的火电机组启停调峰服务报价上限如表3[28]所示。
电储能交易是指储能装置根据电网运行需要,在风光富足时段存储电力,在负荷高峰时段释放电力提供的服务。参与交易的电储能装置需要具备较大的充电功率(1万kW及以上)和较长的持续充电时间(2 h以上)[28]。电储能交易有双边协商交易及单边竞价交易这两种类型。
1)双边协商交易:指储能供应商和调峰需求市场主体之间进行协商的一种交易方式。双方通过协商确定调峰交易的时段、电量和电价等细节,并由调度机构进行核对后执行。这种交易通常在前一天组织进行,双边协商交易价格由双方自行协商确定,交易费用不进行分摊。
2)单边竞价交易:指储能装置在双边协商交易后有多余的充电能力时,电力调度机构结合电网实际运行情况,按照报价顺序由低到高进行出清的交易。交易在日前组织预出清,在日内正式出清。按照边际出清价格对储能电站充电电量进行补偿。储能设施日前申报次日调峰补偿价格和储能容量(包括最大充放电电力、时间等),调峰补偿价格上限为600元/(MW·h)。
为引导市场主体形成合理分时段交易价格,宁夏根据四大行业用户现行峰谷时段,结合电力供需形势,将24 h时段归为峰、谷、平3类,各类均8 h,峰时段:07:00—09:00,17:00—23:00;谷时段:09:00—17:00;平时段:00:00—7:00,23:00—00:00。峰、谷、平3个时段的电价分别为1.5(元/kW·h),0.5元/(kW·h)和1元/(kW·h)[29]
宁夏电力系统的电源构成见表1,电源总容量为60 510 MW,其中新能源容量为30 410 MW。当基本调峰不能满足电力系统调峰需求时,储能电站及34台火电机组进行有偿调峰交易。储能电站的充放电效率为0.81,取其报价上限600元/ (MW·h)。不同容量火电机组各个档位可调容量及报价区间见表2,取各档位报价上、下限的平均值作为机组的报价并假设同一容量等级的机组调峰报价相同,机组最小负荷率取宁夏地区各火电机组最小技术出力平均值,约为35%。
算例中考虑的调度时段选为一天24 h,每时段时长为1 h,夏季和冬季典型日负荷及新能源出力曲线见图1图2。考虑系统备用为系统负荷的12%。弃风弃光成本按500元/(MW·h)计算。
建立的调峰成本量化模型中,含有例如pit为在时段t机组i是否开启的0-1变量,为混合整数优化问题。在Matlab中,可以使用Yalmip工具箱来解决整数规划、线性规划、非线性规划和混合规划等数学规划问题。而Gurobi是一种用于解决大规模数学规划问题的优化器,与Matlab有便捷接口,优化性能显著,采用Yalmip工具箱调用Gurobi优化器可对模型进行求解。
根据夏季负荷情况和机组出力限制,取固定出力为9 000 MW。基于以上技术经济参数对调峰市场进行优化计算,得到了夏季典型日系统总有偿调峰成本为731.43万元,夏季典型日不同时间段的电功率平衡图如图3所示。
图3可知,09:00—16:00储能电站处于充电状态,07:00—08:00和20:00—23:00储能电站处于放电状态。其余时间段内由新能源、火电机组和固定出力机组满足负荷用电需求。
300 MW机组深度调峰档位图、600 MW机组深度调峰档位图和1 000 MW机组深度调峰档位图,如图4~图6所示。300 MW机组共2台处于开机状态,11:00—19:00有2台机组处于深度调峰2档。600 MW机组16台全开,11:00—19:00所有机组均处于深度调峰状态,其中,12:00有2台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档;13:00有3台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档;14:00有1台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档。1 000 MW机组4台全开,11:00—19:00所有机组均处于深度调峰状态,其中,13:00有2台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档。所有机组在24个时间段中启停状态无变化,故不存在启停调峰费用。
夏季典型日新能源消纳情况如图7所示,可知11:00—19:00均存在不同程度的弃风弃光现象。经过模型计算,弃风弃光总量达到9 860.36 MW,弃风弃光总成本为493.02万元,占调峰总成本的67.40%。除储能调峰成本外,储能利用分时电价充放电产生的套利利润为0.648元/(kW·h)。
考虑到冬季典型日净负荷峰谷差与夏季相比较小,调整固定出力为7 000 MW。基于以上经济技术参数对调峰市场进行优化计算,得到了冬季典型日系统总有偿调峰成本为527.87万元,冬季典型日不同时间段的电功率平衡图如图8所示。
图8可知,09:00—16:00储能电站处于充电状态,01:00,07:00,08:00以及18:00—22:00储能电站处于放电状态。其余时间段内由新能源、火电机组和固定出力机组满足负荷用电需求。
300 MW机组深度调峰档位图、600 MW机组深度调峰档位图和1 000 MW机组深度调峰档位图,如图9~图11所示。300 MW机组14台均未开启。600 MW机组16台全开,12:00—17:00所有机组均处于深度调峰状态,其中,13:00和16:00,有1台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档;14:00和15:00,有3台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档。1 000 MW机组4台全开,12:00—17:00,所有机组均处于深度调峰状态,其中,13:00有1台机组处于深度调峰2档,其余机组处于深度调峰1档。所有机组在24个时段中启停状态无变化,故不存在启停调峰费用。
图12可知12:00—17:00均存在不同程度的弃风弃光现象。经过模型计算,系统弃风弃光总量为7 382.50 MW,弃风弃光总成本为369.12万元,占调峰总成本的69.92%。除储能调峰成本外,储能利用分时电价充放电产生的套利利润为0.692元/(kW·h)。
冬季典型日新能源消纳情况如图12所示。
综合夏季和冬季典型日场景的调峰成本测算结果,对模型的有效性分析如下:
1)从储能资源利用情况来看,在分时电价机制下,储能设备会在净负荷低谷时段进行充电,并在峰值负荷时段进行放电,能够适应电力系统调峰需求并且使储能获得相应的套利利润。夏季典型日储能容量的利用率为92.33%,冬季典型日储能容量利用率达100%,验证了本模型能够充分调用现有储能资源。
2)从火电机组的深度调峰情况来看,净负荷低谷时期,所有已启动的火电机组均处于深度调峰状态,部分火电机组达到深度调峰2档。在火电机组的调峰资源未用尽的情况下,出现了弃风弃光现象,主要原因在于弃风弃光单位成本低于机组深度调峰2档报价,体现了本模型为实现系统调峰总成本最低所采取的优化决策。
3)从夏季和冬季典型日场景系统调峰成本来看,夏季调峰成本要高于冬季,主要在于净负荷的波动较大且弃风弃光成本更高,验证了净负荷波动程度越大,系统调峰总成本越高,表明了本模型对净负荷不同波动程度下的系统调峰成本测算的有效性。
本文针对可再生能源大量接入情况下的调峰成本测算问题,提出了一种考虑分时电价的电力系统调峰成本测算方法,主要结论如下:
1)在峰谷套利利润的驱动下,储能电站在负荷高峰期放电,低谷期充电,起到了“削峰填谷”的作用,实现了储能资源的充分利用。如果考虑进一步降低弃风、弃光成本,提高对新能源的消纳能力,可以通过新建储能电站,增加储能资源的可调节容量,利用分时电价机制合理安排充放电,实现储能投资的成本回收。本方法能够为储能电站建设容量及充放电行为提供有效的指导,具有较大经济价值与实用价值。
2)火电机组深度调峰中标容量不仅取决于其技术出力下限,还受机组报价的影响。在本算例中,火电机组深度调峰2档报价高于单位弃风弃光成本,净负荷低谷期仅有少量火电机组达到最小技术出力。在可再生能源大量接入的情况下,可根据实际情况制定弃风弃光单位成本,以达到合适的新能源消纳率。随着火电机组改造技术的进步和新能源发电成本的不断降低,经测算,当宁夏火电机组深度调峰2档报价低于400元/(MW∙h)、弃风弃光单位成本低于350/(MW∙h)时,能使得新能源消纳率提高14%,达到98%以上。
3)本文所提的面向可再生能源大量接入的电力系统调峰成本量化方法不仅可用于宁夏地区,还能够根据不同地区的调峰资源配置情况和分时电价机制进行调整,具有广泛的适用性。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25442
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
  • 修回日期:2023-11-16
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    国网宁夏电力有限公司 经济技术研究院,宁夏 银川 750001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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