Article(id=1192819334859862778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25615, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705680000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-20, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762319890942, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762319890942, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762319890942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762319890942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190985985849705466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761882786476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762390467120, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192819335048606460, articleId=1192819334859862778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Adaptive Fractional Delay Repetitive Control of LCL-type Active Power Filter Based on IIR Approximation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the compensation effect of LCL-type shunt active power filter,a frequency adaptive decimal delay repetitive control based on IIR filter was proposed. The resonance suppression loop of LCL was designed through root locus and the design result was used as a new control object for repetitive control. The IIR filter used could approximate the decimal delay caused by frequency changes,thereby matching the resonant frequency of repetitive control with the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the power grid. The adaptive implementation diagram,the phase characteristics of the approximation part,and the design method of the compensator in sequence were presented. Finally,the stabilities of the system were analyzed. Simulation and experimental verification show that the proposed method can improve the steady-state tracking performance and THD of the system.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jijin XIE, Wendong HUANG, Kang SHEN, Bin LIU, Ningjia MENG, Yuanyuan ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192819672706855715, articleId=1192819334859862778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=CN, title=基于IIR逼近的LCL型有源电力滤波器自适应小数延迟重复控制, columnId=1190325325742572133, journalTitle=电气传动, columnName=电力电子, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高LCL型并联有源电力滤波器的补偿效果,提出了基于IIR滤波器的频率自适应小数延迟重复控制。通过根轨迹设计LCL的谐振抑制环路,并将设计结果作为重复控制新的控制对象。所用IIR滤波器能够逼近由频率变化出现的小数延迟,从而使重复控制的谐振频率与电网的基波及谐波频率相匹配。依次给出了自适应实现框图、逼近环节的相位特性及补偿环节的设计方法,最后分析了系统的稳定性。仿真和实验验证了所提方法能够改善系统的稳态跟踪性能和THD。

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黄文东(1985—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为嵌入式控制技术、变换器优化设计,Email:
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谢积锦(1987—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为电力电子建模与控制技术、新能源发电,Email:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193114962039108156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192819334859862778, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Coefficients under different M values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
M=1 M=2 M=3
d1 $\frac{1-A}{1+A}$ $\frac{-2(A-2)}{A+1}$ $\frac{-3(A-3)}{A+1}$
d2 0 $\frac{(A-1)(A-2)}{(A+1)(A+2)}$ $\frac{3(A-2)(A-3)}{(A+1)(A+2)}$
d3 0 0 $\frac{-(A-1)(A-2)(A-3)}{(A+1)(A+2)(A+3)}$
), ArticleFig(id=1193114962102022717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192819334859862778, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同M值时的系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
M=1 M=2 M=3
d1 $\frac{1-A}{1+A}$ $\frac{-2(A-2)}{A+1}$ $\frac{-3(A-3)}{A+1}$
d2 0 $\frac{(A-1)(A-2)}{(A+1)(A+2)}$ $\frac{3(A-2)(A-3)}{(A+1)(A+2)}$
d3 0 0 $\frac{-(A-1)(A-2)(A-3)}{(A+1)(A+2)(A+3)}$
), ArticleFig(id=1193114962181714494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192819334859862778, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of resonance points Hz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谐波次数 1 3 5 7 17
fr=50.3 Hz,左偏 AOAFDRC 50.3 150.9 251.499 352.099 855.099
理想值 50.3 150.9 251.5 352.1 855.1
GRC 50.251 150.753 251.256 351.758 854.271
fr=49.7 Hz,右偏 AOAFDRC 49.7 149.1 248.5 347.901 844.901
理想值 49.7 149.1 248.5 347.9 844.9
GRC 49.751 149.253 248.756 348.258 445.771
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谐振点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谐波次数 1 3 5 7 17
fr=50.3 Hz,左偏 AOAFDRC 50.3 150.9 251.499 352.099 855.099
理想值 50.3 150.9 251.5 352.1 855.1
GRC 50.251 150.753 251.256 351.758 854.271
fr=49.7 Hz,右偏 AOAFDRC 49.7 149.1 248.5 347.901 844.901
理想值 49.7 149.1 248.5 347.9 844.9
GRC 49.751 149.253 248.756 348.258 445.771
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基于IIR逼近的LCL型有源电力滤波器自适应小数延迟重复控制
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谢积锦 1, 2, 4 , 黄文东 1 , 申康 1 , 刘斌 3 , 蒙宁佳 1, 2, 4 , 张圆圆 1
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(5): 3-12
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(5): 3-12
基于IIR逼近的LCL型有源电力滤波器自适应小数延迟重复控制
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谢积锦1, 2, 4 , 黄文东1 , 申康1, 刘斌3, 蒙宁佳1, 2, 4, 张圆圆1
作者信息
  • 1 北部湾大学 机械与船舶海洋工程学院,广西 钦州 535011
  • 2 广西海洋工程装备与技术重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011
  • 3 南昌航空大学 信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330063
  • 4 广西高校北部湾近海海洋工程装备与技术重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011
  • 谢积锦(1987—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为电力电子建模与控制技术、新能源发电,Email:

通讯作者:

黄文东(1985—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为嵌入式控制技术、变换器优化设计,Email:
Adaptive Fractional Delay Repetitive Control of LCL-type Active Power Filter Based on IIR Approximation
Jijin XIE1, 2, 4 , Wendong HUANG1 , Kang SHEN1, Bin LIU3, Ningjia MENG1, 2, 4, Yuanyuan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Marine Engineering,Beibu Gulf University,Qinzhou 535011,Guangxi,China
  • 2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology,Qinzhou 535011,Guangxi,China
  • 3 School of Information Engineering,Nanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang 330063,Jiangxi,China
  • 4 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Offshore Engineering Equipment and Technology,Qinzhou 535011,Guangxi,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25615
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为了提高LCL型并联有源电力滤波器的补偿效果,提出了基于IIR滤波器的频率自适应小数延迟重复控制。通过根轨迹设计LCL的谐振抑制环路,并将设计结果作为重复控制新的控制对象。所用IIR滤波器能够逼近由频率变化出现的小数延迟,从而使重复控制的谐振频率与电网的基波及谐波频率相匹配。依次给出了自适应实现框图、逼近环节的相位特性及补偿环节的设计方法,最后分析了系统的稳定性。仿真和实验验证了所提方法能够改善系统的稳态跟踪性能和THD。

有源阻尼  /  逼近  /  重复控制  /  最大平坦群延迟  /  谐波

In order to improve the compensation effect of LCL-type shunt active power filter,a frequency adaptive decimal delay repetitive control based on IIR filter was proposed. The resonance suppression loop of LCL was designed through root locus and the design result was used as a new control object for repetitive control. The IIR filter used could approximate the decimal delay caused by frequency changes,thereby matching the resonant frequency of repetitive control with the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the power grid. The adaptive implementation diagram,the phase characteristics of the approximation part,and the design method of the compensator in sequence were presented. Finally,the stabilities of the system were analyzed. Simulation and experimental verification show that the proposed method can improve the steady-state tracking performance and THD of the system.

active damping  /  approximation  /  repetitive control  /  maximum flat group delay  /  harmonic
谢积锦, 黄文东, 申康, 刘斌, 蒙宁佳, 张圆圆. 基于IIR逼近的LCL型有源电力滤波器自适应小数延迟重复控制. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (5) : 3 -12 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25615
Jijin XIE, Wendong HUANG, Kang SHEN, Bin LIU, Ningjia MENG, Yuanyuan ZHANG. Adaptive Fractional Delay Repetitive Control of LCL-type Active Power Filter Based on IIR Approximation[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (5) : 3 -12 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25615
近年来,随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的逐步实施,高比例新能源发电使得电网电力电子化趋势不可避免,非线性负载向电网注入了更多的谐波和无功电流。2021年报道的美国得州大停电事故[1],除了跟极端天气、孤立供电等因素有关外,也跟电网本身的谐波污染、惯量不足等有关。LCL滤波的并联有源电力滤波器(shunt active power filter,SAPF)是一种有效的谐波补偿手段。
然而,LCL固有的谐振峰容易导致系统不稳定[2-5]。常规的无源阻尼法和有源阻尼法在抑制谐振的同时会引入损耗以及增加传感器数量,而本文仅使用网侧电流反馈有源阻尼,不增加传感器数量。
SAPF的电流跟踪技术主要有:PI控制、滞环控制[6]、比例谐振控制、重复控制等。PI控制对于给定由多种频率分量构成的不规则的指令电流,跟踪误差大。滞环控制开关频率不恒定会给系统的设计带来困难;比例谐振控制随着谐振项并联数量的增加,各谐振项之间相互影响[7-8],系统将变得复杂,甚至不稳定[9]。基于内模原理的重复控制( repetitive control,RC)在各次频率点处具有无穷大增益,相当于多个谐振控制项并联[10],有利于增加补偿的谐波次数,且可在z域直接设计。
实际的供电系统(例如电网末梢或微电网等)中,电网频率波动时有发生,最新修订的IEEE Std C37.118.1a规定电力系统最大频率偏差可达5 Hz[11]。在频率变化时,重复控制器的延迟拍数NN=fs/frfs为采样频率,fr为电网基波频率)极可能为小数。传统重复控制(general repetitive control,GRC)频率变化前后对N采取四舍五入近似取整,舍入误差导致重复控制所有谐振点偏离真实基波频率及其对应次数的谐波频率点,导致控制器在真实谐波频率处的增益略有下降,误差衰减能力变弱。文献[7,12-13]提出改变采样频率确保N为固定整数的频率自适应方法,但数字控制时系统的采样中断、控制器及滤波器的离散化等都与采样频率密切相关,容易牵一发而动全身,不易实现,可能会使系统变为时变系统,增加控制的复杂性[14-16]。文献[17]通过多个重复控制内模的并联降低了频率敏感性,其本质和引入内模系数Q一样,都能拓展各次谐振点处的带宽,使得理想谐振变为准谐振,是一种较为实用的抑制频率变化对重复控制影响的方法。文献[18]基于特殊滤波器在线调整N值,但仅限于整数调整,对小数无法逼近。文献[19-20]基于Padé法实现s域小数延迟部分逼近,再使用突斯汀法转换至z域,并非在z域直接设计,也没有对近似部分的频率特性进行深入分析。文献[21]将延迟部分用欧拉公式展开获得一阶多项式逼近,实现了自适应小数延迟,用的是FIR滤波器逼近[22]。文献[23]提出的改进FARROW结构也是基于FIR。目前,基于IIR滤波器逼近的相关研究还较少。
本文在输出电流前馈有源阻尼(output current feedforward active damping,OCFAD)抑制LCL型SAPF谐振峰的基础上,并基于“级联+前馈”重复控制架构,提出了基于IIR滤波器逼近的自适应在线抗频率扰动重复控制器(adaptive online against frequency disturbance repetitive controller,AOAFDRC)。
单相SAPF控制架构如图1所示。其中,vsisud,Cd分别为电网电压、电网进线电流、SAPF直流储能电压、直流侧储能电容;R,Cr和二极管桥组成非线性负载;L1,L2和C构成LCL型滤波器,i1i2ic分别为滤波器逆变侧电流、APF补偿电流、电容电流。
谐波与无功电流提取环节根据vsir获得非线性负载中的谐波和无功电流${i}_{b}^{*}$,而电压外环给定量${u}_{d}^{*}$与反馈量${u}_{d}^{}$经电压控制器及锁相环PLL得到与有功能量相关的指令电流${i}_{a}^{*}$,用于补偿SAPF产生的损耗及维持母线电压${u}_{d}^{}$稳定[4]。将电压环指令${i}_{a}^{*}$取反加上${i}_{b}^{*}$得到所需补偿的电流指令${i}_{2}^{*}$,补偿电流跟踪控制环节基于级联前馈架构及AOAFDRC实现有效补偿(图中虚线箭头代表自适应在线调整),最终使得is正弦化并与vs同频同相,提高功率因数,减小谐波。
考虑电感器L1和L2的等效电阻r1r2,由图1推得从uabs)至i2s)的数学模型G1s):
${G}_{1}\left(s\right)=\frac{{i}_{2}\left(s\right)}{{u}_{ab}\left(s\right)}=\frac{1}{{k}_{3}{s}^{3}+{k}_{2}{s}^{2}+{k}_{1}s+{k}_{0}}$
其中
k3=L1L2C
k2=r1L2+r2L1C
k1=L1+L2+r1r2C
k0=r1+r2
可见,LCL为3阶被控对象,且其Bode图存在谐振尖峰,影响系统的稳定性,有效的办法是增加谐振峰处的阻尼。
在LCL无源阻尼方法中效果较好的为在滤波电容C上并联阻尼电阻,当阻尼电阻较小时可有效抑制LCL的谐振峰,但是过小的阻尼电阻将会产生较大的损耗。基于此,有学者提出了有源阻尼法,其中效果较好的为电容电流反馈有源阻尼,如图2a所示。图中,Cs)为电流调节器,kAD为电流反馈系数,此时式(1)系数变为:k2=(r1L2+r2L1+L2kADCk1=L1+L2+(r1r2+r2kADCk3k0不变。
电容电流反馈法能达到与并联电阻一样的阻尼效果,但需增加传感器及检测I/O数量,成本高。为减少传感器及构建单电流反馈架构,将图2a变换为图2b图2b虽然比图2a省去了电容电流反馈(只有i2反馈),但存在两方面缺陷:1)vs经过一阶微分sCkAD前馈至主通道,会将vs中的背景谐波放大并引入调制信号,进而导致i2谐波含量增大;2)i2通过纯二阶微分s2L2CkAD反馈到主通道,导致系统阶数增高且纯微分环节实现时易放大高频噪声,系统的鲁棒性也较差。本文忽略vs的一阶反馈项,直接将二阶微分用滤波器Fs)替代得到OCFAD方法,如图2c所示,Bs)为抑制谐振后的传函。滤波器Fs)的传递函数如下式:
$F\left(s\right)=-\frac{{k}_{f}s}{s+{\omega }_{0}}$
式中:kfω0分别为滤波器系数及带宽。
Fs)在关键特性上与s2L2CkAD接近,即:在高频段,与二阶纯微分一样具有180°的相位且对反馈信号进行放大;在低频段,则对反馈信号进行衰减,如图3所示。引入Fs)前馈相当于提前将i2中的谐振分量提取并进行高增益控制以抑制谐振峰,图4虚线为用OCFAD抑制谐振后Bs)的Bode图,谐振峰已经消失。
设从uds)至uabs)的传递函数为Us),为加快APF电流补偿环的快速性,Cs)采用比例调节器,设其增益设为kL。此时,由图2c得到比例控制时的开环传递函数为
${G}_{2}\left(s\right)=\frac{{k}_{L}U\left(s\right){G}_{1}\left(s\right)}{U\left(s\right){G}_{1}\left(s\right)F\left(s\right)+1}$
为进行数字设计,将Us)近似为1,并将式 (3)各环节进行离散化得到G2z),然后绘制出以kL为开环放大倍数的z域根轨迹如图5所示。图中零极点相互抵销的地方根轨迹不经过,由轨迹变化曲线可知,当kL∈[0,27]时闭环系统稳定。综合考虑APF快速跟踪指令电流的需要及系统稳定性,取kL为7.5,此时图2c的闭环传递函数为
${G}_{3}\left(z\right)=\frac{0.040 78{z}^{3}+0.141 2{z}^{2}+0.014 91z-0.007 069}{2.13{z}^{4}-1.738{z}^{3}+1.478{z}^{2}-0.855 7z+0.309}$
RC内模如图6a小虚线框所示,其z域模型Grc1z)如下:
${G}_{rc1}\left(z\right)=\frac{{z}^{-N}}{1-{z}^{-N}Q\left(z\right)}$
其中,z-N实现信号延迟;Qz)影响带宽,一般设置为低通滤波器或者小于1且接近1的一个常数,目的是提高内模的稳定性并确保有较好的误差衰减。RC在使用时,首先要增加一个低通滤波环节Lz)以改善被控对象Bz)在高频段的衰减率及稳定性;其次还要增加相位超前环节zP用于补偿Bz)和Lz)造成的相位滞后,如图6a大虚线框所示,此时RC的传函变为
${G}_{rc2}\left(z\right)=\frac{{z}^{-N}{z}^{P}L\left(z\right)}{1-{z}^{-N}Q\left(z\right)}$
传统RC环路采用Grc2z)与Cz)并联作用于Bz);亦有图6b的串联结构。本文将Grc2z)与Cz)级联并附加${i}_{2}^{*}$前馈,得到文献[15]中的“级联+前馈”重复架构,然后将图2c的闭环传函G3z)(含经过谐振抑制得到的Bz))作为本文重复控制的最终控制对象,如图6c所示。Cz)实现阻尼及快速性控制,Grc2z)实现谐波的精确补偿。
延迟环节z-N可展开为:
${z}^{-N}={e}^{-sN{T}_{s}}={e}^{-j\omega N{T}_{s}}=\left|1\right|\angle -\omega N{T}_{s}$
可见,其具有线性的相位特性,而IIR滤波器通过合理的设计可实现该特性[24]。本文基于IIR滤波器构建新型的抗电网频率扰动小数延迟重复控制。
引入最大平坦群延时M阶IIR滤波器,dm为其系数。令z-N=z-N1z-A=z-N1z-(M+X,其中N1+MN的整数部分,X=A-MN的小数部分,M为滤波器的阶数,当M-0.5≤AM+0.5(即-0.5≤X≤0.5)时,该滤波器稳定。用下式逼近小数延迟环节(即令G4z)≈z-A=z-(M+X):
${G}_{4}\left(z\right)=\frac{{z}^{-m}+{d}_{1}{z}^{-(m-1)}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +{d}_{m-1}{z}^{-1}+{d}_{m}}{{d}_{m}{z}^{-m}+{d}_{m-1}{z}^{-(m-1)}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +{d}_{1}{z}^{-1}+1}$
根据IIR滤波器设计原理,可推出G4z)的系数dm如下:
${d}_{m}={(-1)}^{m}\left[\begin{array}{l}M\\ m\end{array}\right]\prod _{i=0}^{M}\frac{A-M+i}{A-M+i+m}    m=1,\cdot \cdot \cdot,M$
其中
$\left[\begin{array}{l}M\\ m\end{array}\right]$ = $\frac{M!}{m!(M-m)!}$
阶数M不同时,dm的表达式如表1所示。理论上M越大,G4z)越接近z-A,但过大的M会增加计算量。综合考虑近似精度及计算量,文中取M=3,并有下式所示3阶逼近式:
${G}_{5}\left(z\right)={z}^{-(3+X)}\approx \frac{{z}^{-3}+{d}_{1}{z}^{-2}+{d}_{2}{z}^{-1}+{d}_{3}}{{d}_{3}{z}^{-3}+{d}_{2}{z}^{-2}+{d}_{1}{z}^{-1}+1}=\frac{y\left(k\right)}{x\left(k\right)}$
为减少延迟环节数,采用倒置型结构,对应的在线自适应抗频率波动算法框架如图7所示(虚线箭头代表自适应调整,实线双箭头代表近似)。数字迭代式如下式:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}y\left(k\right)={d}_{3}x\left(k\right)+{d}_{2}x(k-1)+{d}_{1}x(k-2)+x(k-3)-\\             {d}_{1}y(k-1)-{d}_{2}y(k-2)-{d}_{3}y(k-3)\\ \begin{array}{l}x(k-1)=x\left(k\right)\\ x(k-2)=x(k-1)\\              ⋮\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l}y(k-1)=y\left(k\right)\\ y(k-2)=y(k-1)\\              ⋮\end{array}\end{array}\right.$
式中:xk),xk-1)或yk),yk-1)分别为抗频率波动环节z-(3+X的第k次、第(k-1)次输入或输出采样值,其它依此类推。
为增强准确性,近似时需确保-0.5≤X≤0.5。详细步骤如下:1)选定M(文中为3阶);2)根据N=N1+A=N1+M+X确定N1,使-0.5≤X≤0.5;3)确定A=N-N1,并代入式(9)或表1计算dm;4)运用式(11)实现。例如:设采样时间Ts=100 μs(即fs=10 kHz),vs频率fr=50 Hz,选定M=3;当fr=50.3 Hz时,N=198.807 2,令N1=196,使得X=-0.192 8,此时A=2.807 2;当fr=49.7 Hz时,N=201.207 2,令N1=198,使得X=0.207 2,此时A=3.207 2。当采用GRC方法时,N近似取整为199和201,忽略N的小数部分。
在以上两种频率下,分别采用上述两种方式逼近式(5)时的伯德图对比如图8图9所示,虚线为所提方法。两图还展示了9次谐波附近的放大效果,表2为其它谐振点对比数据。可见,当频率偏移±0.3 Hz时,GRC方法各谐振点比理论值偏移(±n×0.05)Hz(n为谐波次数),谐振点确实有小范围波动;所提方法谐振点逼近理想值的效果稍好些,抗频率波动能力稍强。本文在GRC基础上引入自适应小数延迟,可提升补偿效果。
对于式(8),由于IIR滤波器没有增益失真,重要的是要考察其相频特性。为保证较好的重复控制效果,期望近似式具有线性相位特性(对于不同频率输入,群延迟时间不变)。群延迟时间δg如下:
${\delta }_{g}\left(\omega \right)=-d{\varphi }_{G4}(\omega )/d\omega $
式中:$\varphi_{\mathrm{G} 4}(\omega)$为式(8)的相位频率特性。
图10给出了式(10)在-0.2≤X≤0.3时的相位特性,图10a中横坐标为按奈奎斯特频率(π/Ts)归一化后的频率值。可见,相位曲线在较大范围的频带内均表现为线性一次函数(不同斜率代表不同延迟3+X)。结合式(12)可知:近似式在较宽频带内对于不同频率的输入群延迟时间δg基本不变,满足线性相位,对1 500 Hz(30次)以下的谐波分量都能有效抑制,甚至线性度还有较大的裕量,进一步证明了新方法能满足APF对谐波的补偿要求。
文中Qz)设计为零相移一阶低通滤波器以提高内模的稳定性,如下式所示:
Q(z)=h1z-1+h2+h1z
其中
2h1+h2=1
为确保APF能补偿前30次谐波,设置Qz)的带宽为2 460 Hz,此时h1=0.15。
按补偿器的设计步骤,首先设计Lz)用以补偿G3z)的整体特性并确保G3zLz)的低频段增益较为平坦。为补偿前30次谐波,将补偿器Lz)设计为截止频率为2 000 Hz的四阶Butterworth低通滤波器,其传递函数为
$L\left(z\right)=\frac{\left(3.25\right.{z}^{4}+13{z}^{3}+19.5{z}^{2}+13z+3.25)\times {10}^{-2}}{{z}^{4}-1.1{z}^{3}+0.9{z}^{2}-0.3z+0.04}$
接着设计超前环节zP补偿G3zLz)造成的滞后,不同P值补偿后的伯德图见图10b。显然,P取6拍或7拍都不是最优,效果较好的应为6~7拍之间的小数拍,如6.5拍。此处仍采用前文近似方法对小数拍进行近似。为将延迟变为超前,用z-1替代式(10)中的z即得到小数超前环节近似表达式:
${z}^{P}={z}^{{N}_{2}}{z}^{3+{X}_{2}}\approx {z}^{{N}_{2}}\frac{1+{a}_{1}{z}^{-1}+{a}_{2}{z}^{-2}+{a}_{3}{z}^{-3}}{{a}_{3}+{a}_{2}{z}^{-1}+{a}_{1}{z}^{-2}+{z}^{-3}}$
相关系数计算方法和表1一样。
图6c可推得${i}_{2}^{*}$i2的闭环传递函数如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{G}_{6}\left(z\right)=\frac{{G}_{3}\left(z\right)[1+{G}_{rc2}(z\left)\right]}{1+{G}_{rc2}\left(z\right){G}_{3}\left(z\right)}\\ =\frac{\left[{z}^{P}L\right(z)+{z}^{N}-Q(z\left)\right]{G}_{3}\left(z\right)}{{z}^{N}-Q\left(z\right)+{z}^{P}L\left(z\right){G}_{3}\left(z\right)}\end{array}$
将小数延迟近似环节z-N=z-(N1+M+X)=z-N1G5(z)代入式(16),得到下式:
${G}_{6}\left(z\right)=\frac{\left[{z}^{P}L\right(z\left){G}_{5}\right(z)+{z}^{{N}_{1}}-Q(z\left){G}_{5}\right(z\left)\right]{G}_{3}\left(z\right)}{{z}^{{N}_{1}}+\left[{z}^{P}L\right(z\left){G}_{3}\right(z)-Q(z\left)\right]{G}_{5}\left(z\right)}$
根据稳定性准则,系统稳定的充分条件为式(17)的特征根位于单位圆内(即|z|<1),具体如下式所示:
$z^{N_{1}}+\left[z^{P} L(z) G_{3}(z)-Q(z)\right] G_{5}(z)=0 \quad|z|<1$
由式(18)得到系统稳定的充分条件如下:
$G_{\bmod }(z)=\left|G_{5}(z) Q(z)-z^{P} L(z) G_{3}(z) G_{5}(z)\right|<1$
由于Nyquist曲线为模值和幅角的频率特性曲线,本文采用Nyquist曲线判断式(19)的条件是否成立。具体为:当频率ω由0增加至奈奎斯特频率π/Ts时,在z平面上绘出Gmodz)的Nyquist曲线,若曲线不超出单位圆,则系统的特征根位于左半平面,系统稳定。不同电网电压频率时,新方法与传统方法的奈氏曲线对比如图11a图11b所示,可见,曲线皆位于单位圆内,证明新系统是稳定的,新方法并没有改变原方法的稳定性。
使用Matlab可编程电源模块模拟频率变化,基于S-Function进行算法编程,对采用GRC方法和AOAFDRC方法的APF进行对比仿真。主要参数为:电网电压220 V/50 Hz,采样周期和开关周期Ts均为100 μs;${u}_{d}^{*}$=400 V,Cd=2 000 μF,R=120 Ω,Cr=1 000 μF,L1=4 mH,L2=1 mH,r1=0.1 Ω,r2=0.02 Ω,C=7 μF;滤波器Fs)的系数kf=45,ω0=14 079 rad/s;G4z)的阶数M=3。
将非线性负载电流中的谐波提取出来,然后引入电压外环输出的有功电流指令获得总的指令电流,图12给出了vs为55 Hz时检测得到的基波、总谐波及3次谐波含量(vs衰减了10倍,下同)。可见,总谐波图形很不规则,由多种频率分量构成,这对控制器跟踪性能是巨大挑战。
仿真中模拟vs的频率发生扰动来验证新算法的控制效果。设置vs由额定频率50 Hz在t=0.2 s后逐渐变化为55 Hz(此时出现小数拍),进行对比仿真:采用GRC控制(N=182,相位超前zP=z7为整数拍);采用AOAFDRC控制(近似滤波器的系数在线调整,zP=z6.5使用小数拍)。图13给出了两种情况的仿真波形,包括电源电压vs、给定补偿电流${i}_{2}^{*}$、反馈电流i2
图13a中,t=0.2 s前,频率为额定值,补偿效果较好。t=0.2 s后,逐渐变为55 Hz,GRC方法高增益谐振点小范围偏离电网基波及其各次谐波频率点,使得跟踪能力略有下降。跟踪误差主要发生在指令电流斜率出现较大变化处,其余地方的跟踪效果变化不大。图13b采用了AOAFDRC方法,频率变化后重复控制器能够匹配出现的小数延迟,使高增益谐振点工作在基波及谐波频率点上,跟踪效果稍好于前者。图13c图13d分别为电流is的THD及跟踪误差对比图,两种方法都能一定程度衰减跟踪误差及改善进线电流THD(未改善前电流is的THD为53.6%),新方法在误差衰减方面有一定优势。
为验证方法的有效性,研制了容量为6 kV·A的样机,并进行了对比测试,图14为实验框图。为提高可靠性,实验中加入纯阻负载并使功率流满足P3+P4>P2。选择Chroma 61860四象限电网模拟器模拟电网频率偏移,控制算法基于TI浮点DSP芯片TMS320F28335实现。示波器用Tektronic DPO2024;隔离电流探夹为Tektronic A622;电压差分探头为SI-9110;谐波分析用Fluke 43B,其它参数和仿真参数一致。
一般情况下,APF启动前其母线支撑电容的能量已基本耗尽,为避免突然投入时导致过流而损坏器件,APF补偿谐波前首先要给电容预充电至大概300 V,然后加入内外环控制,使APF工作在能量双向流动状态并维持直流侧电压为400 V。待ud建立起来后,根据需要再切入谐波补偿,如图15所示。
图16给出了电网频率为55 Hz时,GRC方法控制下的电压、电流波形。由图16a可看出采用GRC控制时,能够实现谐波补偿改善进线电流is及提高功率因数(未补偿前THD为61.3%,功率因数为0.73),不足之处是is正弦度稍弱,测得其THD为8.43%。图17展示了相同频率下使用AOAFDRC方法时的电压、电流波形。与图16a对比,图17a进线电流is正弦度有所改善,测得其THD为3.45%,表明非线性负载的谐波在GRC方法的基础上得到了进一步的补偿。
通过上位机软件,利用DSP的SPI串口读取程序中的变量数据并绘出可视化的图形,能够提高装置的研发效率。图16b图17b展示了不同控制方法时,补偿电流给定${i}_{2}^{*}$和反馈电流i2的波形。可见,GRC方法和AOAFDRC方法都能较好地跟踪给定电流${i}_{2}^{*}$,其中后者的跟踪精度稍强一些。
实验中观察到:采用前文两种方法,补偿后的负载电流ir较未补偿前都有一定程度的放大。其原因未必是控制器导致[2],也可能和非线性负载的特性有关(本文为电压型非线性负载),详细可参考文献[5],后续论文将进一步研究。
图18绘出了在不同输入电压频率时,采用所提方法和GRC方法测得的进线电流THD对比曲线,48~50 Hz频率变化步长为0.5 Hz,50~55 Hz频率变化步长为1 Hz。可见,传统方法在输入电压频率变化时,控制器性能有所下降,所提方法对小数延迟具有一定的适应能力,补偿效果有所改善。
值得说明的是,虽然GRC方法在误差衰减、指令跟踪等方面稍弱于本文方法,但其仍然具有广泛的应用性,并经过了较多的实践检验。不能因为其暂时不能匹配小数延迟而否定其作用,毕竟本文测试工况较为恶劣,实际中频率大范围偏差时间是不长的,因为电力系统也会有调频措施来恢复频率。本文方法也有自身的局限性,譬如近似滤波器系数的在线更新会增加处理器的计算负担。
本文在输出电流有源阻尼抑制LCL型APF谐振峰的同时,通过根轨迹设计了内部电流环。在此基础上,针对重复控制易受频率变化影响而出现小数延迟拍的问题,首先提出了新颖的自适应在线抗频率扰动小数延迟重复控制器;其次给出了小数延迟逼近方法、自适应实现框图、补偿环节设计方法;最后通过奈氏轨迹分析了系统的闭环稳定性。仿真和实验结果验证了本文所提方法的可行性和有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61963030)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25615
  • 接收时间:2024-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-20
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(61963030)
作者信息
    1 北部湾大学 机械与船舶海洋工程学院,广西 钦州 535011
    2 广西海洋工程装备与技术重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011
    3 南昌航空大学 信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330063
    4 广西高校北部湾近海海洋工程装备与技术重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011

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黄文东(1985—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为嵌入式控制技术、变换器优化设计,Email:
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