Article(id=1190684597810774742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25254, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=1689868800000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761810929967, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761810929967, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761810929967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761810929967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190684594115589101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761810929087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761811258832, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190684599387833057, articleId=1190684597810774742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Dynamic Equivalence Method for Large-scale Power Systems Based on the Random Forest Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability analysis of power system transient voltage,power angle,and frequency is often based on short-time-scale electromechanical transient simulation,which requires a relatively accurate large-scale simulation model,which not only has low simulation efficiency but also takes a long time,thus giving rise to the demand for dynamic equivalence of large power grids. However,as the proportion of new energy increases,the power system gradually presents some unique characteristics of new power systems,with more significant differences in system inertia,frequency spatiotemporal distribution,and frequency modulation resource distribution. Conventional dynamic equivalence methods based on slow coherence theory are gradually difficult to ensure accuracy. To solve these problems,based on previous work,a large power grid dynamic equivalence method based on random forest algorithm was proposed. First,the large power system was divided into the study area and the external area. Then the external area on the opposite side of the study area tie line was equivalent to several nonlinear dynamic loads controlled by the random forest algorithm. The random forest algorithm was trained using the original model tie line's voltage/reactive power and frequency/active power relationships. A joint simulation model based on PSS/E and Matlab platform was established to achieve equivalent simplified electromechanical transient simulation,and Python environment was used to achieve information exchange and simulation control between them. Simplified results for the Northeastern United States power grid was presented and compared them with existing methods. The results show that the proposed method can effectively balance simulation accuracy and control stability.

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电力系统暂态电压、功角、频率的稳定分析往往基于短时间尺度的机电暂态仿真,需要借助一个较为精确的大型仿真模型,不但仿真效率低,且耗时较长,由此催生出了大电网动态等值的需求。然而,随着新能源比例不断提升,大电网逐渐呈现出了新型电力系统的一些独有特性,其系统惯量、频率时空分布、调频资源分布差异更为显著,传统基于慢同调理论的动态等值方法逐渐难以保证精度。为解决这些问题,在前期工作基础上,提出了一种基于随机森林法的大电网动态等值方法。首先将大电网划分为研究区域和外部区域,然后将区域间联络线对侧的外部区域等效为若干受随机森林算法控制的非线性动态负荷。利用原始模型联络线的电压/无功、频率/有功关系训练随机森林算法。建立基于PSS/E与Matlab平台的联合仿真模型实现等值后的简化模型机电暂态仿真,并利用Python环境实现两者之间的信息交互与仿真控制。给出了美国东北电网的简化结果,并与现有方法进行了对比,结果显示所提出方法能够较好权衡仿真精度与控制稳定性。

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童宁(1988—),男,博士,副教授,Email:
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雷傲宇(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,Email:

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雷傲宇(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,Email:

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Power System Technology, 2020, 44(12):4694-4701., articleTitle=Transient stability assessment and emergency control strategy based on random forest in power system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1191113272553255813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684597810774742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=21, pageStart=181, pageEnd=188, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=37, authorNames=邓艺璇, 黄玉萍, 黄周春, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邓艺璇, 黄玉萍, 黄周春. 基于随机森林算法的电动汽车充放电容量预测[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45(21):181-188., articleTitle=基于随机森林算法的电动汽车充放电容量预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1191113272628753286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684597810774742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=21, pageStart=181, pageEnd=188, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=38, authorNames=DENG Yixuan, HUANG Yuping, HUANG Zhouchun, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Yixuan, HUANG Yuping, HUANG Zhouchun. 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List of simulation event

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事件 事件位置 事件类型 事件描述
1 母线79 跳发电机 损失功率
1 000.00 MW,257.34 Mvar
2 母线78 跳发电机 损失功率
310.99 MW,109.196 7 Mvar
3 母线72 跳发电机 损失功率
150.00 MW,377.58 Mvar
4 母线72 清除
短路故障
过渡电阻 0 Ω
持续时间0.1 s
), ArticleFig(id=1191113268027601727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684597810774742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真事件列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件 事件位置 事件类型 事件描述
1 母线79 跳发电机 损失功率
1 000.00 MW,257.34 Mvar
2 母线78 跳发电机 损失功率
310.99 MW,109.196 7 Mvar
3 母线72 跳发电机 损失功率
150.00 MW,377.58 Mvar
4 母线72 清除
短路故障
过渡电阻 0 Ω
持续时间0.1 s
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基于随机森林算法的大电网动态等值方法
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雷傲宇 1 , 李俊 2 , 梅勇 1 , 童宁 2 , 王裕 2 , 吴为 3
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(4): 26-32
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(4): 26-32
基于随机森林算法的大电网动态等值方法
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雷傲宇1 , 李俊2, 梅勇1, 童宁2 , 王裕2, 吴为3
作者信息
  • 1 中国南方电网电力调度中心,广东 广州 510663
  • 2 广东工业大学 自动化学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 3 南方电网科学研究院,广东 广州 510663
  • 雷傲宇(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,Email:

通讯作者:

童宁(1988—),男,博士,副教授,Email:
Dynamic Equivalence Method for Large-scale Power Systems Based on the Random Forest Algorithm
Aoyu LEI1 , Jun LI2, Yong MEI1, Ning TONG2 , Yu WANG2, Wei WU3
Affiliations
  • 1 CSG Power Dispatching Control Center,Guangzhou 510663,Guangdong,China
  • 2 School of Automation,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 510006,Guangdong,China
  • 3 CSG Electrical Power Research Institute,Guangzhou 510663,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25254
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电力系统暂态电压、功角、频率的稳定分析往往基于短时间尺度的机电暂态仿真,需要借助一个较为精确的大型仿真模型,不但仿真效率低,且耗时较长,由此催生出了大电网动态等值的需求。然而,随着新能源比例不断提升,大电网逐渐呈现出了新型电力系统的一些独有特性,其系统惯量、频率时空分布、调频资源分布差异更为显著,传统基于慢同调理论的动态等值方法逐渐难以保证精度。为解决这些问题,在前期工作基础上,提出了一种基于随机森林法的大电网动态等值方法。首先将大电网划分为研究区域和外部区域,然后将区域间联络线对侧的外部区域等效为若干受随机森林算法控制的非线性动态负荷。利用原始模型联络线的电压/无功、频率/有功关系训练随机森林算法。建立基于PSS/E与Matlab平台的联合仿真模型实现等值后的简化模型机电暂态仿真,并利用Python环境实现两者之间的信息交互与仿真控制。给出了美国东北电网的简化结果,并与现有方法进行了对比,结果显示所提出方法能够较好权衡仿真精度与控制稳定性。

大电网  /  动态等值  /  随机森林算法  /  联合仿真

The stability analysis of power system transient voltage,power angle,and frequency is often based on short-time-scale electromechanical transient simulation,which requires a relatively accurate large-scale simulation model,which not only has low simulation efficiency but also takes a long time,thus giving rise to the demand for dynamic equivalence of large power grids. However,as the proportion of new energy increases,the power system gradually presents some unique characteristics of new power systems,with more significant differences in system inertia,frequency spatiotemporal distribution,and frequency modulation resource distribution. Conventional dynamic equivalence methods based on slow coherence theory are gradually difficult to ensure accuracy. To solve these problems,based on previous work,a large power grid dynamic equivalence method based on random forest algorithm was proposed. First,the large power system was divided into the study area and the external area. Then the external area on the opposite side of the study area tie line was equivalent to several nonlinear dynamic loads controlled by the random forest algorithm. The random forest algorithm was trained using the original model tie line's voltage/reactive power and frequency/active power relationships. A joint simulation model based on PSS/E and Matlab platform was established to achieve equivalent simplified electromechanical transient simulation,and Python environment was used to achieve information exchange and simulation control between them. Simplified results for the Northeastern United States power grid was presented and compared them with existing methods. The results show that the proposed method can effectively balance simulation accuracy and control stability.

large-scale power system  /  dynamic equivalence  /  random forest algorithm  /  parallel simulation
雷傲宇, 李俊, 梅勇, 童宁, 王裕, 吴为. 基于随机森林算法的大电网动态等值方法. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (4) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25254
Aoyu LEI, Jun LI, Yong MEI, Ning TONG, Yu WANG, Wei WU. Dynamic Equivalence Method for Large-scale Power Systems Based on the Random Forest Algorithm[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (4) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25254
为确保实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,新能源、储能系统、新型负载等分布式资源将在“十四五”期间持续快速发展[1]。随着分布式资源大规模接入,现代电力系统的规模将不断扩大;而随着交直流输电技术的发展,大范围大面积互联已成为现代电力系统发展的趋势,可实现电力资源的高效分配和利用,提高供电质量和可靠性[2- 3]。然而,电网规模的急剧增大提升了系统场景的复杂程度,高比例新能源和电力电子设备接入则提升了电力系统电气部件非线性动态特性复杂程度,显著增加了动态响应分析难度。此外,由于现有仿真算法及软件处理能力有限,随着电力系统规模增大,给大规模电网的电磁暂态、机电暂态仿真提出了严峻的挑战[4]
为了减小暂态仿真的计算量,更快地进行实时仿真,电力行业一直探讨和研究系统模型简化,减小大型电力系统的系统规模和仿真时间,同时保持其在各种干扰下的动态行为[5]。目前,在大型电力系统的动态响应分析中,通常将系统分为研究区域和外部区域,根据研究目标需要对研究区域的内部状态和响应进行分析;为简化分析,对外部系统进行降维,并使得简化模型拥有与原始模型相似的输出特性[6-7]。在新能源和电力电子设备高比例接入的新型电力系统中,由于新能源波动性和电力电子器件的控制灵活性,导致其振荡模式增多,其动态响应机理趋于复杂化,对新型电力系统进行动态等值的分析方法提出更大的挑战和要求[8- 9]
目前,常用的电力系统动态等值方法主要包括:1)同调等值法,主要包括基于相关性的机群划分、系统等效和相关机群参数聚合。系统受扰时,将检测出有相似动态特性的发电机划分为相关机群,然后聚合相关机群的参数,使其模拟相关机群的综合动态响应;简化网络在等效过程以及参数聚合过程中会产生一定的误差[10-12],在具有新振荡模式的新型电力系统中该误差将倍增。2)模型等值法,通过建立外部系统微分方程,然后将其线性化得到状态方程,最终得到降阶状态方程。然而,该方法需要整个系统的详细模型和参数,而且为了确定特征根,其计算量通常非常高,降低了算法的可用性[13-15]。3)估计等值法,结合人工智能算法,通过参数辨识优化,找到目标函数值最优的参数值作为等值模型参数的估计值,目前得到广泛使用的智能算法包括遗传算法、粒子群算法等。估计等值法与前两种方法相比,不需要获得外部系统的结构或参数,可以应用于运行条件和结构快速变化的系统。然而,该方法的精度取决于智能算法预测的准确性,目前仍有改进的空间[8,16-17]。本文作者及其团队曾于2020年提出了一种基于模糊推理系统的大电网动态等值方法[18],部分解决了上述问题,但深入研究发现该方法在某些极端场景下存在过拟合问题,需要进一步进行改进。
随机森林算法是通过集成学习的思想将多棵树集成的一种算法,本质属于机器学习的一大分支——集成学习方法,其基本单元是决策树,目前已成功应用于电力负荷预测、输电线路状态评估、暂态稳定性分析、电动汽车充放电预测等电气工程领域,但其应用于电网等值的研究仍未被探讨[19-22]。由此,为了解决现有等值法仍存在的问题,本文提出一种基于随机森林算法的大电网动态等值方法。首先对大电网进行区域划分,通过监测每条联络线母线电压和母线频率以及联络线上潮流生成训练数据;然后利用这些训练数据产生能够模拟外部区域/研究区域边界映射关系的随机森林;构建了基于Matlab,PSS/E的联合仿真平台并利用Python实现两者的信息交互,以美国东北电网为例进行了算例分析,与前期工作进行对比,论证了本文所提方法的有效性。
在大型电力系统动态响应分析中,通常将系统分为研究区域和外部区域,原始模型如图1a所示。系统的主要研究对象是研究区域,根据特定的研究目标对研究区域的内部状态和动态响应进行分析,而并不关注外部区域的结构和内部参数。为简化分析,可对外部系统进行简化,目的是使得简化模型能够在相同的扰动下与原始模型保持相似的动态特性。本文首先断开外部区域与研究区域之间的联络线,并按照联络线的数量,将外部区域替换为相等数量的非线性等效负载;采用牛顿-拉夫逊算法对原始模型进行分析,得出初始潮流,并根据初始潮流对非线性等效负载进行初始化处理。在后续仿真中,随机森林算法根据联络线一端的电压、频率测量对潮流进行预测,并在每个仿真步长中更新非线性等效负载。因此,必须事先在原始模型中设置扰动(如跳发电机、清除短路故障等),训练随机森林,使其能够准确实时调整非线性负载的大小,其总体架构如图1b所示。
随机森林算法因其随机采样和随机特征选取的双重随机性,在数据集上表现良好,抗噪声能力强且不易陷入过拟合,并且能够适应高维数据处理。随机森林训练模型的构建主要分为三个过程:产生训练集、构建决策树、形成森林。随机森林算法训练流程图如图2所示,其过程如下:
1)产生训练集:a.初始化算法参数;b.测量原始系统联络线频率f、电压v以及传输功率PQ,得到用于训练的总数据集;c.输入0至t时刻的f-Pv-Q序列作为t时刻的训练集;d.通过Bootstrap抽样对训练集进行有放回的随机抽样,生成N个训练子集。
2)构建决策树:a.从M个特征中随机选取m个生成特征子集;b.根据最优分裂特征值完成对节点分裂;c.进行不剪枝生长,生成完整的N个决策树。
3)形成森林:a.通过取加权平均值进行投票决策,预测t时刻的PQ值;b.计算预估值与实测值的误差,并决定是否调整参数重新生成决策树,若误差允许则进行下一时刻的计算直至t = tmax;c.输出随机森林算法参数,并获得简化模型。
综上,基于随机森林算法的大电网等值方法及联合仿真流程如图3所示。
步骤1)初始化,t=0。以牛顿-拉夫逊算法分析原始模型联络线初始潮流,以此对非线性等效负载进行初始化处理。
步骤2)一个仿真步长内,在PSS/E仿真平台上采用原始模型进行在线仿真(如跳发电机、清除短路故障等),通过相量测量单元测量每条联络线的频率和电压作为实时测量值。本文联络线在研究区域内对应的母线为37号、73号,故将测量得到的第37号联络线的频率f37、电压v37和第73号联络线的频率f73、电压v73作为边界测量值,通过Python 2.7编写的脚本来读取测量值数据,并编写数据传输模块将数据传输至Matlab的在线更新模块中,以进行下一步随机森林算法的处理。
步骤3)在Matlab仿真平台进行随机森林算法的预训练。在PSS/E仿真平台上采用原始模型进行离线仿真,以在研究区域中跳某台发电机为例,生成一个联络线频率、电压测量值的数据集,将数据集按比例分割为训练集和测试集,对模型的多个决策树进行训练及测试以提高分类准确性,最终得到一个经过训练的随机森林模型。
步骤4)每个仿真步长中,Matlab读取并接收步骤2)的测量数据,以测量数据作为输入,在步骤3)已训练好的随机森林模型中进行非线性负载等效有功功率和无功功率的在线预测,将非线性等效负载的功率预测值P37Q37P73Q73通过Python 2.7传回至PSS/E的简化模型中,令PSS/E对非线性等效负载进行在线更新,用以模拟原始外部区域在不同类型扰动下的动态行为。
步骤5)在每个仿真步长里重复执行上述步骤直至仿真时间到达预先设定值,本文将仿真时长设置为5 s,机电暂态仿真的步长为1 ms。
为了验证本文所提出方法的性能,基于前文所描述的PSS/E+Matlab环境+Python环境联合仿真平台,以美国东北电网为研究对象,原始模型如图4a所示。其中实线表示研究区域,虚线表示外部区域。采用本文所提出方法等效的简化模型如图4b所示,其中联络线对侧被替换为两个非线性等效负载,在每个仿真步长内,其负载值受随机森林算法控制。以研究区域内137号母线上的跳发电机事件为基础,测量并得到研究区域37号母线、73号母线电压信号、频率信号(这两个母线为外部区域与研究区域的联络母线),在Matlab软件上对随机森林算法进行训练。
为了验证本文所提出方法在跳发电机事件、清除短路故障事件中的性能,设置仿真时间如表1所示。每种事件中的起始时间、结束时间分别为t=1 s,t=5 s。每种事件下,对简化后的系统进行动态响应分析,并与原系统进行实验结果对比。
对于事件1,所提出的动态等值方法对电网动态性能模拟如图5所示,其中连接到母线79的第一个发电机在t= 1 s时跳闸,损失功率达1 000.00 MW,257.34 Mvar,频率及电压都大幅下降。采用本文所提出的方法,系统母线电压和母线频率与原曲线吻合较好。简化模型的振荡模式也与原始模型高度吻合,表明简化模型保留了原始模型的大部分动态特性。采用文献[18]所述模糊推理系统模拟电网动态时,虽然振荡模式也非常接近,但其幅值有略微差别,性能不如随机森林,如图6所示。
对于事件2,动态等值方法对电网动态性能模拟如图7所示,此时原始模型的振荡模式与简化模型几乎一致。母线频率在t=2.1 s时刻前后出现了过拟合现象,其他时刻过拟合现象不明显。与之相比,基于模糊推理系统的简化模型在此场景下过拟合现象较为严重,无法表征出正常的振荡模式,如图8所示。进一步研究表明,基于模糊推理系统的大电网动态等值方法对系统初始状态非常敏感。PSS/E软件利用牛顿-拉夫逊算法对大电网初始状态进行潮流求解的过程,实质上是一个权衡稳态误差和容许精度的过程。对于大电网而言,设置过低的误差增加了求解复杂程度,同时也不符合客观规律;在这种情况下,联合仿真系统误差会慢慢积累,最终导致误差急剧放大。而研究结果表明随机森林算法具有更强的鲁棒性,能够克服上述缺陷。
图9图10分别为事件3、事件4下简化模型与原始模型的仿真结果。可见发生跳发电机事件时,基于随机森林的简化模型能够良好模拟原始大电网的动态特性。此外,当系统发生短路故障时,虽然原始系统呈现出了更广泛的振荡模式,但该场景下,即使随机森林算法的训练集并没有纳入母线故障,但在母线故障条件下的简化模型仍然表现出与原始系统相似的动态特征,说明本文方法具有足够的自适应能力。对于事件3而言,随着仿真的进行,随机森林算法出现了一定的误差,但与图8相比,总体上在可辨识的范围内。
在前期研究基础上,针对以往方法的缺点,提出了一种基于随机森林算法的大电网模型动态等值方法。该方法使用联络线电压和频率,利用随机森林算法对外部区域的有功功率和无功功率进行实时预测,更新非线性等值负载直至仿真结束。主要结论如下:
1)以美国东北电网为例对所提出方法的有效性进行验证,结果显示对于跳发电机事件,简化模型的动态响应几乎与完整模型相同;
2)与基于模糊推理系统的方法相比,本文所提出的方法能够克服少数工况下的过拟合问题;随机森林算法表现出了较强的泛化性能,具体表现在对清除短路故障事件的良好响应;
3)在个别工况下,随着仿真过程的推进与误差累积,整体仿真结果会存在一定的不稳定,但总体振荡模式仍然能够辨识;另外,本研究中只考虑了单条联络线频率、电压对其本身对侧有功、无功的映射关系。实质上,联络线之间也存在着电气耦合,单条联络线频率、电压变化对其他联络线的影响仍然不可忽略。如何增强模型的泛化能力、同时保持简化模型运行的稳定,是在后续研究中需要进一步加以改进的部分。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62273107)
  • 中国南方电网公司科技项目(0000002022030101FK00007)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515240082)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2024A1515012720)
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2025年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25254
  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
  • 修回日期:2023-07-21
基金
国家自然科学基金(62273107)
中国南方电网公司科技项目(0000002022030101FK00007)
广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515240082)
广东省自然科学基金(2024A1515012720)
作者信息
    1 中国南方电网电力调度中心,广东 广州 510663
    2 广东工业大学 自动化学院,广东 广州 510006
    3 南方电网科学研究院,广东 广州 510663

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童宁(1988—),男,博士,副教授,Email:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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