Article(id=1190684597605253845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761810929918, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761810929918, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761810929918, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761810929918, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190684594115589101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761810929087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761811258832, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190684598985179870, articleId=1190684597605253845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=The Study on Continuous G-load Simulating of Aircraft Full Envelop Flight Based on Centrifuge, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is an important means to improve the anti-G ability of pilots to simulate the flight G-load characteristics of aircraft in full envelop flight on the ground through centrifuge. With the great improvement of maneuvering performance of manned aircraft,it is extremely difficult to accurately analyze its flight G-load characteristics and convert them into centrifuge control instructions for continuous and effective flight G-load characteristics simulation. The exact kinematics and dynamics equations of the aircraft were established,the corresponding G-load characteristics of the aircraft in full envelop flight were analyzed in detail. Then the mechanical and kinematic characteristics of the centrifuge were analyzed. Then,the transfer relationship between the earth coordinate system,the aircraft body coordinate system and the pilot coordinate system were used to obtain the extraction method of the aircraft G-load characteristics to the centrifuge control command. Finally,for a three-axis centrifuge with rotation,roll and pitch axis,the digital simulation experiments of flight attitude,G-load calculation and centrifuge control commands for the full flight envelop were carried out. The experimental results show that the proposed simulation method of G-load in full envelop flight of aircraft is feasible and effective.

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通过载人离心机在地面上持续模拟飞机全剖面飞行过载特性是提高飞行员抗荷能力的重要手段。随着有人驾驶飞机机动性能的大幅度提升,精确分析其飞行过载特性,并将之转换为离心机控制指令以实现持续有效飞行过载特性模拟是极其困难的。首先建立飞机准确的运动学和动力学方程,据此详细分析了飞机全剖面飞行时的过载特性;然后分析了载人离心机的机械和运动特性;再利用大地坐标系、机体坐标系、飞行员坐标系之间的转换关系,获取飞机过载特性到载人离心机控制指令的提取方法;最后针对含旋转、滚转、俯仰的三轴离心机,开展了面向全飞行剖面的飞行姿态、过载计算、离心机控制指令的数字仿真实验,实验结果表明所提的飞机全剖面飞行持续过载模拟方法是可行和有效的。

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王轶(1982—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为机械电子工程和航空医学工程,Email:

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王轶(1982—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为机械电子工程和航空医学工程,Email:

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王轶(1982—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为机械电子工程和航空医学工程,Email:

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基于离心机的飞机全剖面飞行持续过载模拟研究
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王轶 , 贾宏博 , 王聪 , 张立辉 , 杨明浩 , 李宝辉
电气传动 | 运动控制 2025,55(4): 66-71
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电气传动 | 运动控制 2025, 55(4): 66-71
基于离心机的飞机全剖面飞行持续过载模拟研究
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王轶 , 贾宏博, 王聪, 张立辉, 杨明浩, 李宝辉
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军空军特色医学中心,北京 100142
  • 王轶(1982—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为机械电子工程和航空医学工程,Email:

The Study on Continuous G-load Simulating of Aircraft Full Envelop Flight Based on Centrifuge
Yi WANG , Hongbo JIA, Cong WANG, Lihui ZHANG, Minghao YANG, Baohui LI
Affiliations
  • Air Force Medical Center,PLA,Beijing 100142,China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26171
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通过载人离心机在地面上持续模拟飞机全剖面飞行过载特性是提高飞行员抗荷能力的重要手段。随着有人驾驶飞机机动性能的大幅度提升,精确分析其飞行过载特性,并将之转换为离心机控制指令以实现持续有效飞行过载特性模拟是极其困难的。首先建立飞机准确的运动学和动力学方程,据此详细分析了飞机全剖面飞行时的过载特性;然后分析了载人离心机的机械和运动特性;再利用大地坐标系、机体坐标系、飞行员坐标系之间的转换关系,获取飞机过载特性到载人离心机控制指令的提取方法;最后针对含旋转、滚转、俯仰的三轴离心机,开展了面向全飞行剖面的飞行姿态、过载计算、离心机控制指令的数字仿真实验,实验结果表明所提的飞机全剖面飞行持续过载模拟方法是可行和有效的。

离心机  /  全剖面飞行  /  过载  /  三自由度

It is an important means to improve the anti-G ability of pilots to simulate the flight G-load characteristics of aircraft in full envelop flight on the ground through centrifuge. With the great improvement of maneuvering performance of manned aircraft,it is extremely difficult to accurately analyze its flight G-load characteristics and convert them into centrifuge control instructions for continuous and effective flight G-load characteristics simulation. The exact kinematics and dynamics equations of the aircraft were established,the corresponding G-load characteristics of the aircraft in full envelop flight were analyzed in detail. Then the mechanical and kinematic characteristics of the centrifuge were analyzed. Then,the transfer relationship between the earth coordinate system,the aircraft body coordinate system and the pilot coordinate system were used to obtain the extraction method of the aircraft G-load characteristics to the centrifuge control command. Finally,for a three-axis centrifuge with rotation,roll and pitch axis,the digital simulation experiments of flight attitude,G-load calculation and centrifuge control commands for the full flight envelop were carried out. The experimental results show that the proposed simulation method of G-load in full envelop flight of aircraft is feasible and effective.

centrifuge  /  full envelop flight  /  G-load  /  three degrees of freedom
王轶, 贾宏博, 王聪, 张立辉, 杨明浩, 李宝辉. 基于离心机的飞机全剖面飞行持续过载模拟研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (4) : 66 -71 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26171
Yi WANG, Hongbo JIA, Cong WANG, Lihui ZHANG, Minghao YANG, Baohui LI. The Study on Continuous G-load Simulating of Aircraft Full Envelop Flight Based on Centrifuge[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (4) : 66 -71 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26171
战斗机在执行作战任务时,机动飞行过程中形成的较大过载,易导致飞行员空中丧失意识,甚至危及生命,以及引起生理性改变[1]。载人离心机主臂在旋转过程中,所产生的径向加速度取决于旋转角速度和主臂半径,通过改变旋转角速度大小,可以产生不同的径向加速度。离心机这种运动特性能逼真模拟飞行载荷,在模拟座舱内配置了飞机操纵元件、视景等,通过飞行员的自主操纵,提供给飞行员接近于真实飞行过程的感官体验,是飞行员体验战机高机动、高过载的大型训练装备,成为航空航天医学领域在地面产生超重的首选手段。开展载人离心机训练,是提高飞行员抗荷能力、防止空中意识丧失的有效方法,是战斗机飞行员选拔、训练和防护研究的有效途径,在国内外军事水平提升过程中具有重要作用[2-4]
离心机的研制最早可以追溯到1931年法国人Flamme 研制的臂长8 m 的载人离心机[5]。我国在1967年研制了第一台载人离心机,臂长为5 m。从1993年开始,我国开始离心机载人训练[6]。这些早期的离心机,主要通过单轴旋转对Z向过载进行模拟,属于单自由度离心机。随着三代机技术推广,离心机在单臂旋转基础上,增加万向节和吊舱等,向多轴方向发展[7]。如美国ETC 公司研制的ATFS-400 型离心机,能够实现三自由度的过载模拟[8];我国空军航空医学研究所从2005年开始开展了三自由度过载训练,为国内的飞行员训练提供动态模拟平台[9-10]
三轴离心机每个轴向运动通过控制电机转速实现,对应的电机控制指令决定了过载模拟特性。飞行员在三自由度离心机训练的有效性,取决于离心机控制指令。不同的战术飞行任务阶段,会对飞行员产生不同的过载。伺服驱动技术的进步,使得离心机具备动态模拟过载力的潜在能力[11-12]。为了更好地进行过载模拟,离心机控制指令需要依据飞机战术任务执行的飞行特性曲线进行确定。本文从飞机操纵特性出发,探讨过载特性提取方法以及离心机控制指令建立方法,以期提高飞行员离心机训练的有效性。
常规布局固定翼飞机一般通过升降舵、方向舵、副翼和油门来进行操纵,通过改变作用在机体上的力和力矩控制飞机的运动,典型操纵模式如图1所示。
升降舵操纵舵面负责飞机俯仰姿态调整,即控制飞机的低头和抬头;副翼操纵舵面负责飞机的横滚姿态操纵,即控制飞机的左右滚转;方向舵操纵舵面负责控制飞机航向,即控制飞机的机头左右偏转。发动机的油门开度(也就是油门杆操纵)可以控制加大或减小发动机推力,通过配合升降舵操纵,可以改变飞机的飞行速度。下面将依据飞机动力学方程描述飞行运动特性[13]
作用在飞机上的力矩可以表示为
L = p ˙ I x r ˙ I x z + q r ( I z I x ) p q I x z M = q I y + p r ( I x I z ) ( p 2 r 2 ) I x z N = r I z p ˙ I x z + p q ( I y I x ) q r I x z
式中:LMN分别为滚转力矩、俯仰力矩和偏航力矩;Ix为绕x轴转动惯量;Iy为绕y轴转动惯量;Iz为绕z轴转动惯量;Ixz为交叉转动惯量;p为滚转角速率;q为俯仰角速率;r为偏航角速率。
将空气动力以及发动机的推力在机体坐标系下记为 ( F x , F y , F z ),飞机在机体坐标系下xyz三个方向的加速度可以表示为
u ˙ = v r w q g s i n θ + F x m v ˙ = w p u r + g c o s θ s i n ϕ + F y m w ˙ = u q + v p + g c o s θ s i n ϕ + F z m
式中: θ为俯仰角; ϕ为滚转角;m为飞机的质量;u为飞机速度在机体坐标系x轴分量;v为飞机速度在机体坐标系y轴分量;w为飞机速度在机体坐标系z轴分量;g为重力加速度。
飞机的俯仰角(机体坐标系纵轴与地平面夹角)、滚转角(机体坐标系竖轴与包含纵轴铅锤面的夹角)、偏航角(机体坐标系纵轴在地平面投影与地面坐标系纵轴夹角),具有如下特性:
ϕ ˙ = p + r c o s ϕ + q s i n ϕ t a n θ θ ˙ = q c o s ϕ r s i n ϕ ψ ˙ = 1 c o s ϕ r c o s ϕ + q s i n ϕ
式中: ψ为偏航角。
线运动方程可以表示为
x ˙ g = u c o s μ c o s φ y ˙ g = u c o s μ s i n φ ˙ = u s i n μ
式中: μ为航迹倾斜角,即空速向量与地平面间的夹角; φ为航迹方位角,即空速向量在地平面上的投影与地面坐标轴间的夹角;xg为地面坐标系x方向的位置;yg为地面坐标系y方向的位置;h为地面坐标系z方向的位置。
上述这几个方程,可以描述飞机的运动学和动力学特性。依据这几个方程,就可以搭建相应仿真模型,分析全剖面下飞机运动特性。
飞行员过载是指飞行员在真实飞行中感受到的过载G。在飞机无剧烈角运动时,飞机飞行员过载与飞机质心处过载近似存在坐标系平移的关系,即基本过载 G a。在飞机角运动剧烈时,由于飞机飞行员座舱与飞机质心并不重合,那么飞行员除承受飞机质心过载外,还会承受由飞机角运动引起的飞机飞行员附加过载(转动过载) Δ G a。飞机飞行员过载可以看成由飞机飞行员基本过载 G a = G x a G y a G z a T和飞机角运动引起的飞机飞行员附加过载 Δ G a = Δ G x a Δ G y a Δ G z a T两部分叠加组成。
飞机地面坐标系与机体坐标系之间坐标转换关系为
x b y b z b = A x g y g z g
其中变换矩阵A是方阵,对应元素表达形式如下式所示:
A 11 = c o s θ c o s ψ A 12 = c o s θ s i n ψ A 13 = s i n θ A 21 = s i n ϕ s i n θ c o s ψ c o s ϕ s i n ψ A 22 = s i n ϕ s i n θ s i n ψ + c o s ϕ c o s ψ A 23 = s i n ϕ c o s θ A 31 = c o s ϕ s i n θ c o s ψ + s i n ϕ s i n ψ A 32 = c o s ϕ s i n θ s i n ψ s i n ϕ c o s ψ A 33 = c o s ϕ c o s θ
应用上述坐标转换关系,可以得到重力加速度矢量g在机体坐标系下的表达式为
g b = g s i n θ s i n ϕ c o s θ c o s ϕ c o s θ
飞机飞行员基本过载 G a定义为作用于飞行员的加速度矢量 a p和重力加速度矢量 g b之差与重力加速度常数g之比:
G a = a p g b g
其中,g取9.8 m/s2。飞行员的合加速度矢量 a p和重力加速度矢量 g b均定义在飞机机体坐标系。
考虑到飞行员加速度矢量 a p与飞机质心处加速度相等,所以 a p可由飞机质心动力学方程确定。机体坐标系下飞机飞行员基本过载 G a的组成元素为
G x a = ( a x + g s i n θ ) g G y a = ( a y g c o s θ s i n ϕ ) g G z a = ( a z g c o s θ c o s ϕ ) g
式中: a x , a y , a z分别为机体坐标系xyz三轴加速度。
当飞机角运动非常剧烈时,附加过载的计算与牵连加速度计算有关。考虑到飞行员与飞机的相对位置固定,以及飞行员处于飞机纵向对称平面,飞机飞行员位置相对于惯性坐标系下的加速度可表示为
a p x = a x x p ( q 2 + r 2 ) + z p ( p r + q ˙ ) a p y = a y + x p ( p q + r ˙ ) + z p ( q r p ˙ ) a p z = a z + x p ( p r q ˙ ) z p ( p 2 + q 2 )
式中: x p为飞机飞行员位置在机体坐标系的x轴方向坐标位置; z p为飞机飞行员位置在机体坐标系的z轴方向坐标位置。
去掉飞机本身具有的三轴加速度,得到飞机飞行员附加加速度 Δ a如下式所示:
Δ a x = x p ( q 2 + r 2 ) + z p ( p r + q ˙ ) Δ a y = x p ( p q + r ˙ ) + z p ( q r p ˙ ) Δ a z = x p ( p r q ˙ ) z p ( p 2 + q 2 )
由此得到飞机飞行员附加过载 Δ G a的组成元素如下式所示:
Δ G x a = Δ a x g = x p ( q 2 + r 2 ) + z p ( p r + q ˙ ) g Δ G y a = Δ a y g = x p ( p q + r ˙ ) + z p ( q r p ˙ ) g Δ G z a = Δ a z g = x p ( p r q ˙ ) z p ( p 2 + q 2 ) g
三自由度离心机包括主轴电机驱动的主臂以及图2所示的二自由度结构舱体。对于离心机控制系统来说,控制指令包括离心机旋臂的旋转角速度 ω c、吊舱滚转角 ϕ c和吊舱俯仰角 θ c,实现过载模拟。
当离心机长度为R的旋臂以角速度 ω c旋转时,吊舱除了承受重力引起的垂直过载 G V外,还承受切向过载 G T和离心过载 G R G V G T G R的大小分别如下式所示:
G T = R ω ˙ c g G R = R ω c 2 g G V = g g = 1
为了更加有效模拟过载,吊舱平台过载需要和飞行员过载保持一致,即
G T 2 + G R 2 + G V 2 = G x 2 + G y 2 + G z 2
联立式(13)和式(14),可以得到离心机旋臂的旋转角速度 ω c
ω c = g R G x 2 + G y 2 + G z 2 1 2 ( R ω ˙ c g ) 2 4
滚转角 ϕ c和俯仰角 θ c可以表示为
ϕ c = ϕ c ' + Δ ϕ c = a r c s i n ( G R G R V ) + a r c s i n ( G y G R V ) θ c = θ c ' + Δ θ c = a r c s i n ( G T G x z ) a r c s i n ( G x G x z )
其中 G R V = G R 2 + G V 2 G x z = G x 2 + G z 2
式中:GRV G R G V的合过载;Gxz G x G z的合过载。
为了实现全飞行剖面飞行的过载特性仿真分析,搭建如图3所示的Matlab/Simulink仿真模型。
模型中,除了显示观测部分之外,主要包括飞机动力学模型、舵面模型、控制模型几大部分。其中飞机模型输入信号为升降舵、副翼、方向舵和油门等四个操纵量。这四个操纵量,借助于发动机特性和气动特性,通过飞机的运动学方程和动力学方程,计算得到飞机的飞行参数。舵面模型的功能是将控制模型输出的升降舵、副翼、方向舵的控制命令,转换成为相应舵面响应。
控制模型如图4所示,主要包括飞行剖面指令解算模块、纵向控制模块、横侧向控制模块。
飞行剖面指令解算模块通过飞机飞行特性参数等输入信号,结合图5所示的典型全任务剖面输出控制信息。
纵向控制模块主要用于控制飞机的俯仰角、高度、速度,分别实现飞机的俯仰角姿态稳定、飞行高度跟踪与保持、飞行速度跟踪。对应仿真模型如图6所示。其中,俯仰角控制以俯仰角速度控制为内环,可以增大阻尼特性,提高纵向姿态控制的稳定性。高度控制的目的是实现飞行高度控制。速度的控制通过两种方法实现:①通过升降舵偏转来改变俯仰角从而实现速度控制;②通过控制油门的大小来改变发动机的推力,实现控制速度目的。
横侧向控模块如图7所示,主要用于飞机的偏航角控制和滚转角控制,分别实现偏航姿态稳定和滚转姿态稳定。
仿真分析过程中,在所设计的任务剖面下,飞行参数响应曲线(XYH)如图8所示。
图8所表示的飞行过程为:在0 s—417 s进行了第一次爬升,在417 s—1 019 s进行了平飞,在1 019 s—1 569 s进行了第二次爬升,在1 569 s—2 019 s进行了平飞,在2 019 s—3 133 s进行了第三次爬升,在3 133 s—4 332 s进行了平飞和盘旋,在4 332 s—5 005 s进行了第四次爬升,到达了巡航高度7 500 m。在5 005 s—6 201 s进行了平飞与盘旋,在6 201 s—7 839 s进行了第一次下降,在7 839 s—8 238 s进行了平飞,在8 238 s—10 370 s进行了第二次下降,达到高度1 000 m,从10 370 s开始压航线。
本文所研究的全剖面飞行过程中,运动特性比较平缓,式(12)表征的附加过载比较小。在图8给出的飞行特性下,忽略附加过载后,对应的飞行员过载响应曲线如图9所示。
观察图9可知,整个全剖面飞行过程中的过载特性为:
1)在每个飞行状态切换过程时,各个方向的过载呈现出短暂脉冲型变化。这是由于飞行状态切换过程中,飞机操纵量变化带来飞机气动力、发动机推力以及重力分量变化,产生的合外力带来过载变化。
2)整个过程中,由于飞机没有较大的侧向运动,致使Y方向过载基本保持为零。
3)在爬升和降落过程中,X方向过载变化比较明显。这是因为爬升和降落过程中,需要合外力沿X方向推动飞机进行加速和减速。
4)平飞状态下,过载力主要体现在Z方向,为1 g。平飞状态下,合外力为0,三轴姿态稳定,但是Z方向存在重力的影响。
5)盘旋阶段,X方向和Z方向都存在过载。盘旋阶段,飞机等圆飞行。合外力在X方向和Z方向存在分量,以保证等圆飞行。
根据前述飞行剖面过载特性,利用式(15)和式(16)就能计算出离心机主臂的旋转角速度 ω c、吊舱滚转角 ϕ c、吊舱俯仰角 θ c等三个控制指令,实现过载特性模拟。考虑到现在离心机主臂驱动系统转动惯量较大,使得角速度不能快速发生变化,因此计算过程中,可以认为旋转角速度的微分为零。在主臂半径为4 m前提下,针对2 200 s—3 000 s的稳态爬升过程,三轴离心机在模拟过载过程中对应的给定控制指令,如图10图11图12所示。利用这些控制指令就可以实现飞行员过载环境模拟。
载人离心机利用主臂电机选择角速率控制、吊舱俯仰角控制、吊舱滚转角控制,实现过载特性模拟。三自由度过载力模拟过程中,需要实时依据飞行特性提取控制指令信息。利用操纵量、飞机模型、坐标变换以及给出的控制信息建立方法,能够实时产生得到控制指令,打破梯形指令、固定指令对精确过载模拟的约束。这些控制指令,不仅有利于精确过载模拟,同时能够给离心机控制系统设计提供有效指导策略。所建立的全剖面过载模拟方法,能够为新一代离心机开展高动态飞行动作过载仿真提供控制指令建立方法。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26171
  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
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    中国人民解放军空军特色医学中心,北京 100142
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