Article(id=1190684596602815174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25644, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1707148800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-06, revisedDate=1710691200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761810929679, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761810929679, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761810929679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761810929679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190684594115589101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761810929087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761811258832, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190685977225081531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190684594115589101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190684596921582282, articleId=1190684596602815174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of the Frequency Response in Large-scale New Energy Access Sending-end Power Grid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of modern power systems with wide span,low inertia,and complex structure makes the frequency stability problem increasingly prominent,and the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of frequency are distinct. Taking the actual power grid as the object,the impacts of large-scale new energy access and DC power control on the grid frequency response under disturbances and the characteristics of frequency spatial-temporal distribution were analyzed. Firstly,based on the detailed time-domain simulation model,the causes of the spatial-temporal distribution of node frequency were discussed from the perspective of the distribution differences of disturbed power,inertia,and frequency regulation resources. The system-level and node-level frequency response indicators that reflect the overall trend and distribution differences of grid frequency response were proposed. Then,the impact mechanisms of factors such as the new energy power proportion,the distribution of synchronous,the primary frequency regulation of new energy,and DC frequency limit control on the grid frequency response under disturbances were analyzed. Finally,through simulation results of real power grid cases,the impact of various factors on the grid frequency response and its spatial-temporal distribution characteristics was quantitatively analyzed.

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现代电力系统跨度广、惯量低、结构复杂的发展态势致使频率稳定问题日益突出,频率时空分布差异特性明显。以实际送端电网为对象,研究大规模新能源接入和直流功率控制对电网受扰频率响应及频率时空分布特性的影响。首先,基于详细时域仿真模型,从受扰功率、惯量与调频资源的分布差异的角度探讨了节点频率时空分布的成因,提出了反映电网频率响应整体趋势和分布差异的系统级和节点级频率响应指标。然后,分析新能源出力占比、同步电源分布、新能源一次调频、直流频率限制控制等因素对送端电网受扰频率响应的影响机理。最后,通过真实送端电网案例的仿真结果量化分析了各类因素对电网频率响应及时空分布特征的影响程度。

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陈灏颖(1993—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统暂态安全稳定分析,Email:
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马遵(1995—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定分析、运行控制,Email:

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马遵(1995—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定分析、运行控制,Email:

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马遵(1995—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定分析、运行控制,Email:

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Review and development trend of primary frequency modulation technology in photovoltaic power generation system[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1191113408540979499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同方案的系统平均极值频率, figureFileSmall=DwJhIhKbV/UOc7yJ5RhSgQ==, figureFileBig=BP5BNOxYHEeCs7TdjUYgEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1191113408620671276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The extreme frequency and relative extreme frequency of observed nodes Hz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 扰动PE 扰动XS 扰动NZ
f m a x Δ f m a x f m a x Δ f m a x f m a x Δ f m a x
1 50.789 0.018 2 50.826 0.043 7 50.408 0.001 6
2 50.780 0.009 8 50.815 0.033 3 50.403 -0.002 8
3 50.758 -0.013 0 50.776 -0.005 5 50.402 -0.004 2
4 50.759 -0.011 5 50.781 -0.000 6 50.391 -0.015 2
5 50.790 0.019 0 50.774 -0.008 3 50.445 0.039 4
6 50.749 -0.021 7 50.761 -0.021 1 50.395 -0.010 7
7 50.750 -0.020 3 50.758 -0.024 0 50.393 -0.012 6
8 50.792 0.021 5 50.785 0.003 1 50.413 0.006 9
9 50.771 0.000 3 50.773 -0.009 4 50.406 -0.000 3
10 50.768 -0.002 4 50.771 -0.011 4 50.404 -0.002 1
), ArticleFig(id=1191113408691974445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

观测节点的极值频率和相对极值频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 扰动PE 扰动XS 扰动NZ
f m a x Δ f m a x f m a x Δ f m a x f m a x Δ f m a x
1 50.789 0.018 2 50.826 0.043 7 50.408 0.001 6
2 50.780 0.009 8 50.815 0.033 3 50.403 -0.002 8
3 50.758 -0.013 0 50.776 -0.005 5 50.402 -0.004 2
4 50.759 -0.011 5 50.781 -0.000 6 50.391 -0.015 2
5 50.790 0.019 0 50.774 -0.008 3 50.445 0.039 4
6 50.749 -0.021 7 50.761 -0.021 1 50.395 -0.010 7
7 50.750 -0.020 3 50.758 -0.024 0 50.393 -0.012 6
8 50.792 0.021 5 50.785 0.003 1 50.413 0.006 9
9 50.771 0.000 3 50.773 -0.009 4 50.406 -0.000 3
10 50.768 -0.002 4 50.771 -0.011 4 50.404 -0.002 1
), ArticleFig(id=1191113408780054830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The relative extreme frequency of nodes near the disturbance under different distribution of synchronous generators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动 近端节点 Δfmax/Hz
方式1 方式2 方式3 方式4
PE 8 0.010 2 0.003 2 0.004 2 0.004 3
9 -0.000 4 -0.007 3 -0.006 0 -0.004 2
XS 1 -0.001 7 0.003 3 -0.000 3 0.000 5
2 -0.003 7 0.001 6 -0.002 4 -0.001 2
NZ 5 0.000 6 0.002 1 0.029 2 0.001 5
), ArticleFig(id=1191113408868135215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同同步电源分布下扰动近端节点的相对极值频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动 近端节点 Δfmax/Hz
方式1 方式2 方式3 方式4
PE 8 0.010 2 0.003 2 0.004 2 0.004 3
9 -0.000 4 -0.007 3 -0.006 0 -0.004 2
XS 1 -0.001 7 0.003 3 -0.000 3 0.000 5
2 -0.003 7 0.001 6 -0.002 4 -0.001 2
NZ 5 0.000 6 0.002 1 0.029 2 0.001 5
), ArticleFig(id=1191113408943632688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

FLC regulation capacity in different plans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 FLC调剂容量/MW
直流A 直流B 直流C 直流D
1 1 000 0 0 0
2 0 1 000 0 0
3 500 500 0 0
4 250 250 250 250
), ArticleFig(id=1191113409023324465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190684596602815174, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同方案中的FLC调制容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 FLC调剂容量/MW
直流A 直流B 直流C 直流D
1 1 000 0 0 0
2 0 1 000 0 0
3 500 500 0 0
4 250 250 250 250
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含大规模新能源接入的送端电网频率响应时空分布特性分析
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马遵 1 , 陈灏颖 2 , 邓灿 1 , 陈勇 1 , 管霖 2
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(4): 56-65
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(4): 56-65
含大规模新能源接入的送端电网频率响应时空分布特性分析
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马遵1 , 陈灏颖2 , 邓灿1, 陈勇1, 管霖2
作者信息
  • 1 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
  • 2 华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510641
  • 马遵(1995—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统稳定分析、运行控制,Email:

通讯作者:

陈灏颖(1993—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统暂态安全稳定分析,Email:
Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of the Frequency Response in Large-scale New Energy Access Sending-end Power Grid
Zun MA1 , Haoying CHEN2 , Can DENG1, Yong CHEN1, Lin GUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Kunming 650217,Yunnan,China
  • 2 School of Electric Power,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510641,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25644
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现代电力系统跨度广、惯量低、结构复杂的发展态势致使频率稳定问题日益突出,频率时空分布差异特性明显。以实际送端电网为对象,研究大规模新能源接入和直流功率控制对电网受扰频率响应及频率时空分布特性的影响。首先,基于详细时域仿真模型,从受扰功率、惯量与调频资源的分布差异的角度探讨了节点频率时空分布的成因,提出了反映电网频率响应整体趋势和分布差异的系统级和节点级频率响应指标。然后,分析新能源出力占比、同步电源分布、新能源一次调频、直流频率限制控制等因素对送端电网受扰频率响应的影响机理。最后,通过真实送端电网案例的仿真结果量化分析了各类因素对电网频率响应及时空分布特征的影响程度。

电力系统  /  暂态频率响应  /  时空分布  /  新能源接入  /  功率扰动

The development of modern power systems with wide span,low inertia,and complex structure makes the frequency stability problem increasingly prominent,and the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of frequency are distinct. Taking the actual power grid as the object,the impacts of large-scale new energy access and DC power control on the grid frequency response under disturbances and the characteristics of frequency spatial-temporal distribution were analyzed. Firstly,based on the detailed time-domain simulation model,the causes of the spatial-temporal distribution of node frequency were discussed from the perspective of the distribution differences of disturbed power,inertia,and frequency regulation resources. The system-level and node-level frequency response indicators that reflect the overall trend and distribution differences of grid frequency response were proposed. Then,the impact mechanisms of factors such as the new energy power proportion,the distribution of synchronous,the primary frequency regulation of new energy,and DC frequency limit control on the grid frequency response under disturbances were analyzed. Finally,through simulation results of real power grid cases,the impact of various factors on the grid frequency response and its spatial-temporal distribution characteristics was quantitatively analyzed.

power system  /  transient frequence response  /  spatiotemporal distribution  /  new energy access  /  power disturbance
马遵, 陈灏颖, 邓灿, 陈勇, 管霖. 含大规模新能源接入的送端电网频率响应时空分布特性分析. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (4) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25644
Zun MA, Haoying CHEN, Can DENG, Yong CHEN, Lin GUAN. Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of the Frequency Response in Large-scale New Energy Access Sending-end Power Grid[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (4) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25644
电力系统频率稳定是指系统在受到严重的功率扰动后,系统频率响应维持平稳不触发安全自动装置动作,从而避免大面积切机、切负荷风险的能力。在“双碳”目标愿景下,现代电力系统正逐步演变为可再生能源和电力电子设备大规模接入的新型电力系统[1-4],呈现出惯量支撑能力弱、出力不确定性强、频率调节能力和阻尼特性差等新特点,致使频率稳定问题日益凸显[5]
为分析新能源接入后的电网频率响应特性,文献[6]建立了考虑新能源发电接入的电力系统频率响应模型,利用频率响应综合评估模型对不同新能源渗透率下的电网频率响应进行仿真。文献[7]分析了东北电网新能源一次调频改造原理并通过仿真分析了新能源参与一次调频后东北电网系统频率特性的变化。文献[8]对风速特性进行了分析,通过典型的风速扰动模拟对系统频率的影响,并对风电大规模脱网对系统频率的冲击进行了仿真模拟。文献[9]构建了包含同步发电机、跟网型和构网型新能源的系统频率动态聚合模型,采用阻尼比和H∞范数等指标分析了自同步电压源型新能源占比与控制参数对系统频率动稳态性能的影响。
对于资源禀赋丰富的送端电网,通常建设多回直流外送工程实现电能的跨区消纳。直流频率限制控制(frequency limit control,FLC)可以在系统受功率扰动后快速调整直流输送功率,帮助电网一次调频。文献[10]分析FLC不同模型的调节特征及其与一次调频的协调配合关系,研究了FLC备用容量、死区设置对频率峰值和FLC调节量释放过程的影响。文献[11]结合FLC参与一次调频的数学模型,研究了不同直流频率限制器备用水平下系统受扰后的安全频率。文献[12]基于不同FLC模型研究了云南电网FLC典型应用情况,通过优化FLC控制参数、研究FLC功能异常因素提出运行建议。
上述研究主要在系统层面关注新能源接入或直流功率控制对频率响应的影响。然而,由于电网拓扑结构复杂、惯量和调频资源分布差异,网络中不同位置的频率响应存在时空分布差异[13]。频率的时空分布特性在节点层级表达了电网动态元件、拓扑结构、复杂机理与频率响应的关联关系特征,可为电网频率稳定分析提供支持[14-15]。在高比例新能源送端电网中,新能源发电、同步电源、直流输电存在明显的空间分布特征,这些因素将对电网频率响应的时空分布特性产生影响。
为此,本文以具有大规模新能源接入和多直流送出的送端电网为对象,研究电网受扰频率的主要影响因素及其作用机理。通过实际电网案例的仿真结果,从时空分布特性的角度量化分析了新能源出力占比、同步电源分布、新能源一次调频、直流FLC等因素对电网频率响应指标的影响规律和影响程度。
电网频率响应是指在电力系统遭受大的功率扰动后,系统中各同步发电机在自身惯量和不平衡功率的作用下转速发生变化,最终在调频资源的作用下重新回到同步运行的过程。频率响应过程可分为惯量响应、一次调频、二次调频、三次调频等阶段[16]。惯量响应阶段一般在系统受扰后的数秒内,此时系统中的调频资源尚未开始动作,电网频率主要依靠同步机组的机械转动惯量响应和支撑。根据系统中调频资源的响应速度,频率的调整过程进一步分为一次、二次、三次调频阶段。一次调频阶段通常在系统受扰后的数秒到数十秒内,此阶段主要依靠火电、水电等同步机组的调速系统调节机组功率,部分新能源发电和储能单元通过附加的频率控制模块也可参与一次调频。二次、三次调频阶段一般为系统受扰后的数十秒到数十分钟内,此阶段通过调度发电厂站的机组出力,可以实现系统频率的无差调节。
本文主要关注频率的暂态响应过程,即惯量响应和一次调频阶段。
从系统层面看,电网频率在受扰后的动态响应可由等值发电机组转子运动方程简化得到[3]
2 H s y s f 0 f ˙ ( t ) = Δ P G ( t ) Δ P L D L Δ f ( t )
式中:Hsys为系统中同步机组的惯量总和; f 0为正常状态时的系统频率; f ( t )为系统惯性中心频率; D L为负荷阻尼系数; Δ P L为扰动产生的有功不平衡量; Δ P G ( t )为系统中一次调频资源的有功调整量。
在惯量响应阶段,调频资源未开始动作,系统频率主要依赖同步机组的惯量响应。由式(1)可知,当 Δ P L Δ P G ( t )不变时,系统惯量越大,频率变化得越慢,系统受到不平衡功率的影响越小。在一次调频阶段,调频资源开始动作,系统频率偏移将经历最大值然后开始回调,直至不平衡功率 Δ P G ( t ) Δ P L逐渐减小至与负荷阻尼 D L Δ f ( t )保持平衡,系统频率趋于稳定。
从节点层面看,电网中各节点频率由同步发电机决定。系统受扰后,电网中各元件的动态行为由全系统数学模型描述,模型框图如图1所示。其中,同步发电机的转子运动方程描述了其功角、转速的变化规律,其数学表达式为
δ ˙ = ω ω 0 M ω ˙ = P m P e D G ( ω ω 0 )
式中: δ为发电机功角; ω ω 0分别为发电机转速、同步转速; P m P e分别为同步机的机械功率、电磁功率; D G为发电机阻尼系数;M为发电机惯性时间常数。
扰动发生瞬间,受电网结构和拓扑参数影响,不同接入位置的发电机承受的不平衡功率有所差异。扰动发生后,不平衡功率使得发电机组转子无法保持匀速转动,发电机状态量发生变化。随后,发电机的调速系统以及系统中其他调频资源开始动作,直至所有发电机组转速保持一致,系统重新回到同步运行。
在此过程中,从时间上看,各发电机组受到随时间持续变化的机械功率和电磁功率的作用,转速不断变化。而空间上,由于各发电机组的惯量和调频参数、承受不平衡功率的差异,机组转速变化规律不同,机组间功角相互摇摆,从而导致系统中各节点的频率不均匀分布。
因此,电网频率的时空分布特性客观存在,它表现为所有节点的频率在时间和空间上的差异性。节点频率响应的差异性在机组类型多样、网络结构复杂的大规模实际电网系统中更为明显。如图2所示,在实际电网的仿真中,相同的扰动使得系统中节点1受不平衡功率影响程度更大,其频率波动剧烈,具有更高的频率变化率和极值频率,而节点2的频率响应则相反。
频率变化率和极值频率是暂态频率稳定分析问题中主要关注的指标[10]。频率变化率过高可能导致分布式新能源脱网,而极值频率过高则会触发系统的安稳装置动作,进而可能引发更严重的安全问题。此外,由于电网频率响应时空分布特性的存在,在构建频率响应指标时,不仅需要系统级指标反映电网整体的频率响应,还需要节点级指标反映各节点的频率特征。
为此,从网络中选取一定数量的不同空间分布的节点作为观测节点。基于频率变化率和极值频率构建如下频率响应指标:
1)频率变化率k。在扰动后初期,由于调频资源未开始动作,频率变化率指标在此阶段具有最大值。令O表示观测节点的数量,定义第i个观测节点的频率变化率ki为扰动发生后一段时间内频率变化速率的最大值,计算为
k i = m a x { f i , t f i , t 1 Δ t } t = 1 , , T
式中:f为频率;T为扰动发生后2 s内的仿真时步数量; Δ t为单个仿真步长。
2)平均频率变化率 k -。为了直观地反映系统整体的频率变化率水平,定义系统的平均频率变化频 k -为各观测节点频率变化率k的平均值:
k - = 1 O i = 1 O k i
3)极值频率 f m a x。在一次调频阶段,调频资源开始动作,电网频率偏移将经历最大值然后回调。定义第i个观测节点的极值频率 f m a x , i为暂态过程中该节点频率的最大值。
4)平均极值频率 f - m a x。为了直观地反映系统整体的频率响应,定义系统的平均极值频率 f - m a x为各观测节点极值频率 f m a x的平均值:
f - m a x = 1 O i = 1 O f m a x , i
5)相对极值频率 Δ f m a x。为了分析节点之间、节点与系统之间的频率响应特性差异,定义第i个观测节点的相对极值频率 Δ f m a x , i为节点极值频率和系统平均极值频率的差值:
Δ f m a x , i = f m a x , i f - m a x
现代电力系统逐渐发展成为大量新能源发电和电力电子设备接入的复杂电网。对于大规模新能源发电接入的送端电网,在发电侧,新能源发电设备替代了相当一部分的同步电源,导致系统惯量支撑和调频能力减弱。在输电侧,多直流异步联网格局下,大容量特高压直流双极闭锁或多回直流连续换相失败造成有功冲击大、不平衡能量波及范围广,易导致送端电网的高频稳定问题[5]。因此,送端电网受扰频率主要受到新能源发电、同步电源、直流输电等多方面因素影响,需进一步分析各类因素对电网频率响应的作用机理。
随着新能源发电接入电网,系统新能源出力占比提高,而同步电源规模降低。新能源发电主要包括风电和光伏,其中光伏设备利用半导体的光伏效应发电,不具备转动单元,无法提供转动惯量;风电机组虽然依靠风能推动转子发电,但由于其经由变流器并网,转速与电网频率解耦,在物理特性上并不具备如同步机组一般的自发惯量响应特性。另一方面,在不附加控制环节的情况下,新能源发电机组通常运行于最大功率点,不具备主动进行一次调频的能力。因此,当新能源出力占比提高时,系统的惯量响应和调频能力将会减弱。
从系统频率响应机理来看,由式(1)可知,系统的惯量总和Hsys降低将导致受扰初期的频率变化率更大。同时,由于系统调频能力的减弱,有功调整量 Δ P G ( t )减少,导致电网承受更大的不平衡功率,频率偏移程度将更为严重。
同步电源是影响系统频率响应的主导因素,当新能源出力占比和接入电网的同步电源规模一定时,同步机组在电网中的接入位置会对频率响应的时空分布特性产生影响。具体而言,同步机组的分布将影响系统惯量的分布,同步机组接入密集的区域惯量也更大。由频率响应机理可知,区域惯量的增大有利于减小功率扰动对区域内节点频率变化率的影响。此外,同步电源在电网中接入位置的不同,直接导致同步机组间的功角相互摇摆过程和振荡模式不同,因此电网的极值频率也会有所差异。
为应对新能源出力占比持续提升导致的频率安全问题,众多电网运营商已发布相关导则和规定要求并网新能源电站能够为系统提供必要的辅助调频资源[17]。新能源参与一次调频一般需要具有额外的能量调节来源,例如风电机组的功率调节能力可源于转子动能、桨距角备用、转速备用等[18]。对于光伏发电,一些协调控制策略同样需要光伏阵列工作时留有一定的发电功率裕度[19]。在此基础上,通过设置频率控制模块,新能源机组可具备发电功率调整能力。新能源发电参与调频的频率控制模型如图3所示。 Δ f为新能源厂站母线的量测频差; Δ f b + Δ f b 分别为正频差死区和负频差死区; f d , m a x f d , m i n分别为频差的最大值和最小值; T e为测量时间常数; K P + K P 分别为正频差和负频差对应的功率变化率; Δ P m a x Δ P m i n分别为功率变化上限和下限。
当新能源发电参与一次调频时,系统调频资源更多样丰富。由式(1)可知,有功调整量 Δ P G ( t )总体增加,电网在受到不平衡功率冲击后频率恢复更快,因此极值频率更小。由于扰动初期新能源一次调频未完全动作,调频效果尚不显著,电网的频率变化率受新能源调频的影响较轻。
传统直流和柔性直流均具有快速控制特性和一定的过载能力,FLC可以灵活改变直流线路的传输功率,从而减小系统受扰后产生的不平衡功率。直流FLC的控制模型如图4所示。f为换流站母线频率量测值; f 0为系统工频; f b为频差死区; T f为滤波时间常数; K P K I分别为比例增益和积分增益; P m a x P m i n分别为直流功率调制量上限和下限。
由频率响应机理可知,直流FLC有利于加强系统的一次调频资源,增加有功调整量 Δ P G ( t ),从而更快速地减小不平衡功率和降低电网频率的偏移程度。通常直流FLC具有较大的调频死区,在惯量响应阶段直流功率尚未调整,因此频率变化率基本不会受到影响。
选取南方某省级送端电网2024年丰大方式的规划数据分析电网暂态频率特性。该方式中,同步机开机容量79.2 GW、实际出力76.6 GW,新能源接入容量21.5 GW、实际出力3.7 GW,负荷(含直流外送)功率78.6 GW。
为分析节点频率响应指标在电网中的空间分布情况,按照地理位置分布选取10个同步发电机节点作为观测节点,如图5所示。设置如下功率扰动事件进行暂态仿真:
1)扰动PE:西南部的PE换流站发生直流双极闭锁故障,系统切除外送功率5 000 MW。
3)扰动XS:西北部的XS换流站发生直流双极闭锁故障,系统切除外送功率5 000 MW。
2)扰动NZ:东北部的NZ换流站发生直流双极闭锁故障,系统切除外送功率3 200 MW。
系统遭受三个功率扰动后,各观测节点的频率变化率指标和极值频率指标分别如图6表1所示。扰动XS发生后节点的频率变化率k最大差异达1.24 Hz/s,极值频率 f m a x最大差异达0.068 Hz。由于实际电网规模较大、结构复杂,电气联系相对较弱的同步机组之间频率响应过程有所不同,因此节点的频率响应指标存在一定的空间分布差异。
进一步观察扰动位置对频率响应指标的影响。在图6中,对于扰动近端节点(例如扰动PE附近的节点8和9、扰动XS附近的节点1和2、扰动NZ附近的节点5,其频率变化率k明显高于其他节点。此外,在表1中横向对比各个扰动之间的相对极值频率指标。对于任一扰动,扰动近端节点的 Δ f m a x指标均高于其他扰动。可见,扰动位置对节点的频率指标产生较大影响,其规律表现为扰动近端节点具有更高的频率变化率k和相对极值频率 Δ f m a x指标。
为了提高新能源出力占比,将系统的负荷功率降低为39.3 GW(2024年丰大方式的50%),同时减小同步电源的开机数量和开机容量。在系统总体发电功率为40 GW的条件下,设置四个不同新能源出力占比的方式分别仿真扰动事件PE,XS,NZ。为控制变量分析影响规律,将三个扰动事件的扰动功率均调整为2 500 MW。
系统受扰后的频率响应指标如图7图8所示。随着新能源出力占比的增大,电网中同步机组的开机规模逐渐减小,导致系统惯量水平降低、调频能力减弱,从而系统的平均极值频率 f - m a x和平均频率变化率 k -均更为严重。
在系统负荷功率为39.3 GW、同步电源功率为24 GW、新能源功率为16 GW(出力占比为40%)的条件下,按照算例电网所在省份的行政区划调整同步电源的开机方式,设置四个同步电源分布不同的方式,如图9所示。在不同方式中分别对三个扰动事件进行暂态仿真。
不同同步电源分布方式下系统受扰后的平均极值频率 f - m a x图10所示。在方式1中的扰动PE、方式2中的扰动XS、方式3中的扰动NZ发生后, f - m a x指标均低于相同方式中的其他扰动。而方式4中各扰动对 f - m a x指标的影响差别不大。通过比较不同方式中同步电源的密集区域发现,系统受扰后的 f - m a x指标与扰动位置附近的同步电源密集程度相关。在扰动功率相同的情况下,扰动位置附近的同步电源规模越大,系统受扰后平均极值频率 f - m a x指标越小。
图11展示了不同同步电源分布方式下系统受扰后观测节点的频率变化率k。由图可知,在扰动PE发生后,方式1中扰动近端节点的k指标明显低于其他方式。此外,在扰动XS发生后的方式2和扰动NZ发生后的方式3中也存在相同的规律。结合不同方式中的同步电源分布分析发现,扰动近端节点的频率变化率k与其附近的同步电源密集程度呈负相关趋势。表明局部区域的同步电源接入有利于改善该区域节点的频率变化率。
表2展示了不同同步电源分布方式下扰动近端节点的相对极值频率 Δ f m a x。由表可见,在扰动 PE,XS,NZ发生后,扰动近端节点的 Δ f m a x指标分别在方式1,2,3中有最大值。可见,扰动位置附近的同步电源规模越大,扰动近端节点的极值频率受扰动的影响越明显,即其相对极值频率 Δ f m a x更大。
为分析新能源参与一次调频对频率响应指标的影响,考虑在电网中的风电厂站节点设置附加频率控制模块。在系统负荷功率为39.3 GW、新能源出力占比为40%、参与调频的风电机组总容量为8.9 GW的条件下,设置不同的风电调频容量比例并仿真三个扰动事件。不同仿真下系统的平均极值频率 f - m a x和平均频率变化率 k -分别如图12图13所示。随着风电调频容量的增加,系统的 f - m a x指标显著降低,表明新能源参与一次调频可以大幅增强电网的频率调节能力。当风电调频容量逐渐提高时,指标 k -略微减小。这是因为新能源调频响应速度较快,但在扰动发生后短期内的调节能力有限。综上,新能源参与调频可以显著降低系统的平均极值频率 f - m a x指标;同时略微改善节点的频率变化率k指标,但其影响程度较为有限。
算例电网的风电厂站主要集中在中东部。为分析新能源调频容量分布对电网频率响应指标的影响,设置四个风电调频容量总量相同但空间分布不同的方式分别仿真三个扰动事件,如图14所示。
从仿真结果来看,各方式中系统和节点的频率变化率、极值频率指标均无明显差别,表明新能源调频容量的分布差异对电网频率响应指标无明显影响。
直流FLC通过在功率扰动发生后调整直流功率以降低系统承受的不平衡功率,从而有助于系统频率的恢复。根据算例电网的实际安全运行要求,直流线路的最大负调节能力宜设置为-50%,正调节总量为1 000 MW以内。由于直流功率的负调节容量充足,当发生切机故障时系统的调频能力较强,因此主要分析直流闭锁故障对系统受扰频率的影响。在系统负荷功率为39.3 GW、新能源出力占比为40%的条件下,设置直流功率上调总量在0~1 000 MW范围内变化,分别仿真扰动事件PE,XS,NZ并观察电网频率响应指标。结果如图15所示。
图15可知,直流FLC可以显著降低系统平均极值频率 f - m a x指标。当直流功率调制总量越大,系统频率的受扰程度越轻、恢复速度越快。而对于频率变化率k和平均频率变化率 k -,由于扰动后短期内直流FLC的功率调节尚未开始动作,因此直流FLC对指标k k -无明显影响。
算例系统包含多条直流外送通道。为进一步分析直流FLC调制量分布对系统频率的影响,选取多回位置不同、额定功率不同的直流线路设置FLC功能,且控制参数相同。在系统直流FLC调制总量为1 000 MW的条件下,设置四种不同的直流调制量分配方案,如表3所示。直流线路A,B,C,D的额定功率(双极)分别为2 000 MW,3 200 MW,3 200 MW和5 000 MW。
对不同直流调制量的分配方案执行暂态仿真,得到系统平均极值频率 f - m a x指标,如图16所示。可以看到,方案3和方案4中 f - m a x较低。在直流调制总量不变的条件下,设置更多的直流线路具有FLC功能实际上增加了系统中的调频资源,使直流功率的整体调节速度更快,更有利于系统频率稳定。此外,在直流FLC控制参数相同的情况下,直流功率的调节速率与额定功率成正比,因此方案2比方案1的 f - m a x更小。综上,设置更多回的、额定功率更大的直流线路参与调频,更有利于增强系统的调频能力。
本文以实际送端电网为研究对象,分析同步电源、新能源发电和直流输电等因素对电网频率响应及时空分布特性的影响,结论如下:
1)实际电网规模大、跨度广,系统受扰后各节点的频率响应指标存在明显的时空分布特点,表现为扰动近端节点的频率变化率和相对极值频率指标较大。
2)新能源发电的接入挤占了同步电源的空间,导致电网整体惯量水平降低、调频能力减弱,系统的新能源出力占比与平均频率变化率和平均极值频率指标呈正相关关系。此外,新能源参与调频可以显著降低平均极值频率,同时轻微改善平均频率变化率。而新能源调频资源的分布对频率响应指标无明显影响。
3)同步电源分布对系统级和节点级的频率响应指标均存在明显影响。当扰动位置附近的同步电源规模较大时,在系统层面,扰动对频率指标的影响较小,即平均极值频率较小;在节点层面,扰动近端节点的频率变化率指标更小,而相对极值频率指标更大。
4)直流FLC可以显著改善电网受扰后的极值频率指标,而对频率变化率无明显影响。直流功率调制总量越大,系统的平均极值频率则越小。当调制总量一定时,在更多回、额定功率更大的直流线路上分配调制容量,有利于进一步降低平均极值频率和加强调频能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52077080)
  • 云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(056200KK52220044)
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2025年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25644
  • 接收时间:2024-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-06
  • 修回日期:2024-03-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(52077080)
云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(056200KK52220044)
作者信息
    1 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
    2 华南理工大学 电力学院,广东 广州 510641

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陈灏颖(1993—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统暂态安全稳定分析,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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