Article(id=1190348885534019758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718726400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-19, revisedDate=1725984000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761730889923, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761730889923, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761730889923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761730889923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190348881494904994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761730888961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731818083, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190348885726957743, articleId=1190348885534019758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=The Time-domain Modeling and Simulation of The Submerged Arc Furnace and Its Power Regulation Characteristics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The load of a submerged arc furnace has many advantages,such as large single-unit regulation capacity,good communication conditions,easy control,and low economic retrofitting,making it an important flexible regulation resource for the power grid.However,there is currently a lack of effective digital simulation methods for modeling submerged arc furnace systems and their regulation characteristics.A time-domain digital simulation model for the power supply system of an industrial submerged arc furnace was established,which included an electric furnace transformer,short network,furnace body,and reactive power compensation,based on the actual electrical operating conditions of the submerged arc furnace.The power regulation characteristics of the submerged arc furnace were determined by representing the electrode regulation link with the time-varying arc length calculated through the Newton downhill method.The equivalent time-varying resistance was obtained by solving the arc differential equation using the Runge-Kutta method,enabling simulation of the power regulation process of the submerged arc furnace.This was achieved by encapsulating it with a custom module and integrating it with the system model to realize time-domain digital simulation.It is applicable to both AC submerged arc furnace and various electrode control strategies,and can be widely used for simulating the load characteristics of submerged arc furnace,flexibility resource assessment,and as a simulation platform for participating in grid interaction research.

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矿热炉负荷具有单体调节容量大、通信条件好、易于控制以及改造经济低等众多优势,已成为电网重要灵活性调节资源,然而当前缺乏有效的矿热炉系统建模和调节特性数字模拟手段。结合工业类矿热炉电气运行实际工况,建立了包含电炉变压器、短网、炉体以及无功补偿的矿热炉供电系统时域数字仿真模型。将决定矿热炉功率调节特性的电极调节环节通过牛顿下山法迭代计算的时变弧长予以表征,基于龙格-库塔算法求解电弧微分方程获得等效时变电阻,实现矿热炉功率调节过程模拟,通过自定义模块封装并与系统模型相连实现时域数字仿真。对交流矿热炉及多种电极控制策略具有适用性,能够广泛用于矿热炉负荷特性的模拟、灵活性资源评估,作为参与电网互动研究的仿真平台。

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张广斌(1985—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型继电保护与故障测距,Email:
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司大军(1976—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划、电网分析,Email:

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司大军(1976—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划、电网分析,Email:

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司大军(1976—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划、电网分析,Email:

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caption=Block diagram of the electrode adjustment system for a single-phase submerged arc furnace, figureFileSmall=MJ/evOIOx8X06F0XtlrMUg==, figureFileBig=9wdmMaBrgMaCRqtsqx5o8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380517951402559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单相矿热炉电极调节系统框图, figureFileSmall=MJ/evOIOx8X06F0XtlrMUg==, figureFileBig=9wdmMaBrgMaCRqtsqx5o8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380518014317120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Diagram of electrode adjustment process, figureFileSmall=YZG+RB4+EwY6gyH6XO0uJg==, figureFileBig=rmEo6LcLiAvCFuqEgatsGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380518077231681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电极调节流程框图, figureFileSmall=YZG+RB4+EwY6gyH6XO0uJg==, 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caption=Electrode regulation with different simulation steps, figureFileSmall=6M/u5hjLgZBQjHl2KNx6Lg==, figureFileBig=5/13FVvoK6ofNKBF1ubuOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380518622491209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同仿真步长电极行程, figureFileSmall=6M/u5hjLgZBQjHl2KNx6Lg==, figureFileBig=5/13FVvoK6ofNKBF1ubuOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380518693794378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Simulation waveforms of active power with different simulation steps, figureFileSmall=Q/2qG2QRqL0sZE9MPtHrTg==, figureFileBig=Nl2DjFCScHbNrzIlhz6bSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380518752514635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348885534019758, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同仿真步长有功功率仿真波形图, figureFileSmall=Q/2qG2QRqL0sZE9MPtHrTg==, 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Parameter setting of the electrode adjustment system

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参数 K 1 K 2 K 3 T 1 + T 2 T 1 T 2 K V
设定值 30.49 2.45 0.038 0.172 0.000 425 0.05
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电极调节系统参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 K 1 K 2 K 3 T 1 + T 2 T 1 T 2 K V
设定值 30.49 2.45 0.038 0.172 0.000 425 0.05
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Voltage,pre-adjusted power and electrode limit range

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电炉变压器高低侧电压 预调功率 电极安全限位范围
110 kV/0.22 kV 3 MW 25~35 cm
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电压、预调功率以及电极限位范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电炉变压器高低侧电压 预调功率 电极安全限位范围
110 kV/0.22 kV 3 MW 25~35 cm
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Example parameter

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给定ΔP1 给定ΔP2 给定ΔP3
2.5 MW 3.5 MW 4 MW
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算例参数

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给定ΔP1 给定ΔP2 给定ΔP3
2.5 MW 3.5 MW 4 MW
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矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域建模仿真
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司大军 1 , 王杰 2 , 舒帮贵 2 , 张广斌 2 , 束洪春 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(7): 45-53
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(7): 45-53
矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域建模仿真
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司大军1 , 王杰2, 舒帮贵2, 张广斌2 , 束洪春2
作者信息
  • 1.云南电网有限责任公司 规划建设研究中心,云南 昆明 650011
  • 2.昆明理工大学 电力工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 司大军(1976—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划、电网分析,Email:

通讯作者:

张广斌(1985—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型继电保护与故障测距,Email:
The Time-domain Modeling and Simulation of The Submerged Arc Furnace and Its Power Regulation Characteristics
Dajun SI1 , Jie WANG2, Banggui SHU2, Guangbin ZHANG2 , Hongchun SHU2
Affiliations
  • 1. Power Grid Planning and Construction Research Center,Yunnan Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Kunming 650011,Yunnan,China
  • 2. Faculty of Electric Power Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,Yunnan,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26004
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矿热炉负荷具有单体调节容量大、通信条件好、易于控制以及改造经济低等众多优势,已成为电网重要灵活性调节资源,然而当前缺乏有效的矿热炉系统建模和调节特性数字模拟手段。结合工业类矿热炉电气运行实际工况,建立了包含电炉变压器、短网、炉体以及无功补偿的矿热炉供电系统时域数字仿真模型。将决定矿热炉功率调节特性的电极调节环节通过牛顿下山法迭代计算的时变弧长予以表征,基于龙格-库塔算法求解电弧微分方程获得等效时变电阻,实现矿热炉功率调节过程模拟,通过自定义模块封装并与系统模型相连实现时域数字仿真。对交流矿热炉及多种电极控制策略具有适用性,能够广泛用于矿热炉负荷特性的模拟、灵活性资源评估,作为参与电网互动研究的仿真平台。

矿热炉  /  电弧模型  /  牛顿下山法  /  频率支撑  /  数字仿真

The load of a submerged arc furnace has many advantages,such as large single-unit regulation capacity,good communication conditions,easy control,and low economic retrofitting,making it an important flexible regulation resource for the power grid.However,there is currently a lack of effective digital simulation methods for modeling submerged arc furnace systems and their regulation characteristics.A time-domain digital simulation model for the power supply system of an industrial submerged arc furnace was established,which included an electric furnace transformer,short network,furnace body,and reactive power compensation,based on the actual electrical operating conditions of the submerged arc furnace.The power regulation characteristics of the submerged arc furnace were determined by representing the electrode regulation link with the time-varying arc length calculated through the Newton downhill method.The equivalent time-varying resistance was obtained by solving the arc differential equation using the Runge-Kutta method,enabling simulation of the power regulation process of the submerged arc furnace.This was achieved by encapsulating it with a custom module and integrating it with the system model to realize time-domain digital simulation.It is applicable to both AC submerged arc furnace and various electrode control strategies,and can be widely used for simulating the load characteristics of submerged arc furnace,flexibility resource assessment,and as a simulation platform for participating in grid interaction research.

submerged arc furnace  /  arc model  /  Newton downhill method  /  frequency support  /  digital simulation
司大军, 王杰, 舒帮贵, 张广斌, 束洪春. 矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域建模仿真. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (7) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26004
Dajun SI, Jie WANG, Banggui SHU, Guangbin ZHANG, Hongchun SHU. The Time-domain Modeling and Simulation of The Submerged Arc Furnace and Its Power Regulation Characteristics[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (7) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26004
构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,势必会挤压传统调频资源诸如火电机组等的出力占比,减少系统常规机组转动惯量[1-2],从而削弱系统抗干扰性,致使电网可调节能力进一步降低,因此急需挖掘灵活性调控资源以加强电网系统的调节能力。而系统的灵活性需求主要由新能源电源和负荷两部分决定[3],作为灵活性资源的重要来源之一,负荷侧灵活性资源是系统能量供需协同互动的重要纽带[4]。负荷侧资源可分为居民负荷、商业负荷以及工业负荷等,其中工业负荷因其单体负荷容量大、通信条件好、易于控制以及改造经济低等众多优势具有巨大可调潜力[5]
有关工业负荷参与电网调控,已有相关文献进行研究。针对典型的电解类负荷,文献[6]利用晶闸管整流器电流调节功能参与调频,根据频率缺额计算系统所需调节负荷,并实验验证其方法可行性。文献[7]论证了利用电解铝负荷调节能力实时响应风、光电力波动,进而增加消纳风、光电能的可行性,为工业类负荷参与系统调控提供了更多应用场景。文献[8]首次将电解铝负荷参与电网频率稳定控制的方法与发电机一次调频相配合应用于大电网,相比直流频率限制控制方法其经济性更好。文献[9]通过与现场实测数据对比,建立了更贴近实际的电解铝负荷的动态机电暂态仿真模型,为后续电解铝负荷参与系统调控研究提供参考。
针对典型电弧类负荷,文献[10]提出了一种按电弧炉能量守恒微分方程进行建模的电弧炉模型,为电力工作者理解电弧炉非线性时变特性提供了前提条件。文献[11]分别介绍已有几种典型的电弧炉模型及其适用范围,并综合分析了各个模型的优势。文献[12]建立了较为完整的电弧炉模型,包含电极控制环节且仿真结果符合实际。文献[13]则针对目前已有的电弧炉三相电极控制系统进行综述与分析,总结各种研究方式优缺点为后续研究电极调节系统提供了参考。
综上所述,已有文献多涉及非电弧类工业负荷参与电网调控和电弧类建模仿真方法以及针对电极调节系统的优化,为工业负荷作为灵活性资源参与电网调峰调频发挥了积极作用,对电解类负荷参与电网调频控制亦有成功应用方法。然而,针对电弧类负荷参与系统调控的研究较少。矿热炉作为电弧类负荷,如何对其电极连续调节特性和调节过程的功率变化进行数值模拟进而利用调节特性达成响应电网频率控制的功率变化目标,使得该类大容量工业负荷参与电网侧负荷调频控制仍缺少有效方法,限制了其调节潜力和调节能力的释放。
本文提出一种矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域建模仿真方法,以工业矿热炉为对象,基于控制论模型弧长参数为显式的特点等效矿热炉电极电弧,建立包含电炉变压器、短网、炉体、无功补偿的矿热炉供电系统时域数字仿真模型。将决定矿热炉功率调节特性的电极调节环节通过牛顿下山法迭代计算的时变弧长予以表征,并基于龙格-库塔算法求解电弧微分方程获得等效时变电阻,实现矿热炉功率调节过程仿真。最后将上述算法进行自定义模块封装并与系统模型相连实现矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域数字仿真,所提方法对交流矿热炉及不同功率控制策略具有适用性,能广泛用于矿热炉负荷特性的模拟、灵活性资源评估,作为参与电网互动研究的数字仿真平台。
矿热炉又称埋弧工作电炉,是一种利用电弧以及炉料电阻将电能转化为热能来冶炼矿石的粗加工冶炼设备。其广泛应用于冶金行业、有色金属冶炼及化工原料生产等企业以做金属还原冶炼、生产铁合金以及化工生产。
矿热炉供电系统如图1所示,由110 kV母线经高压断路器、炉用变压器、短网连接至矿热炉电极,通过三相电极与炉料金属形成电弧,构成三相通路[14],高压侧装有无功补偿装置以提高系统功率因数。
矿热炉属于电加热型负荷,根据对相关生产企业的调研,在其生产环节中耗电量为最高,矿热炉生产用电可占企业生产总用电的80%以上。矿热炉具有一定的热惯性,短时间内关停炉内温度不会骤降,故可利用矿热炉可中断、可转移的特性将其引入电网调控[15]
矿热炉电极升降系统通过控制电极升降改变电弧弧长,从而改变电弧电阻,实现系统功率调节[16]。忽略电极调节过程电极消耗,电极移动行程的变化近似等于电极端部电弧弧长的变化。电弧因具有高度的非线性和复杂性,难以确切研究其物理过程,故众多研究从电弧特征出发,对电弧进行数学抽象从而得到基于电弧能量守恒的诸多电弧模型。
基于控制论电弧模型弧长参数为显式的特点,能够直观通过调节弧长来控制电弧电阻的大小,可通过改变电极调节高度,实现对矿热炉系统功率的调节。因此,本文采用控制论模型对矿热炉电极电弧进行等效模拟。经典控制论电弧模型方程[17]如下式所示:
d g d t = 1 τ c ( G - g ) τ c = β I c L G =   i   | V c × L r a r c = 1 / g
式中: τ c为时间常数; I c为电弧电流峰值常数; V c为单位长度电弧电压常数; β取经验值2.85×10-5 L为电弧弧长,cm; g为动态电弧电导; r a r c为动态电弧电阻; G为稳态电导。
故可通过直接控制弧长,直观反映电极升降时的电弧电阻变化及对有功功率的影响。
矿热炉主电路主要由高压断路器、电抗器、电炉变压器及短网等几部分组成。其中电炉变压器一般容量比较大,通常一、二次侧电压等级跨度较大,二次侧包含若干电压档位且具有一定的过载和过电流能力。短网通常是铜质材料导体,其作用是将电炉变压器二次侧低压大电流输送到电极,通常短网阻抗计算比较复杂,其近似计算方法可参考《钢铁企业电力设计手册》[18]。由于炉用变压器、短网以及炉腔内存在感性负载,通常在短网末端进行低压无功补偿,低压补偿原理图如图2所示。大量无功电流将流入电弧电抗和补偿电容组所处回路,因此不仅能提高矿热炉系统的功率因数,还能有效减小线路三相不平衡度以及降低电能损耗等[19-20]
根据1.2节分析,矿热炉电极拉弧弧长可等效为一时变电弧电阻,从电路上考虑矿热炉炉内电路情况,可将其看作由电弧电阻和炉底电阻两部分组成。矿热炉内电路可由图3所示电阻模型予以等效[21]
图3中, R a R b R c为具有非线性和时变性的三相电弧电阻; R 1为两相电弧之间金属液体的等效电阻,其值通常较小; R 2为从被熔金属液面到炉底的等效电阻, R 2在熔炼过程中会发生变化但一般远远大于电弧等效电阻,故流过 R 2电流几乎可以忽略不计。因此, R 2对电弧炉的主电路几乎没有影响,在进行电弧炉电气系统分析时可以不考虑 R 2的作用。
综上,对电弧特性的矿热炉电气主系统进行模型搭建。矿热炉供电主电路图如图4所示。
在搭建了矿热炉电气主系统模型基础上,对矿热炉电极调节策略和调节机构进行建模和数值算法构建,实现矿热炉功率调节特性时域模拟。
电极调节系统是整个矿热炉冶炼控制的关键部分,通过调节电极的位置来调节电极弧长,从而控制矿热炉系统电流以及功率等。矿热炉电极调节系统主要由电弧电压和电流测量回路、调节器、功率放大器、电动机、机械传动部分以及速度反馈环节等组成[22]。电极调节系统可以对各环节采用线性传递函数进行表征,因此单相矿热炉电极调节各个典型环节传递函数如图5[23]所示。
图5中,设置各环节传递函数参数如表1所示。
矿热炉作为加热类负荷,其功率一般由冶炼工艺决定。当外部电压在有限范围内变化,能通过调整电极维持功率恒定,实现经济生产。当电网需要有功功率支撑时,可通过有限范围内的电极提升来削减矿热炉负荷。从响应电网功率调节的视角,功率调节量可由主站分解下发,或由自动检测频率偏差计算功率调节量,功率调节量作为附加控制叠加于功率指令,并将功率变化量映射为电极调节行程。
为保证工业生产安全性与冶炼产品品质,矿热炉负荷功率调节通常需考虑两方面约束:电极行程位置、冶炼阶段功率。
1)电极行程位置。矿热炉通常采用埋弧操作,即电极需要埋入炉料内一定深度,不允许出现明弧操作。因此当矿热炉正常工作时,电极端部与底部炉料层之间存在安全调节距离 L,即 L m i n L L m a x。由1.2节可知,电弧电导与电极弧长呈负相关关系,则电极弧长与电弧电阻呈正相关关系,因此可根据电极可调节范围得出电弧电阻变化范围。电弧电阻数值可由现场操作人员根据生产经验给出。
2)冶炼阶段功率。在矿热炉冶炼过程中,通常操作人员会根据实际情况制定相关的冶炼流程,不会允许矿热炉以极低的功率进行冶炼,因此从经济生产方面考虑,矿热炉冶炼功率将有最低运行功率约束。根据现场调研,可取 70 % P N P N 100 % P N。此外,矿热炉冶炼阶段可分为冶炼初始阶段和熔炼阶段。冶炼初始阶段目的是快速升温熔化炉料,通常发生在加料环节,其输入功率较高且变化范围大,不适宜进行功率控制。在熔炼阶段,炉料已经完全熔化,电炉进入相对稳定运行状态。此时电炉的功率主要用于维持炉内的高温状态,以促进炉料与炭质还原剂之间的化学反应。由于矿热炉为蓄热型负荷,对处于稳定运行阶段的矿热炉进行短时间内功率控制不会影响其生产品质,通常可根据控制中心监测数据的变压器档位以及功率变化信息等推测矿热炉当前冶炼阶段。
对于满足约束有调节能力的矿热炉,对电极调功策略进行数值模拟,功率变化与电极调节为非线性关系,但呈现负相关,且趋势呈单调性,可在局部工作点近线性化。电极调节是连续过程,期望功率已知,则电极调节方向必然确定,无需在电极调节前预先精确计算电极调节量。能够通过实时计算电极调节过程中的电极行程-有功功率,通过线性化多次逼近,最终到达目标位置。据此思想,通过牛顿下山法,利用初始电极移动行程根据所得到有功功率变化量,获得近似有功功率-弧长变化率,作为当前时段的电极行程规律,进而于下次迭代计算时更新变化率,如此反复,直至满足小于目标功率偏差的收敛条件。
牛顿下山法电极行程更新公式如下:
L 1 = L 0 + Δ L 0 L k + 1 = L k - λ P k L k - L k - 1 P k - P k - 1
式中: k取1,2,3,…; λ为下山因子,此处取 1 / 64 Δ L 0为已知初始电极移动行程; L 0为已知电极初始位置; P k P k - 1分别为第 k次及第 k - 1次矿热炉当前实测有功功率; L k L k - 1分别为第 k次及第 k - 1次电极所处位置。
λ P k ( L k - L k - 1 ) ( P k - P k - 1 ) = Δ L k
Δ T k = Δ L k / v
式中: k取0,1,2,3,…; v为电极上升行进速度,此处假设为匀速调节; Δ L k为第k次牛顿下山法迭代电极行进距离; Δ T k为第k次电极行进距离所对应时间。
由于电极调节相对于电弧阻值非线性变化而言属于慢过程, Δ T k取值可为几毫秒至数十毫秒。
电极调节系统具有调节死区、比例特性、延时特性以及升降速度不一致等特点[13]。本文通过牛顿下山法迭代计算电极调节量各环节如图6所示。
系统实时监测矿热炉当前功率,与给定期望功率进行比较,若处在功率调节死区外,则自动判断电极行进方向,控制信号经延时环节下发到电极开始动作,根据已知量利用牛顿下山法计算下一次电极移动行程。因电极调节为连续环节,以固定电极调节速度计算每次迭代后电极动作时间,在达到功率偏差时,电极将停止调节。通常为了防止电极短路和损伤电极,电极抬升速度大于电极下降速度。设置目标功率偏差收敛条件为 Δ P m i n Δ P m i n< P c u r r e n t - P o r d e r迭代停止,其中, P c u r r e n t为矿热炉当前实测有功功率, P o r d e r为期望目标有功功率, Δ P m i n可根据实际情况取值。
据1.2节分析,运用经典控制论电弧模型等效矿热炉电极电弧的外特性,建立了矿热炉电极电弧弧长与其电弧电阻之间映射,在电磁暂态仿真工具PSCAD/EMTDC中通过新建自定义模块[24],构建输入输出关系并封装。
模块中电弧电阻的求解核心问题为求解微分方程,龙格-库塔法是应用广泛和有效的方法,在保留泰勒级数高精度的基础上摒弃求高阶导数的弊端,使数值格式对称和紧凑[25]。从求解精度和速度两方面考虑,选择四阶龙格-库塔法进行求解电弧微分方程,如下式所示:
r a r c = 1 / g ( t + Δ t ) g ( t + Δ t ) = g ( t ) + Δ t 6 ( K 1 + 2 K 2 + 2 K 3 + K 4 ) K 1 = L ( t + Δ t ) β I c [ | i ( t ) | V c × L ( t + Δ t ) - g ( t ) ] K 2 = L ( t + Δ t ) β I c { | i ( t ) + Δ t 2 | V c × L ( t + Δ t ) - [ g ( t ) + Δ t 2 × K 1 ] } K 3 = L ( t + Δ t ) β I c { | i ( t ) + Δ t 2 | V c × L ( t + Δ t ) - [ g ( t ) + Δ t 2 × K 2 ] } K 4 = L ( t + Δ t ) β I c { | i ( t ) + Δ t | V c × L ( t + Δ t ) - [ g ( t ) + Δ t × K 3 ] }       t T i
式中: Δ t为系统仿真步长; t为时间; T i为电弧产生时刻,当 t T i r a r c = 0
采用编程实现自定义模块中电弧微分方程的求解,求解步长同系统仿真步长保持一致。
以某硅厂为例,在PSCAD/EMTDC上建立矿热炉电气系统暂态仿真模型。电源侧带励磁调速发电机电压10 kV,升压变压器变比10.5 kV/121 kV,负荷侧带20 MW有功功率负载,电炉变压器额定容量100 MV·A,变比110 kV/0.22 kV,电炉变压器为多档位可调的专用变压器,无功补偿容量为12 Mvar,A相、C相短网电阻和电抗分别为5.82×10-5 Ω和2.93×10-6 H,B相短网电阻和电抗分别为5.437×10-5 Ω和1.7×10-6 H。算例参数如表2所示。
根据表2设置的初始条件,设置仿真步长100 μs,仿真时间40 s,可得到矿热炉稳定运行后相电压、相电流伏安特性曲线如图7所示。
图7中,由交流电弧理论可知,在半周起始时电压迅速上升到电弧的起弧电压,然后下降到电弧的灭弧电压,在半周结束时电压又上升,然后很快下降到零。仿真伏安特性曲线与实际情况近似一致,模型具备实际矿热炉的基本特性。
设置从10 s开始以调节矿热炉电极的方式调节该矿热炉功率,预控制矿热炉功率3 MW,通过牛顿下山法计算电极移动行程,获得电极行程和功率调节仿真结果如图8图9所示。
可以看出,矿热炉稳定运行时初始电极位置为29 cm,此时矿热炉有功功率为27.75 MW,随着电极移动行程 Δ L与有功功率差值 Δ P不断迭代计算,设置矿热炉目标功率偏差 Δ P m i n为0.25 MW。在电极上升调节2.5 s后,矿热炉系统有功功率平稳下降至25 MW,达到预期控制功率,矿热炉电极停止调节,在电极调节安全限位内实现对矿热炉3 MW有功功率的负荷削减,且不影响矿热炉安全生产。
为探究不同仿真步长下,矿热炉系统功率响应区别,分别设置模型10 μs,100 μs,150 μs仿真步长,观察不同仿真步长下功率削减区别,如图10~图12所示。
根据图10~图12可知,用10 μs,100 μs,150 μs仿真步长进行仿真时,矿热炉功率、电极行程调节量与电弧电阻区别较大,究其原因可总结为一点:即运用四阶龙格-库塔算法对电弧电阻求解时,仿真步长作为输入参数,可直接影响电弧电阻计算数值。如图12所示,当仿真步长介于10~100 μs之间时,其所对应电弧电阻在数值上趋于一致,但当仿真步长为150 μs时,可见其电弧电阻因求解误差增大在数值上明显减小,当仿真步长超过200 μs时,目标功率波形会因为计算误差过大而失真,因此所提方法在10~100 μs仿真步长下可获得最佳仿真效果。
在分析不同功率调节策略时,模型通过带励磁调速的发电机来模拟发电机组的有功-频率特性和负荷波动时的发电机一次调频过程。
现分析当厂站端经频率跌落计算给定厂区总调节功率时,厂区矿热炉功率响应情况。由于厂区内每台矿热炉工作的随机性致使其电极位置不同,故其可参与调节功率 Δ P i也不尽相同。假设系统给定功率调节量∑ Δ P i为10 MW,根据对每台矿热炉实际工况以及其电极位置的监测,厂区需3台矿热炉参与功率调节以满足预期功率10 MW,其余2台矿热炉不参与调节。为方便阐述,对参与调节矿热炉分别命名为矿热炉1~3号,根据1~3号矿热炉实际工况以及电极行程位置,1号矿热炉可参与调节功率为2.5 MW,2号矿热炉可参与调节功率为3.5 MW,3号矿热炉可参与调节功率为4 MW。统计其他算例参数如表3所示。
根据表3算例参数,设置仿真步长为100 μs,总仿真时间为50 s,得到相关波形如图13图14所示。
图13可知,1~3号矿热炉初始电极位置分别为30 cm,28.5 cm,27 cm,在11 s时1~3号矿热炉根据外部功率给定值结合自身冶炼阶段以及电极行程位置进行功率响应调节且在调节至预期功率时电极移动行程均在矿热炉安全限幅内。由图14可知,1号矿热炉响应功率需求为2.5 MW,2号矿热炉响应功率需求为3.5 MW,3号矿热炉响应功率调节为4 W,1~3号矿热炉在不影响安全生产情况下响应系统给定功率调节量10 MW。
进一步分析当系统外部发生负荷扰动致使系统频率进行跌落时厂区矿热炉负荷主动参与频率支撑情况。假设系统外部投入负荷 Δ P为10 MW,矿热炉厂区频率跌落为 Δ f,频率静态特性可以用来描述系统频率与负荷之间的关系,可表示为下式:
K D = Δ P Δ f
式中: K D为负荷调节效应系数,可根据炉内设备工况所决定的最大可调节功率和最大频差反推获得。
假设厂区共5台矿热炉,在外部系统发生频率跌落时,每台矿热炉可根据监测其自身工况以及电极行程位置计算其功率可调节范围,定为( Δ P i m i n Δ P i m a x),i取正整数1~5。
火电机组参与一次调频的频率死区为±0.033 Hz,水电机组参与一次调频的死区为±0.05 Hz,当频率跌幅超过±0.14 Hz时,直流频率限制控制将介入调频[26]。因此,为了避免直流调制频繁启动,同时避免负荷先于传统发电机组频繁参与调频,负荷参与调频应介于传统同步发电机后、直流调制之前,可设置其调频死区为±0.06 Hz。
设置仿真步长为100 μs,总仿真时长为50 s,以厂区1~2号矿热炉可根据频率跌落主动参与系统频率支撑调节、余下3台矿热炉由于工况条件不参与调节为例,得到有功功率扰动后,矿热炉参与调频的效果对比,如图15~图17所示。
图15可知,系统在11 s时受外部负荷投入扰动,厂站端频率受波动下跌至49.891 Hz, Δ f为-0.109 Hz,超过系统调频死区-0.06 Hz,发电机触发一次调频以恢复电网频率的波动,此时为无负荷侧参与系统调频。与仅依靠发电机自动调节频率相比,厂区于13.5 s时主动进行1~2号矿热炉功率削减支撑,如图16~图17所示,在检测到系统频率偏差后,1~2号矿热炉电极开始动作,1号矿热炉负荷功率从28 MW降低至25.15 MW,2号矿热炉负荷功率从27.25 MW降低至25.5 MW,均有0.25 MW调节裕度。有负荷侧参与系统调频效果见图15,可见在负荷侧主动参与系统频率支撑的情况下,系统频率能更快恢复稳定。
式(1)为静态电弧数学模型,在实际的电极的行进过程中,一定存在精准电极调节与反馈环节,可以实时获得电极调节相关参数,利用相关参数经数据拟合求取近似的弧长参数。
矿热炉冶炼过程中,出于安全考虑,电极上行距离不能超过上行限值以防电弧熄弧而重新起弧,下行距离不得低于下行限值以防止电极短接与塌炉,工程上通过电极上、下行速度不一致以规避此问题。
仿真模型本身无法精确模拟实际的电极调节过程,因此考虑在模型中对电极附加一定的随机性因素以贴近实际的电极调节过程。如电极高度为 L,附加随机的 Δ L以模拟更贴近实际的电极调节过程。从稳态功率的角度分析,对电极进行升降调节进行功率控制不会对炉内熔融液体品质造成显著影响。
本文提出一种矿热炉及其功率调节特性的时域建模仿真方法,并通过仿真验证其有效性,得出以下结论:
1)矿热炉的电气外特性能够通过显式弧长形式的电弧模型进行等效,进而建立包含电炉变压器、短网、炉体、无功补偿的矿热炉供电系统时域数字仿真模型。
2)矿热炉具有功率调节能力,决定矿热炉功率调节特性的电极调节环节可通过牛顿下山法迭代计算的时变弧长予以表征,进而基于龙格-库塔算法求解微分方程获得等效时变电阻,实现功率调节过程电气特性的数字仿真。
3)所提模型通过自定义封装能够方便地与系统模型相连开展时域数字仿真,且仿真验证了适宜仿真步长下矿热炉功率调节不受影响、不同功率调节策略下负荷可有效参与系统频率支撑,同时该仿真方法对交流矿热炉及多种电极控制策略具有适用性,可广泛用于矿热炉负荷特性的模拟、灵活性资源评估及参与电网互动的仿真。
  • 云南省重大科技专项(202302AF080006)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26004
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-09-11
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云南省重大科技专项(202302AF080006)
作者信息
    1.云南电网有限责任公司 规划建设研究中心,云南 昆明 650011
    2.昆明理工大学 电力工程学院,云南 昆明 650500

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张广斌(1985—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型继电保护与故障测距,Email:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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