Article(id=1190348884808401761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725984000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-11, revisedDate=1729008000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761730889751, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761730889751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761730889751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761730889751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190348881494904994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761730888961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731818083, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190348885001339746, articleId=1190348884808401761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Study on Identification Method of Hidden Danger for Power Utilization of Low-voltage Users Based on SSAE-SSA-GRU, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate identification of hidden danger for power utilization in low-voltage substations plays an important role in improving the quality of power supply and reducing the risk of accidents.To improve the accuracy of identifying hidden danger in low-voltage substations,a low-voltage user hidden danger for power utilization identification model based on SSAE-SSA-GRU was proposed. Firstly,the user's original voltage data was normalized,and the feature parameters of the data were extracted through a stacked spares auto-encoder(SSAE)to solve the redundancy problem caused by the high dimensionality of the original voltage data. Then,the sparrow search algorithm(SSA)was introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of the gated recurrent unit(GRU)network,improving the accuracy of the model's fault diagnosis results.Finally,the performance of the established SSAE-SSA-GRU model was evaluated through numerical examples,verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying hidden danger for power utilization for low-voltage users. Compared with traditional methods for identifying abnormal electricity usage,the proposed method has good convergence and high accuracy.

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低压台区用户用电隐患的准确识别对提高台区供电质量和减小事故风险有重要作用,为提高低压用户用电隐患识别准确率,提出了一种基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别模型。首先,对用户原始电压数据进行归一化处理,并通过堆栈稀疏自编码器(SSAE)提取数据的特征参数,解决原始电压数据维度过高带来的冗余性问题。然后引入麻雀搜索算法(SSA)对门控循环单元(GRU)的超参数进行优化,提高模型隐患识别结果的准确率。最后,通过算例分析对建立的SSAE-SSA-GRU模型性能进行评估,验证了所提方法对低压用户用电隐患识别的有效性,且与传统异常用电识别方法相比,所提方法的收敛性好,准确率高。

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庞博(1979—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力营销、绿电交易机制及消纳策略研究,Email:

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庞博(1979—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力营销、绿电交易机制及消纳策略研究,Email:

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庞博(1979—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力营销、绿电交易机制及消纳策略研究,Email:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380340234543353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348884808401761, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同分类模型的识别结果图, figureFileSmall=Bxr8eceSZ/hqWJbY8Cj1pw==, figureFileBig=oKcB7Dc0b6l/IjKnrpSeKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190380340318429434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190348884808401761, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sample distribution

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用户类型 数据标签 训练集 测试集 总计
正常运行 1 243 40 283
漏电流 2 198 40 238
接触不良 3 157 40 197
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样本分布情况

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用户类型 数据标签 训练集 测试集 总计
正常运行 1 243 40 283
漏电流 2 198 40 238
接触不良 3 157 40 197
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Parameters of three models

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模型参数 SSAE1 SSAE2 SSAE3
输入层节点数 96 96 96
隐含层参数 [24] [48-24] [64-48-24]
稀疏性参数ρ 0.002 0.002 0.002
惩罚权重β 0.01 0.01 0.01
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3种模型的参数

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模型参数 SSAE1 SSAE2 SSAE3
输入层节点数 96 96 96
隐含层参数 [24] [48-24] [64-48-24]
稀疏性参数ρ 0.002 0.002 0.002
惩罚权重β 0.01 0.01 0.01
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Identification results of different feature extraction models

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模型 准确率/% 收敛次数
原始数据 73.0
PCA 89.9 9
LLE 90.6 11
SSAE 97.5 14
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不同特征提取模型的识别结果

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模型 准确率/% 收敛次数
原始数据 73.0
PCA 89.9 9
LLE 90.6 11
SSAE 97.5 14
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Initial parameters of SSA algorithm

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参数名称 参数值 参数名称 参数值
种群数 14 预警者 0.23
迭代次数 85 安全值 0.67
发现者 0.75 优化维度 250
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SSA算法初始参数

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参数名称 参数值 参数名称 参数值
种群数 14 预警者 0.23
迭代次数 85 安全值 0.67
发现者 0.75 优化维度 250
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Identification results of different optimization methods

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模型名称 准确率/% 收敛次数
GRU 91.9
GA-GRU 96.0 23
PSO-GRU 96.4 19
SSA-GRU 97.5 14
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不同优化方法的识别结果

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模型名称 准确率/% 收敛次数
GRU 91.9
GA-GRU 96.0 23
PSO-GRU 96.4 19
SSA-GRU 97.5 14
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Identification results of different models

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模型名称 准确率/%
BPNN 82.7
RF 83.8
GRU 91.9
SSA-GRU 97.5
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不同分类模型的识别结果

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模型名称 准确率/%
BPNN 82.7
RF 83.8
GRU 91.9
SSA-GRU 97.5
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基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法研究
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庞博 , 蒙静 , 张洋 , 塔娜 , 王海波 , 杜晶
电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2025,55(7): 78-86
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电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2025, 55(7): 78-86
基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法研究
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庞博 , 蒙静, 张洋, 塔娜, 王海波, 杜晶
作者信息
  • 内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司阿拉善供电分公司,内蒙古 阿拉善盟 750300
  • 庞博(1979—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力营销、绿电交易机制及消纳策略研究,Email:

Study on Identification Method of Hidden Danger for Power Utilization of Low-voltage Users Based on SSAE-SSA-GRU
Bo PANG , Jing MENG, Yang ZHANG, Na TA, Haibo WANG, Jing DU
Affiliations
  • Inner Mongolia Electric Power(Group)Co.,Ltd. Alxa Power Supply Branch,Alxa League 750300,Nei Mongol,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26165
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低压台区用户用电隐患的准确识别对提高台区供电质量和减小事故风险有重要作用,为提高低压用户用电隐患识别准确率,提出了一种基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别模型。首先,对用户原始电压数据进行归一化处理,并通过堆栈稀疏自编码器(SSAE)提取数据的特征参数,解决原始电压数据维度过高带来的冗余性问题。然后引入麻雀搜索算法(SSA)对门控循环单元(GRU)的超参数进行优化,提高模型隐患识别结果的准确率。最后,通过算例分析对建立的SSAE-SSA-GRU模型性能进行评估,验证了所提方法对低压用户用电隐患识别的有效性,且与传统异常用电识别方法相比,所提方法的收敛性好,准确率高。

低压台区用户  /  用电隐患识别  /  堆栈稀疏自编码器  /  麻雀搜索算法  /  门控循环单元

The accurate identification of hidden danger for power utilization in low-voltage substations plays an important role in improving the quality of power supply and reducing the risk of accidents.To improve the accuracy of identifying hidden danger in low-voltage substations,a low-voltage user hidden danger for power utilization identification model based on SSAE-SSA-GRU was proposed. Firstly,the user's original voltage data was normalized,and the feature parameters of the data were extracted through a stacked spares auto-encoder(SSAE)to solve the redundancy problem caused by the high dimensionality of the original voltage data. Then,the sparrow search algorithm(SSA)was introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of the gated recurrent unit(GRU)network,improving the accuracy of the model's fault diagnosis results.Finally,the performance of the established SSAE-SSA-GRU model was evaluated through numerical examples,verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying hidden danger for power utilization for low-voltage users. Compared with traditional methods for identifying abnormal electricity usage,the proposed method has good convergence and high accuracy.

low-voltage substation users  /  identification of hidden danger for power utilization  /  stacked spares auto-encoder(SSAE)  /  sparrow search algorithm(SSA)  /  gated recurrentl unit(GRU)
庞博, 蒙静, 张洋, 塔娜, 王海波, 杜晶. 基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (7) : 78 -86 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26165
Bo PANG, Jing MENG, Yang ZHANG, Na TA, Haibo WANG, Jing DU. Study on Identification Method of Hidden Danger for Power Utilization of Low-voltage Users Based on SSAE-SSA-GRU[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (7) : 78 -86 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26165
低压台区用户用电隐患识别对于配电网智能化、精益化管理具有重要意义[1-3]。准确快速地识别用户用电隐患能够有效提高配电网的供电质量,降低事故风险。近年来,随着社会经济的不断发展,低压用户数量不断增长,用户用电隐患风险和类型也随之增加,由于多数用电隐患发生前期特征不明显,易出现隐患识别和处理不及时的问题,进而影响配电网供电质量,甚至引发严重事故。因此,有必要研究高效精确的用电隐患识别方法。
近年来,随着以高速电力线载波技术为基础的智能电表广泛应用,电力系统积累了大量低压台区用户用电数据,为用电隐患的智能识别提供了数据支撑[4]。目前,国内外学者以低压用户负荷数据为基础,采用皮尔逊相关系数、聚类算法以及机器学习方法等实现了低压用户用电异常的识别。文献[5]通过K-means聚类算法对用户电压数据进行降维处理,并结合皮尔逊相关系数,识别出户变关系异常用户。文献[6]采用基于密度的聚类算法对居民用户的日用水量和日用电量进行聚类分析,实现了低压台区水电异常用户的识别。文献[7]通过主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)对居民用户的用电量数据进行特征提取,然后采用密度峰值聚类算法实现用户异常用电行为的识别。文献[8]以低压用户的日电压数据为基础,通过自适应分段聚合近似算法提取用户电压数据特征,结合DBSCAN聚类算法识别低压用户的相位及户变关系。文献[9]通过局部离群因子筛选用户异常电压电流数据,并通过支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)检测出用电异常用户。文献[10]基于低压用户电压数据和用电量数据,采用循环神经网络(recursive neural network,RNN)分类模型实现用电异常用户的识别。现有研究结果表明对用电数据进行分析可实现用户用电隐患的智能诊断。然而,PCA等经典数据降维方法用于特征提取时存在部分有效信息丢失的问题;聚类算法对参数的依赖性较强,加上实际应用中各区域间用户的用电行为存在差异,导致基于聚类算法的用电异常检测模型适用性较差;现有机器学习方法通过人工经验设置分类模型的超参数,对机器学习分类模型的准确性和可靠性有一定的影响。
针对以上问题,提出了一种基于SSAE-SSA-GRU用电隐患用户识别模型。首先通过堆栈稀疏自编码器(stacked spares auto-encoder,SSAE)对日电压数据进行特征提取,得到低维电压特征矩阵;然后基于电压特征矩阵,构建门控循环单元(gated recurrentl unit,GRU)分类模型,并通过麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)对网络的隐含层数量、隐含层神经元数量、学习率等进行优化,避免超参数设置的主观性;最后通过算例验证所提方法的有效性。
低压台区用户发生用电隐患问题时,往往会出现电压、电流以及电量等电气参数异常波动的情况。同一低压台区用户电压曲线呈现出较大的相似性和关联性,所以通过分析台区用户电压数据的关联性,就可实现用户用电隐患的识别。台区配电变压器电压与低压用户电压之间的关系可表示为
U i = U 0 - Δ U i | + ε
式中: U i为低压台区用户 i的电压; U 0为台区配电变压器电压; Δ U i为配电网电压损耗; ε为电表误差。
通常,线路的电压损耗 Δ U i和电表误差 ε较小,所以用户电压曲线的特征相似。如果用户间的距离较近,则其电压曲线的幅值和波形变化趋势基本一致;如果用户间的距离较远,则其电压曲线幅值存在一定差异,而电压波形变化趋势基本保持一致[11]。当某一用户出现用电隐患情况时,线路中的电流、电压和电量等电气参数会发生一定程度的波动。例如用户发生漏电流隐患会导致电流增大、电压下降,从而引起用户电表电压的降低;电表计量出现异常会引起计量误差 ε的大幅变化,从而导致用户侧电表电压产生波动;当用户出现接触不良隐患时,相较于其他正常用户的电压波形,用电隐患用户的电压会呈现明显的下降沿或上升沿。正常用户与两类典型用电隐患用户的电压曲线如图1所示。
图1可知,当低压用户发生用电隐患时,其电压幅值和波形趋势会发生不同程度的变化,导致用电隐患用户与正常用户电压曲线的关联性下降。因此,通过分析用户侧电压曲线信息,就能有效识别漏电流、计量装置故障、接触不良等隐患。
本文数据来源于用电信息采集系统的台区用户96点电压曲线,即以15 min为间隔收集用户的96点日电压数据,则低压用户原始电压数据矩阵U的表达式为
U = u 11 u 12 u 1 N u 21 u 22 u 2 N u M 1 u M 2 u M N
式中: M为台区用户数量; N为用户电压曲线采样点数, N = 96 u M N为用户 M N时刻的电压幅值。
对于正常用户和用电隐患用户而言,在相邻采集点的电压幅值或波形整体相近,只有在特定时间段中电压数据会出现明显的变化。因此,为增强低压台区用户间的特征差异,引入归一化方法对电压数据进行预处理,便于后续进行低压用户用电隐患的识别。
目前,常用的数据归一化方法主要有最大最小归一化、Z-Score归一化等。由于本文需要分析低压用户电压数据和用电隐患之间的映射关系,必须在保留用户原始电压数据特性的同时,降低不同台区间用户电压数据的差异性。因此,选用具有去均值和标准化方差的Z-Score方法对原始电压数据进行标准化处理,其表达式为
X n = U n - f m e a n ( X n ) f s t d ( X n )           n = 1,2 , , N X = [ X 1 , X 2 , , X N ]
式中: X n为所有台区用户在n时刻的电压幅值; f m e a n ( X n ) f s t d ( X n )分别为在 n时刻电压数据的均值和标准差; X R M × N为标准用户电压数据矩阵,其保留了 U的原始分布特性并降低了不同台区间用户电压数据的差异性,有利于后续用电隐患的识别。
用电隐患识别需要分析用户电压数据和隐患之间的关联特征,而高维电压数据存在冗余信息,将其直接作为隐患识别模型的输入,会增加后续模型的运算速率和运算准确率。因此,本文采用SSAE网络对用户电压数据进行特征提取,在保留原始电压数据特征分布的同时,将高维电压数据转换到低维空间,进而提升后续故障识别模型的性能。
自编码网络(auto-encoder,AE)是由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成的单隐含层神经网络,包含编码器与解码器两个模块[12-14]。AE的基本结构如图2所示。
AE网络的编码器实现输入数据的特征提取:输入数据x = [x1x2,…,xc]通过编码器映射至隐含层,得到特征向量h = [h1h2,…,hd]。解码器实现输入数据的重构:特征向量h = [h1h2,…,hd]通过解码器映射至输出层,形成重构信号y=[y1y2,…,yc]。编码器和解码器的数学表达式为
h = f θ 1 x = S ( W 1 x + b 1 )
y = f θ 2 h = S ( W 2 x + b 2 )
式中: S ( )为AE网络的激活函数,本文选择Sigmoid函数;b1b2分别为编码器和解码器的偏置向量;W1W2分别为编码器和解码器的权值矩阵;cd分别为输入数据和特征向量的维数。
自编码网络通过梯度下降法寻找网络的权值矩阵和偏置向量,以实现重构信号y与输入信号x的损失最小。损失函数的数学表达式为
L ( x , y ) = - 1 c e = 1 c [ x e l n y e + ( 1 - x e ) l n ( 1 - y e ) ] + λ 2 g = 1 d + 1 q = 1 s ( g ) r = 1 s ( g ) + 1 ( W q r ( g ) ) 2
式中:xeye分别为输入数据x和重构信号y的第e个元素,e =1,2,…,c λ为AE网络的权重参数;d为AE网络的隐含层个数;sg为AE网络第g个隐含层的神经元个数,g=1,2,…,d W q r ( g )为第g个隐含层中神经元q和神经元r的权重。
为提升基于 A E网络的特征提取模型的效果,引入 K L散度作为稀疏性条件,以增强 A E模型提取特征的稀疏性。假设 a r ( x )表示 A E模型神经元 r对输入数据 x的激活量,则 A E模型KL散度惩罚项的数学表达式为
ρ r = 1 c e = 1 c [ a r ( x e ) ]
r = 1 R K ( ρ | | ρ r ) = r = 1 R [ ρ l n ρ ρ r + ( 1 - ρ ) l n 1 - ρ 1 - ρ r ]
式中: ρ A E的稀疏性参数。
考虑稀疏性约束条件的稀疏自编码器(spares auto-encoder,SAE)的损失函数为
J ( W , θ ) = L ( x , y ) + β r = 1 R K ( ρ | | ρ r )
式中: β为调整KL散度的权重。
采用 S A E模型对原始电压数据进行特征提取时,由于模型为单隐含层结构,易产生电压特征过度压缩、电压数据有效信息丢失的问题,影响隐患识别结果。因此本文采用具有多隐含层结构的堆栈稀疏自编码器(SSAE),作为电压数据特征提取模型。SSAE模型的结构如图3所示。
低压台区用户的电压数据差异性问题较为严重,由于各区域间用户的用电行为存在差异,导致不同台区用户的电压数据特征都具有一定差异。采用BP神经网络、支持向量机等传统分类模型对开关柜隐患进行识别时,易出现网络运算效率低、全局寻优能力弱以及运算结果不收敛等问题。然而多隐含层结构的深度学习模型具有强大的非线性特征表征能力,因此本文采用循环神经网络中的门控循环单元对电压时间序列数据进行用电隐患识别。
R N N由输入层、输出层和隐含层构成,具有自反馈机制,能够将前面时间节点的信息传递至后面的时间节点[15-17]。因此,相对于传统前馈式神经网络,RNN能够有效处理具有时序特性的低压用户电压数据。RNN基本结构如图4所示。
图4中, x t h t分别为RNN输入层和隐含层在 t时刻的值;ht-1为RNN隐含层在上一时刻的值; o t为RNN输出层在 t时刻的值,计算公式如下:
h t = f ( P x t + W h t - 1 + b h ) o t = g ( V h t + b o )
式中: P为RNN的输入层至隐含层的权值矩阵; W为隐含层自反馈的权值矩阵;V为隐含层至输出层的权值矩阵; b h b o分别为RNN隐含层和输出层的偏置矩阵; f ( ) , g ( )分别为RNN的隐含层和输出层激活函数。
对于维度较高的时序数据,传统RNN易产生梯度消失和梯度爆炸的问题。而长短期记忆网络和GRU可以有效解决上述问题,并且GRU通过简化长短期记忆网络的拓扑结构,在保留非线性特征表征能力的同时,提高了网络的运算速率。GRU的基本结构如图5所示。
图5中, z t r t分别为GRU更新门和重置门在 t时刻的输出值; h t h ˜ t分别为GRU在 t时刻的隐含值和记忆内容,则GRU的输出值 h t的计算公式为
z t = S ( W z x t + U z h t - 1 ) r t = S ( W r x t + U r h t - 1 ) h ˜ t = t a n h [ W r x t + U r ( r h t - 1 ) ] h t = z t h t - 1 + ( 1 - z t ) h ˜ t
式中: S ( )为更新门的激活函数,此处选用 S i g m o i d函数; W z U z分别为更新门在t时刻和t-1时刻的权值矩阵; W r U r分别为重置门在t时刻和t-1时刻的权值矩阵。
由于GRU分类模型的隐含层数量、隐含层神经元数量、学习率等超参数通常根据人工经验设定,导致模型的准确性和鲁棒性较差。针对人工经验选取GRU超参数难以构建最优网络问题,本文将GRU分类模型的隐含层数量、隐含层神经元数量、学习率等超参数作为麻雀个体,并且以GRU准确率为适应度函数,采用SSA对模型超参数进行优化。当满足下式时,最大适应度函数对应的属性值就是GRU分类模型的优化超参数。
m a x F = m a x N t N
式中:F为SSA模型的最大适应度;N为SSA-GRU模型的输入样本数;Nt为SSA-GRU预测正确的样本数。
采用第2节介绍的特征提取方法,计算得到低维电压矩阵后,将其作为SSA-GRU分类模型的输入,就能实现用电隐患用户的识别。因此,基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法可分为3个阶段:
1)用户原始电压数据U的预处理。通过Z-Score方法将原始电压数据进行标准化处理,得到标准电压数据X
2)标准化电压数据X的特征提取。使用SSAE模型对高维标准电压数据X进行特征提取,得到低维特征矩阵Y
3)低压用户用电隐患的识别。建立SSA-GRU分类模型,并将低维特征矩阵Y作为模型输入,对模型进行离线训练;然后通过测试数据集对模型的性能进行测试分析。
综上所述,基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别流程如图6所示。
为了验证基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法的有效性,本文以西北某地区管辖的2个典型台区为研究对象,选取283组正常用户96点电压曲线和435组根据历史用电隐患记录模拟的隐患用户电压曲线共同组成样本数据集。将原始数据集划分为测试集和训练集,训练集用于建立SSAE-SSA-GRU模型,测试集用于验证模型的有效性。其中训练集保留数据标签,测试集去除数据标签。具体样本分布如表1所示。
首先,通过Z-Score法对训练集数据进行标准化处理,得到标准电压数据X。然后,将标准电压数据X作为SSAE模型的输入,提取电压数据的特征矩阵。SSAE模型参数设置为:稀疏性参数 ρ 0.002,惩罚权重 β 0.01
由于 S S A E模型的隐含层个数对特征提取性能有较大的影响,本文构建了3种 S S A E特征提取模型。3种 S S A E模型的参数如表2所示。
为选取最优的SSAE特征提取模型,从训练集中分别选取3种用户的30个电压数据样本进行特征提取,并且选取第12~14个特征量的散点图来呈现3种SSAE模型的特征提取效果,结果如图7所示。图中,类型1、类型2、类型3分别表示正常运行用户、漏电流隐患用户、接触不良隐患用户。
图7可知,SSAE1网络提取的电压特征在在三维空间中混杂为一簇,没有明显的边界,无法有效辨识用户用电状态类型。随着隐含层数量的增加,电压特征的边界逐渐清晰,呈现出明显的聚类特性。SSAE3网络提取的电压特征形成边界分明的两簇,且每簇分别对应低压台区用户的用电状态。结果表明 S S A E 1模型出现了电压特征过度压缩的问题,而 S S A E 3模型通过堆栈的方式逐层压缩高维电压数据,可以去除原始数据的冗余信息,保留有效电压特征。
为了进一步说明SSAE特征提取模型对于提高用电隐患识别准确率的优越性,分别采用主成分分析(PCA)、局部线性嵌入(LLE)、SSAE模型对电压数据进行特征提取,并将电压特征作为SSA-GRU模型的输入,对模型识别结果进行对比,结果如表3所示。
表3可知,原始电压数据作为输入集时,SSA-GRU模型的准确率仅为73%,用电隐患识别精度较低;通过PCA,LLE和SSAE模型对原始电压数据进行特征提取后,SSA-GRU模型的准确度分别提升了16.9%,17.6%,24.5%。同时,与PCA,LLE特征提取模型相比,虽然SSAE模型的收敛次数有所增加,但是隐患识别结果的准确率明显提高,分别提升了7.6%,6.9%。结果表明基于SSAE网络的特征提取模型,能够有效解决原始电压数据冗余较多、特征差异性较小的问题,提升了故障诊断模型的准确性。
图7c可知,正常用户和用电隐患用户的电压特征形成3簇,具有一定的辨识度。但是,电压特征中也有部分特征差异小的混淆个体。采用 S o f t M a x分类模型进行低压用户用电隐患识别,有可能产生错判漏判的问题。因此,本文采用基于SSA-GRU的用户用电隐患识别模型,将电压特征矩阵作为模型的输入,对用户用电隐患进行识别。根据人工经验搭建基础GRU网络:1个GRU层(隐含层神经元数量为128),2个全连接层(神经元数量分别为64和32),激活函数为 S i g m o i d函数,优化器为Adam。
对于SSA-GRU分类模型的搭建,激活函数、全连接层、优化器等均与基础GRU模型相同,但隐含层数量、隐含层的神经元个数、初始学习率等超参数则采用SSA优化,SSA初始参数设置如表4所示,SSA-GRU模型的隐患识别结果如图8所示。
图8可知,本文所提的SSA-GRU识别模型能够从120组测试集数据中准确识别出117组低压用户的用电状态,识别准确率高达97.5%。算例结果表明基于SSA-GRU的用电隐患识别模型的总体性能好,隐患识别结果的灵敏度和可信度高。
为了评估SSA-GRU模型中SSA算法的收敛性,将SSAE模型提取的电压特征作为输入集,采用经典优化算法(GA,PSO)优化GRU超参数,对比不同模型的准确率、收敛速度,结果如表5图9所示。
分析表5图9可知,由于PSO-GRU,GA-GRU,SSA-GRU模型优化了超参数,因此相比基础GRU模型,3类模型的用电隐患识别准确率分别提升了4.1%,4.5%,5.6%。横向比较PSO-GRU,GA-GRU,SSA-GRU可知,相比于其他2种分类模型,SSA-GRU模型在隐患识别准确率和运算速率上都具备一定的优势。从准确率上看,SSA-GRU模型的准确率高达97.5%,明显高于其他2种模型。从运算速率上看,SSA-GRU模型收敛至最高准确度所需的迭代次数为14,低于PSO-GRU模型和GA-GRU模型,说明所提方法的收敛性更好。
为了评估SSA-GRU模型的隐患识别精度,将特征提取后的样本数据集作为输入,与BP神经网络(BPNN)、随机森林(RF)、基础GRU等经典分类模型对比,结果如表6图10所示。
表6图10可知,BP神经网络、随机森林等经典分类模型的准确率低于90%,而具有自反馈机制的基础GRU模型,能够有效处理具有时序特性的低压用户电压数据,其隐患识别精度达到91.9%。同时,SSA-GRU模型的准确率在基础GRU模型的基础上又提高了5.6%。算例结果表明,所提方法能够有效识别低压用户漏电流、接触不良隐患,并且与传统隐患识别方法相比,所提方法的收敛性较好,精度较高。
本文提出了一种基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别方法,并通过算例验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。得到的结论如下:
1)针对低压用户原始电压数据冗余较多、特征差异性较小的问题,采用了基于SSAE的数据降维方法提取原始数据的特征参数,有效降低了原始数据集的冗余信息,使隐患识别结果更加准确。
2)对人工经验选取GRU超参数难以构建最优网络问题,采用SSA算法优化GRU模型的隐含层数量、隐含层神经元数量、学习率等超参数,算例结果表明改进后的方法收敛性好,全局搜索能力强,隐患识别准确率高。
3)与传统用电异常用户识别模型相比,本文提出的基于SSAE-SSA-GRU的低压用户用电隐患识别模型具有更强的识别性能,可以满足实际运维检修工作需要,为运维工作人员及时准确地掌握低压用户用电质量提供参考。
  • 内蒙古电力集团(有限)责任公司科技项目(低压配电线路信道监测与智能诊断技术深化应用研究)
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2025年第55卷第7期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26165
  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
  • 修回日期:2024-10-16
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内蒙古电力集团(有限)责任公司科技项目(低压配电线路信道监测与智能诊断技术深化应用研究)
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    内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司阿拉善供电分公司,内蒙古 阿拉善盟 750300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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