Article(id=1190337958252220872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190337956201202212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26504, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=1745856000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761728284656, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761728284656, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761728284656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761728284656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190337956201202212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761728284168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761728464442, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190338712388079738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190337956201202212, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190338712388079739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190337956201202212, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=80, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190337958570987978, articleId=1190337958252220872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Off-grid Island Microgrid Scheduling Based on TOU, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the supply-demand imbalance caused by renewable energy intermittency and load fluctuations in islanded microgrids,a two-layer optimization-based dynamic time-of-use(TOU)pricing scheduling model was proposed,aiming to enhance economic efficiency and operational stability.First,a comprehensive microgrid system model was established,integrating wind,photovoltaic,energy storage,marine energy,and diesel generators,while introducing a dynamic TOU pricing mechanism to guide user load behavior for peak shaving and valley filling.Subsequently,a two-layer optimization framework was constructed:the upper layer adjusts load distribution via dynamic pricing,and the lower layer optimizes generation dispatch and energy storage strategies to minimize operational costs,effectively resolving the limitations of traditional single-layer optimization in handling complex nonlinear constraints. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model significantly reduces reliance on diesel generators,enhances adaptability to renewable energy fluctuations,and optimizes operational costs.The findings provide theoretical support for low-carbon scheduling of islanded microgrids,balancing economic and reliability objectives,and offer practical insights for advancing energy transition in island regions.

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针对海岛微电网离网运行中可再生能源间歇性与负荷波动导致的供需失衡问题,以提升系统经济性与运行稳定性为目标,提出一种基于双层优化的动态分时电价调度模型。首先建立包含风光储、海洋能及柴油机的海岛微电网系统模型,并引入动态分时电价机制,利用价格信号引导用户调整用电行为实现削峰填谷;而后构建双层优化框架,上层以动态电价调节负荷分布,下层以发电出力与储能充放电策略优化运行成本,克服传统单层优化在处理复杂非线性问题时的局限性。算例分析表明,所提模型显著降低了系统对柴油机的依赖,同时增强了系统对波动性的适应能力并优化运行成本。研究成果为离网型微电网的低碳化调度提供了兼顾经济性与可靠性的理论支撑,对促进海岛能源结构转型具有重要实践意义。

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孟佳(2003—),女,本科,主要研究方向为离网型微电网优化调度、动态分时电价机制设计及源-荷-储协同优化,Email:

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孟佳(2003—),女,本科,主要研究方向为离网型微电网优化调度、动态分时电价机制设计及源-荷-储协同优化,Email:

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孟佳(2003—),女,本科,主要研究方向为离网型微电网优化调度、动态分时电价机制设计及源-荷-储协同优化,Email:

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Power System Protection and Control, 2015, 43(8):124-133., articleTitle=A planning and design method for microgrid based on two-stage optimization, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190338267695387252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190338267699581557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, companyId=1190338267695387252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,Ningxia,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190338267707970166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, companyId=1190338267695387252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=宁夏大学 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articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图2, caption=算法求解流程图, figureFileSmall=nGBsSnC+NiCHCZz0gaKOzA==, figureFileBig=S70nL2sRXDNl1yngWt5yrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270459433610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Prediction diagram of uncontrollable units and loads, figureFileSmall=1JXN5TuAPFGbsSunsKaABw==, figureFileBig=W49UhZ0Ve3vTCNYzK1ztuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270643982987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不可控单元和负荷的预测图, figureFileSmall=1JXN5TuAPFGbsSunsKaABw==, figureFileBig=W49UhZ0Ve3vTCNYzK1ztuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270748840588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of electric load curves before and after optimal scheduling, figureFileSmall=GIH8ZZ+ugoE8akvY66wT7g==, figureFileBig=skw//5rNQOVFU6eWvmMsTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270815949453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图4, caption=优化调度前后电负荷曲线对比图, figureFileSmall=GIH8ZZ+ugoE8akvY66wT7g==, figureFileBig=skw//5rNQOVFU6eWvmMsTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270883058318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of SL and CL after optimized scheduling, figureFileSmall=7aV0yg3+qcqAxJiZCARgrg==, figureFileBig=7Xlcn67KbEaGYNoJLdqrIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338270945972879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化调度后SL与CL的变化图, figureFileSmall=7aV0yg3+qcqAxJiZCARgrg==, figureFileBig=7Xlcn67KbEaGYNoJLdqrIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338271013081744, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图7, caption=优化前后电负荷平衡曲线对比图, figureFileSmall=nnSa42aTyTMUn+z3M/ZwFg==, figureFileBig=r9mi0IC/DRQneLCREVHhnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338271357014676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Optimized iterative renderings, figureFileSmall=djLWRj8+EI4i2rnRHaTW1Q==, figureFileBig=gZPxgOOwZspI9SXqn2pbLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338271478649493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=图8, caption=优化迭代效果图, figureFileSmall=djLWRj8+EI4i2rnRHaTW1Q==, figureFileBig=gZPxgOOwZspI9SXqn2pbLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190338271554146966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Initial purchase price

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
售电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
01:00—06:00
24:00
0.40 0.30
07:00—09:00
16:00—18:00
0.60 0.40
10:00—15:00
19:00—23:00
1.60 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1190338271617061527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始购电电价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
售电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
01:00—06:00
24:00
0.40 0.30
07:00—09:00
16:00—18:00
0.60 0.40
10:00—15:00
19:00—23:00
1.60 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1190338271721919128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190337958252220872, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimized electricity price distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电价/[元•(kW•h)-1] 时段
0.3 03:00—04:00,08:00—11:00
15:00—19:00,21:00,23:00—24:00
0.4 01:00—02:00,05:00—06:00
0.6 07:00
1.6 12:00—14:00,20:00,22:00
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优化后电价分布

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电价/[元•(kW•h)-1] 时段
0.3 03:00—04:00,08:00—11:00
15:00—19:00,21:00,23:00—24:00
0.4 01:00—02:00,05:00—06:00
0.6 07:00
1.6 12:00—14:00,20:00,22:00
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基于分时电价的离网型海岛微电网调度
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孟佳
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(8): 80-88
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(8): 80-88
基于分时电价的离网型海岛微电网调度
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孟佳
作者信息
  • 宁夏大学 电子与电气工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
  • 孟佳(2003—),女,本科,主要研究方向为离网型微电网优化调度、动态分时电价机制设计及源-荷-储协同优化,Email:

Off-grid Island Microgrid Scheduling Based on TOU
Jia MENG
Affiliations
  • School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,Ningxia,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26504
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针对海岛微电网离网运行中可再生能源间歇性与负荷波动导致的供需失衡问题,以提升系统经济性与运行稳定性为目标,提出一种基于双层优化的动态分时电价调度模型。首先建立包含风光储、海洋能及柴油机的海岛微电网系统模型,并引入动态分时电价机制,利用价格信号引导用户调整用电行为实现削峰填谷;而后构建双层优化框架,上层以动态电价调节负荷分布,下层以发电出力与储能充放电策略优化运行成本,克服传统单层优化在处理复杂非线性问题时的局限性。算例分析表明,所提模型显著降低了系统对柴油机的依赖,同时增强了系统对波动性的适应能力并优化运行成本。研究成果为离网型微电网的低碳化调度提供了兼顾经济性与可靠性的理论支撑,对促进海岛能源结构转型具有重要实践意义。

微电网  /  海洋能  /  动态分时电价  /  双层优化  /  需求响应

To address the supply-demand imbalance caused by renewable energy intermittency and load fluctuations in islanded microgrids,a two-layer optimization-based dynamic time-of-use(TOU)pricing scheduling model was proposed,aiming to enhance economic efficiency and operational stability.First,a comprehensive microgrid system model was established,integrating wind,photovoltaic,energy storage,marine energy,and diesel generators,while introducing a dynamic TOU pricing mechanism to guide user load behavior for peak shaving and valley filling.Subsequently,a two-layer optimization framework was constructed:the upper layer adjusts load distribution via dynamic pricing,and the lower layer optimizes generation dispatch and energy storage strategies to minimize operational costs,effectively resolving the limitations of traditional single-layer optimization in handling complex nonlinear constraints. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model significantly reduces reliance on diesel generators,enhances adaptability to renewable energy fluctuations,and optimizes operational costs.The findings provide theoretical support for low-carbon scheduling of islanded microgrids,balancing economic and reliability objectives,and offer practical insights for advancing energy transition in island regions.

microgrid  /  marine energy  /  dynamic time-of-use(TOU)electricity prices  /  two-layer optimization  /  demand response
孟佳. 基于分时电价的离网型海岛微电网调度. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (8) : 80 -88 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26504
Jia MENG. Off-grid Island Microgrid Scheduling Based on TOU[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (8) : 80 -88 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26504
全球能源结构转型与可持续发展战略推动了可再生能源的开发和利用,成为各国能源政策的核心内容。Rogelj等[1]从《巴黎协定》角度论证了低碳能源转型的迫切性,指出气候政策与可再生能源技术的协同创新对优化海岛能源系统至关重要。我国在“十四五”规划中明确提出加快推进新能源电力系统建设,推动能源的清洁化与低碳化。海岛微电网作为独立电力系统,通常采用离网运行模式,依赖风能、光伏及海洋能等分布式能源实现电力自给[2]。其能源供应不仅影响居民生活质量,还关系国家安全和海洋经济发展,因此高效利用可再生能源成为研究热点。
早期关于海岛微电网的研究多聚焦于海岛微电网的并网优化。王成山等[3]设计了光储微电网调度策略,通过并网模式提升供电可靠性;张中华等[4]提出在海岛发电系统中接入大陆电网以实现能源互补;林湘宁等[5]探讨了远洋海岛群的综合能量供给系统,强调储电概念船舶与并网协调的重要性;Abdelghany等[6]则通过分层模型预测控制方法,优化了并网微电网的经济性。然而,这些研究大多基于海岛微电网可接入大电网的假设,未能充分考虑其离网特性。
离网型海岛微电网缺乏大电网的电压和频率支撑,需依赖本地分布式能源实现电力自给[7],其独立运行模式造成了特殊挑战:一方面其远离大陆导致并网成本高昂且技术难度大;另一方面风电、光伏、潮汐等可再生能源的间歇性容易引发供需失衡。牛耕等[8]研究表明,离网系统因缺乏大电网的功率互济能力,导致供电缺失率最高可达28%。针对此问题,庞家猛等[7]提出风光-潮流能-储能三目标优化模型,可将供电缺失率降至5%以下。西班牙特内里费岛的实践[9]也证实,孤立电网通过抽蓄配合地热能可有效平抑风光发电的间歇性问题。然而,现有研究仍存在电价-负荷协同优化的不足,亟需探索精细化调度策略。
近年来,动态分时电价机制通过价格信号引导负荷响应,成为缓解微电网能源供需矛盾的关键手段。研究表明,该机制在并网场景中可显著降低用电成本,缩减峰谷差,提升新能源利用率[7]。檀勤良等[10]通过风光出力不确定性建模,使发电成本有效降低,验证了动态电价对可再生能源消纳的促进作用;封钰等[11]在并网微网中设计了动态分时电价模型,通过价格离散矩阵将非线性问题线性化,使峰谷差缩减31%;夏鑫等[12]进一步对比动态电价与峰谷分时电价,发现前者在“净负荷削峰填谷”中效果更显著,且用户整体满意度提升23%。此外,赵兴勇等[13]提出基于实时数据的动态电价调整策略,使新能源利用率有效提高,尤其适用于孤网场景的供需平衡。然而,上述研究均针对并网场景,其模型未涵盖海岛微电网的离网特性,导致难以解决海岛微电网特有的间歇性问题。
海岛微电网中引入分时电价机制时,系统需协调各变量形成复杂的非线性优化问题,研究表明双层优化方法在处理复杂非线性问题上具有显著优势。牛耕等[8]提出了基于波浪能预测修正的双层调度框架,该框架的上层修正波浪能发电量的预测,下层根据修正结果进行发电调度,从而提高了系统的整体效率与可再生能源的利用率;张中华等[4]在并网微电网的研究中采用上层定价、下层调度的协同策略,显著降低了系统的运行成本。但这些研究未充分考虑离网特性。Ying Meng等[14]提出两阶段迭代策略,上层负责经济环境优化、下层处理实时电价和负荷响应。采用EMOSSA-CPLEX混合算法解决可再生能源的不确定性。然而,当前研究多集中在并网场景或单一能源类型,未能充分考虑离网型海岛微电网的特殊性,尤其是在动态分时电价机制与离网微电网的协同优化方面存在不足。
针对当前离网型海岛微电网研究中动态分时电价机制应用的空白问题,本研究创新性地提出了基于双层优化的海岛微电网分时电价调度模型。首先,在离网型海岛微电网中引入了需求响应动态电价机制,通过电价波动引导用户调整用电模式,有效实现了削峰填谷,提升了可再生能源的消纳率;其次,采用双层优化求解方法,上层通过动态分时电价调整负荷分布,下层优化发电单元出力和储能充放电策略,解决了传统单层优化方法难以处理的复杂非线性问题,实现了运行成本最小化;最后,基于山东某海岛的真实气象数据和负荷数据,构建了更为精确的海岛微电网模型,验证了该方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,动态分时电价机制能够显著减少柴油机的运行时长,降低系统运行成本。本研究为离网型微电网提供了一种兼顾经济性与可靠性的调度范式,不仅能够有效缓解可再生能源波动性对电网的冲击,还可通过负荷转移降低运行成本,对海岛微电网的可持续发展具有明显的现实意义。
海岛微电网系统作为一种独立的电力供应系统,由于远离大陆,连接大陆电网的建设费用高且技术难度大,因此海岛微电网通常采用离网运行模式,以确保在不与外界电网连接的情况下仍能稳定提供电力[2]。具体结构如图1所示。
海岛微电网的结构通常由多种分布式能源系统组成,如风能、太阳能和潮汐能等可再生能源发电单元,这些能源单元共同提供电力以满足岛屿的需求。为应对可再生能源发电的波动性和间歇性,海岛微电网通常配置了适当容量的储能装置,以平衡电力供应的波动,削减峰值电力需求,并实现电力输出的平稳化。此外,柴油发电机组作为备用电源,确保在储能设备无法充分满足需求或系统出现故障时,能够提供紧急补充电力,从而增强系统的可靠性和稳定性。
波浪能是风力在海面上形成的波浪所蕴含的动能与势能的综合体现。波浪能的储量较为丰富,但其能量密度相对较低,且呈现出明显的季节波动。在我国海域,波浪能的发电功率通常在秋冬季节更为稳定且强劲,尤其是在海岛周边地区,波浪能的利用潜力较为突出。其功率密度模型为[2]
P b = 0.5 h 2 T
式中: P b为单位波前宽度下的功率密度,kW/m; h为有效波高,m; T为波浪周期,s。
太阳能的利用效率受到多个因素的影响,包括太阳辐射强度和光照角度。太阳辐射强度越大,转换的电力越高,而光照角度对太阳能电池的接收效率也起着重要作用。光伏组件的发电功率与辐照强度及温度相关,其模型可以表述为[15-16]
P p v = P S T C G I N G G S T C 1 k ( T c - T r ) ]
式中: G I N G为实际辐照强度,W/m2 G S T C为标准测试条件(standard test condition,STC)下的太阳辐照强度,W/m2 P S T C为STC下的最大输出功率,kW; k为功率温度系数,%/℃; T c为电池表面温度,℃; T r为STC下的标准温度(25 ℃)。
风能发电机通过风轮捕捉风的动能并转化为电能,其功率受实时风速、风轮面积和空气密度等因素影响。风速越大,风能转化效率越高,因此风力发电的输出具有明显的时间和地点变化特征。风电机组输出功率计算式可表示为[17]
P W 2 = 0.5 ρ S W v 3
式中: ρ为空气密度,kg/m3 S W为风轮扫掠面积,m2 v为风电机组运行时的平均风速,m/s。
柴油发电机的燃料成本函数可表示为二次多项式[15]
F c = a i + b i P d g i + c i P d g i 2
式中: a b c为不同机型的费用系数, a取值范围为0.001~0.008, b取值范围为1.8~2.0, c取值范围为25~120; P d g i为第 i时刻柴油发电机的输出功率。
蓄电池是系统中的储能设备,荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)是其关键指标,用于表示蓄电池当前剩余容量与最大充电容量的比值。蓄电池的SOC动态模型为[15]
S O C i + 1 = S O C i + P b a t i Q b a t
式中: Q b a t为蓄电池总容量,A·h; P b a t i为第 i时刻的充放电功率。
海岛微电网作为一种离网运行的独立电力系统,需依赖本地分布式能源(如风能、太阳能、波浪能)和储能装置实现电力自给自足。然而,可再生能源的波动性和间歇性导致电力供需难以实时匹配,尤其在负荷高峰时段易出现电力短缺,而低谷时段则可能产生能源浪费。为应对这一挑战,本研究引入需求响应(demand response,DR)动态分时电价机制,通过电价信号引导用户优化用电行为,从而平衡供需并提升系统经济性。动态分时电价机制通过价格信号重塑用户用电模式,在离网环境下有效协调了源-荷-储的互动关系,为海岛微电网的经济性与可靠性提供了双重保障。
需求响应是指用户根据电价或激励机制调整其用能行为,以便参与电网互动,从而优化负荷曲线并提升系统运行效率[10]。需求响应按作用机制可分为两类:价格型需求响应通过分时电价、实时电价等调整用户的用电时段分布;激励型需求响应通过提供补贴或协议直接负荷控制,引导用户主动削减用电来调整总负荷需求。
由于激励型需求响应需要额外支付补贴成本,而价格型需求响应通过动态分时电价信号,灵活引导用户调整用电行为,无需额外支付补贴成本,适合海岛微电网这种资源有限、经济性要求高的场景,因此本研究只考虑价格型需求响应机制。
在价格型需求响应中,用户的负荷可分为可削减负荷(curtailable load,CL)和可转移负荷(shiftable load,SL)[18]。两类负荷对电价信号的响应程度不同,这为精确调控用户用电行为提供了依据。以下为对两种类型负荷的建模。
用户通过对比需求响应前后实时电价波动,主动决定是否减少或推迟某些可调负荷的使用,以响应电网的需求。通过价格需求弹性矩阵来描述DR特性,矩阵 E ( t , j )中第 t行第 j列元素 e t , j t时刻负荷对 j时刻电价的弹性系数,定义为[10]
e t , j = Δ P L , t e / P L , t e 0 Δ ρ j / ρ j 0
式中: Δ P L , t e为需求响应后 t时刻的负荷变化量; P L , t e 0 t时段的初始负荷; Δ ρ j为需求响应后的电价调整幅度; ρ j 0 j时段的初始电价。
由此 t时段初始可削减负荷量 Δ P C L , t e可表示为
Δ P C L , t e = P C L , t e 0 [ j = 1 24 E C L ( t , j ) ρ j - ρ j 0 ρ j 0 ]
式中: E C L ( t , j )为CL价格需求弹性矩阵,为对角阵; ρ j j时刻电价。
用户可以在不影响主要使用需求的前提下,调整用电时间的负荷部分。基于峰谷电价策略,用户可通过预充电设备或调整用电时间,将处于电价峰值时段的负荷转移至谷值时段,从而优化电网负荷曲线。需求响应后 t时刻的可转移负荷变化量 Δ P S L , t e[10]
Δ P S L , t e = P S L , t e 0 [ j = 1 24 E S L ( t , j ) ρ j - ρ j 0 ρ j 0 ]
式中: P S L , t e 0 t时刻初始可转移负荷量; E S L ( t , j )为SL价格需求弹性矩阵。
本研究提出一种动态分时电价机制,根据可再生能源出力特性实时调整电价,相比固定分时定价能够更有效应对可再生能源的波动性。在动态需求响应电价中,分时电价的售电电价部分被设为可调节的变量,旨在通过价格机制引导用户在电力供应充足时增加用电,而在电力短缺时减少用电,从而更好地实现削峰填谷,提高新能源的消纳能力和利用效率。此外,动态电价能够使海岛微电网在供电充裕的时段将多余的电力售出,获得更多的收益,从而进一步降低总体运行成本。
本研究的优化目标是在确保实施动态分时电价前后基本收益不受影响的前提下,尽可能降低微网的整体调度成本。因此,在优化前需要设定基础固定分时电价,并在此基础上进行动态分时电价的优化调整。动态分时电价需满足的约束如下:
1)为避免过高或过低的电价波动,确保电力市场的平衡和运行的稳定性,分时电价需限制在一定的上下限范围之内。
I b u y d o w n I b u y t I b u y u p I s e l l d o w n I s e l l t I s e l l u p
式中: I b u y u p I b u y d o w n分别为动态分时电价的购电价格上、下限; I s e l l u p I s e l l d o w n分别为售电价格上、下限。
2)电价均值守恒约束,即要求动态分时电价必须保持固定的每日平均值。
1 T t = 1 T I b u y t = 1 T t = 1 T I b t 1 T t = 1 T I s e l l t = 1 T t = 1 T I s t
式中: I b t I s t分别为 t时段的固定分时电价的购电、售电电价。
3)购售电价格关系约束:
I b u y t I s e l l t
海岛微电网系统中,本研究以使微电网运行费用最小、实现收益最大化为目标。为提高微电网的经济性,模型中引入了动态分时电价机制。通过设定分时电价,电网能够根据不同时段的电力需求和供给情况,灵活调整电价,以引导用户优化用电行为,从而实现更有效的电网调度,降低运行成本。
由于海岛微电网系统的运行优化问题具有显著的非线性特征,传统的单层优化方法难以有效处理这种复杂的非线性问题,而双层优化模型能够更好地解决此类问题。在该模型中,上层通过确定负荷需求来最小化运行成本,下层则优化发电单元出力和储能充放电策略以获得最优电价分布。通过这种分层结构,可以有效地确定最优电价分布及柴油机和储能装置的出力策略,从而实现海岛微电网系统的综合成本最小化。
海岛微电网的目标函数为使运行费用最小,实现成本最大化。经济成本主要包括光伏组件、风机、波浪能发电机、储能装置、柴油发电机的运行成本及柴油发电机的油耗成本,并考虑分时电价的购售电收益。同时,通过引入可再生能源利用率模型,量化可再生能源发电量与总负荷需求的匹配程度,旨在提升光伏、风能等间歇性电源的消纳能力,减少弃风弃光现象[19]
在优化模型中,可再生能源利用率 K g f表征了系统对波动性电源的利用效率,其计算式见目标函数部分,通过动态调整储能充放电策略、柴油机组启停及分时电价机制,协调源-荷-储互动关系,平衡经济性与资源利用效率。
独立海岛微网经济性目标函数为
m i n M o p e = i = 1 24 [ M O M ( P w t _ i ) + M O M ( P p v _ i ) + M O M ( P d g _ i ) +                                       M O M ( P w a _ i ) ] + i = 1 24 F c _ i - M p r i c e
其中
M O M ( P j ) = K O M j P j M p r i c e = t = 1 24 ( I s e l l t P s e l l _ t - I b u y t P b u y _ t ) K   g f = C   f h C   g f
式中: M o p e为微电网的运行费用; P w t _ i P p v _ i P d g _ i P w a _ i分别为风电、光伏、柴油机及波浪能在第 i小时的发电功率; M O M ( P j )为各分布式发电单元的运行维护费用, j为不同的发电类型; K O M j为对应发电单元的运行维护系数; F c _ i为第 i小时柴油发电机的燃料成本; M p r i c e为实施动态分时电价的日收益; I s e l l t I b u y t分别为动态购电电价与动态售电电价; P s e l l _ t P b u y _ t分别为可再生能源出力在供电充裕时段的富裕电力与无法充分满足负荷需求时的购电电量; C g f为可再生能源发电机的发电量; C f h为负荷可以消纳的电量。
1)功率约束平衡:海岛微电网各分布式发电单元输出的总功率必须满足负荷需求,即
P w t _ i + P p v _ i + P d g _ i + P w a _ i + P b a t _ i = P l o a d i
式中: P l o a d i为海岛微电网在第 i时刻的负荷需求。
2)发电容量约束:为了确保运行稳定,每台发电机的实际输出功率必须在一定范围内,即
P j m i n P j P j m a x
3)蓄电池约束:为避免储能系统过度损耗,调度周期内蓄电池的荷电状态需满足:
S O C m i n S O C i S O C m a x
式中: S O C m a x S O C m i n分别为蓄电池荷电状态的上限和下限; S O C i为第 i时刻的荷电状态。
双层优化模型广泛应用于电力系统的容量规划和调度决策。为平衡海岛微电网中的负荷需求与经济性,文中构建了容量配置优化和寻找最优分时电价分布的运行优化双层模型。数学上双层优化可描述为[20]
J 1 = m i n x F ( x , y 1 , y 2 , , y m ) s . t .         G ( x ) 0 J 2 = m i n y f ( x , y 1 , y 2 , , y m ) s . t .         g ( x , y 1 , y 2 , , y m ) 0
式中: F ( · )为上层优化的目标函数,即微电网运行总成本; x为上层优化的决策向量,包括动态分时电价系数 I s e l l 0与购售电策略; f ( · )为下层优化的目标函数; G ( · )为上层优化须满足的约束条件; y为下层优化的决策向量,包括负荷分布 l o a d e和发电单元出力分配; g ( · )为下层优化所需满足的约束条件。
1)步骤1:初始化参数。设定最大迭代次数 K m a x=100,收敛度 T=100,蓄电池初始荷电状态 S O C 0=0.3,初始电价系数 I s e l l 0,初始负荷预测值 l o a d e 0以及各发电单元的功率预测值 P j 0,定义系统的初始状态。
2)步骤2:上层优化问题求解。基于当前电价系数 I s e l l ( t ),根据式(7)、式(8)可求得用户响应电价变化调整的可削减负荷与可转移负荷变化量,通过需求响应模型计算优化负荷分布 l o a d e ( t )
l o a d e ( t ) = l o a d e 0 - Δ P C L , t e - Δ P S L , t e
代入经济性目标函数式(12),可计算得到上层最优成本 M o p e u p
3)步骤3:下层优化问题求解。固定上层优化后的负荷分布 l o a d e ( t ),将 l o a d e ( t )作为已知量代入下层优化模型,在满足约束式(9)~式(11)的前提下,求解式(12)所示的目标函数,得到响应符合下最优电价分布 I s e l l ( t + 1 )及各发电单元出力 m i n I s e l l ( t ) M o p e
求解后得到相应负荷分布下的下层最优成本 M o p e d o w n及更新后的电价系数 I s e l l ( t + 1 )
4)步骤4:判断收敛条件。计算上层与下层之间的成本差异:
Δ ( t ) = | M o p e u p ( t ) - M o p e d o w n ( t ) |
若满足 Δ ( t ) T t K m a x,则算法终止,表明模型已收敛,得到最优解;否则继续迭代。
5)步骤5:迭代更新。若未收敛,则继续执行迭代过程,重复步骤2)到步骤4)。每次迭代都重新计算上层和下层的优化问题,并更新成本差,直到收敛或达到最大迭代次数。
该算法通过迭代过程不断优化电价分布与负荷分布,直到找到收敛解,即上层和下层成本差异最小且满足预设的收敛条件。算法求解流程图如图2所示。
本研究以山东某海岛为研究对象,基于国家海洋科学数据中心官方网站提供的2023年7月气象数据,对该海岛的新能源发电功率进行了预测分析。
本研究利用日平均气象数据计算得到该海岛的日均有效浪高为4.614 m,平均波浪周期为53 s。将日有效浪高和波浪周期数据代入式(1),得到每小时波浪能发电机的出力功率预测曲线。对于风力发电,采用平均风速的真实值代入式(3)进行计算;光伏发电则基于实际太阳辐射强度和温度的真实值,代入式(2)进行预测。在负荷数据处理方面,本研究采用了30 d的实际负荷数据进行平均,以得到典型日负荷数据进行分析。负荷峰值分别出现在8:00—10:00和18:00—21:00两个时段,而且日最大负荷为394 kW(19:00),反映了岛上居民们的生产生活规律。绘出的可再生能源出力与负荷的功率预测曲线如图3所示。
各分布式发电单元柴油发电机、光伏电池、风力发电机、海浪潮汐能发电机的运行维护系数分别为0.040 1 / ( k W h ),0.009 6 / ( k W h ),0.029 6 / ( k W h )和0.031 5 / ( k W h )。初始购售电电价如表1所示。
初始参数设定如下: a=0.005, b=1.8, c=40, S O C 0=0.3, S O C m a x=0.8, S O C m i n=0.2, P d g _ m a x=500, P d g _ m i n=10, P b a t _ m a x=200, P b a t _ m i n=10。
图4为优化调度前、后的电负荷曲线对比图。优化前负荷曲线呈现典型的双峰特性,引入动态分时电价后,负荷曲线发生显著变化,高负荷时段的负荷有所下降,低负荷时段的负荷则出现明显增加,整体负荷波动幅度明显增大。例如,20:00时负荷从优化前的424 kW降至275.16 kW,降幅达35%;而03:00时负荷从优化前的385 kW增至456.445 kW,增幅达19%。
在本研究中,负荷波动幅度增大的现象主要由动态分时电价机制引导的负荷转移和用户对可削减负荷主动响应驱动。图5展示了优化调度后可转移负荷和可削减负荷的变化情况。通过引入动态分时电价机制,用户的用电行为得到了有效引导,从而实现了负荷的重新分配。如表2所示,在高峰时段,电价显著提高,促使用户将部分可转移负荷从高价时段转移到低价时段,例如12:00—14:00时段电价提高至1.6元/(kW·h),促使可转移负荷向低价时段(如03:00—04:00)迁移,迁移量达18%;同时,可削减负荷在高峰时段减少35%,用户电费支出进一步降低,压缩了峰值负荷。
负荷波动幅度的增大体现了需求响应机制对用户的调节行为。通过分时电价的引导,负荷在高峰和低谷时段之间得到了重新分配,实现了峰谷负荷的调节,表现为削峰填谷和经济效益优化。在削峰填谷方面,高峰时段负荷的降低减少了对柴油发电机和储能系统的依赖,低谷时段负荷的增加则提高了可再生能源的即时消纳率。在经济性优化方面,负荷的时空转移使微电网能够在新能源发电机出力充足的时段出售多余电力,而在电力短缺时段减少高价购电。
基于双层优化模型的调度策略,海岛微电网在优化调度后实现了各发电单元的高效协同运行。图6为优化调度后各发电单元的功率输出仿真结果图,系统通过储能系统和柴油发电机的动态调节,实现了电力供需的平衡。在12:00—13:00时段,光伏和波浪能出力分别达到峰值(光伏89 kW、波浪能348 kW),与负荷需求(219 kW)匹配,此时储能系统以+200 kW的功率充电,储存多余电能;在夜间23:00—次日04:00新能源出力不足时段,储能系统释放电能,柴油机启动并提供电力,有效弥补了电力缺口。此外,储能系统的充放电行为与新能源出力呈反向关系:在06:00—07:00风能与波浪能出力较高时(550 kW),储能系统以+185 kW的功率充电;而在21:00负荷高峰(413 kW)且新能源出力为295 kW时,储能系统以-73 kW的功率放电,柴油机补充45 kW电力,确保负荷需求完全满足。
图7为优化前后负荷平衡曲线对比图,可以看出,引入动态分时电价后,电力供需的平衡情况显著改善。优化前,系统存在较大的电力过剩(如12:00时),系统存在300 kW的富裕电量;优化后,储能系统以+200 kW的功率充电,吸收多余电力,显著提升了可再生能源的利用率,减少了能源浪费。这种源-荷-储协同优化的调度模式,不仅实现了电力供需的动态平衡,还通过减少柴油机的使用频率和储能系统的合理充放电,进一步降低了系统运行成本,为离网型海岛微电网的经济性和可靠性提供了有力保障。
进一步分析图8中的优化迭代效果图,可以看出通过双层优化的迭代过程,成本逐渐下降,由9.52×106元降低至6.90×106元,降幅达27.5%,显著优于引入初始电价系数后的15%降幅,证明了优化算法的有效性。在迭代过程中,算法不断优化发电单元的调度和负荷响应策略,从而实现了更加经济、低成本的调度方案。
本研究针对海岛微电网的离网特性,提出了基于双层优化的动态分时电价调度模型,通过需求响应机制与源-荷-储协同优化,实现了系统运行成本的最小化与可再生能源消纳能力的显著提升。动态分时电价机制能够有效引导用户调整用电行为,优化负荷曲线,减少高峰时段对柴油发电机的依赖,降低系统运行成本。同时,双层优化模型通过分层求解电价策略与发电调度,克服了传统单层优化在处理复杂非线性问题时的局限性,确保了模型的全局最优性。
基于山东某海岛的实测数据仿真验证表明,动态分时电价机制使可再生能源消纳率从80%提升至95%,效率提高15%,电网的负荷平衡得到了显著改善,尤其是在高负荷时段,负荷降低了35%。柴油机运行时长大幅缩短,系统综合成本降低27.5%,负荷供需平衡情况得到显著改善,验证了所提方法的有效性与实用性。此外,储能系统的灵活充放电策略进一步增强了系统对可再生能源波动性的适应能力,实现了电力供需的动态平衡。本研究为离网型海岛微电网的调度优化提供了兼顾经济性与可靠性的新思路,对推动海岛能源结构低碳转型、提升可再生能源利用率具有重要的现实意义。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd26504
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
  • 修回日期:2025-04-29
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    宁夏大学 电子与电气工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
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