Article(id=1190325457527603865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325454285410397, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683734400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-11, revisedDate=1693324800000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725304252, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725304252, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725304252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725304252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325454285410397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725303479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725303479, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325457716347548, articleId=1190325457527603865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Allocation of Microgrid Group Source Storage Capacity Considering the Spatiotemporal Correlation of Renewable Energy Generation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the power coordination ability among microgrids in the microgrid group,it is necessary to consider the correlation between renewable energy generation output and the difference in load time distribution in different regions in the microgrid group planning. A scenario generation method that considers the spatio-temporal correlation of renewable energy power generation was proposed. Based on the spatial distance between microgrids in microgrids and the temporal characteristics of renewable energy power generation output,Nataf transformation and temporal reconstruction methods were used to generate scene-solar power output scenes that meet the temporal and spatial correlation. Then,the capacity allocation model of multi-objective microgrid group with minimum annual total cost and cumulative source-load difference was established. Finally,Jaya algorithm with non-dominated sorting and congestion improvement was adopted to solve the problem. Fuzzy membership function was used to evaluate the Pareto solution and select the optimal allocation scheme of wind storage in microgrid group. The results of the example show that the total investment cost can be effectively reduced by the precise allocation of the source storage capacity of the microgrid cluster,while the carbon emission level of the microgrid cluster can be reduced and the absorption capacity of renewable energy can be improved.

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为提升微电网群内各微电网之间的功率协同共济能力,必须在微电网群规划时考虑微电网群内可再生能源发电出力之间的相关性和不同区域负荷时间分布上的差异性。提出一种考虑可再生能源发电时空相关性的场景生成方法,基于微电网群中微电网之间的空间距离和可再生能源发电出力的时序特性,采用Nataf变换和时序重构方法生成满足时空相关性的风光出力场景。然后在此基础上建立以年化总成本和累计源荷差最小的多目标微电网群容量配置模型。最后采用引入非支配排序和拥挤度改进的Jaya算法进行求解,通过模糊隶属度函数对Pareto解进行评价并选取微电网群内风光储的最优配置方案。算例结果表明,通过微电网群源储容量的精准配置,可以有效降低总的投资成本,同时降低微电网群的碳排放水平并提升可再生能源消纳能力。

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左方林(1999—),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为微电网规划及相关性研究,Email:
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周珺(1982—),女,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划及投资计划管理、综合计划、投资统计等,Email:

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周珺(1982—),女,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划及投资计划管理、综合计划、投资统计等,Email:

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周珺(1982—),女,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划及投资计划管理、综合计划、投资统计等,Email:

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Four scenarios in microelectronics network cluster configuration

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场景 互联 相关性 负荷差异
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四种在微电网群配置中的场景

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场景 互联 相关性 负荷差异
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Optimized configuration results of microgrid group

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场景 微网 光伏/kW 风机/kW 储能/(kW·h)
MG1 38 130 202
MG2 78 101 223
MG3 65 2 230
MG1 8 74 208
MG2 61 93 267
MG3 0 44 456
MG1 24 66 264
MG2 104 95 238
MG3 0 123 230
MG1 16 95 307
MG2 72 89 298
MG3 39 60 238
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微电网群优化配置结果

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场景 微网 光伏/kW 风机/kW 储能/(kW·h)
MG1 38 130 202
MG2 78 101 223
MG3 65 2 230
MG1 8 74 208
MG2 61 93 267
MG3 0 44 456
MG1 24 66 264
MG2 104 95 238
MG3 0 123 230
MG1 16 95 307
MG2 72 89 298
MG3 39 60 238
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Comparison of indicators of micro electric network cluster under four scenarios

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场景 投资成本/万元 购售电
成本/万元
年化运行
成本/万元
源荷差/107kW2
58.93 33.91 93.37 3.75
49.11 46.77 96.37 4.41
59.90 33.94 94.44 3.76
57.54 36.53 94.64 3.50
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四种场景下微电网群指标比较

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场景 投资成本/万元 购售电
成本/万元
年化运行
成本/万元
源荷差/107kW2
58.93 33.91 93.37 3.75
49.11 46.77 96.37 4.41
59.90 33.94 94.44 3.76
57.54 36.53 94.64 3.50
), ArticleFig(id=1190325903965127558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457527603865, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of the algorithm calculation results

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算法 计算时间/s 年化运行成本/万元 源荷差/107kW2
MOJaya 258.85 93.37 3.75
MOPSO 536.44 107.59 4.71
NSGA-Ⅱ 298.15 167.65 20.33
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算法计算结果对比

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算法 计算时间/s 年化运行成本/万元 源荷差/107kW2
MOJaya 258.85 93.37 3.75
MOPSO 536.44 107.59 4.71
NSGA-Ⅱ 298.15 167.65 20.33
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考虑可再生能源发电时空相关性的微电网群源储容量配置
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周珺 1 , 肖远兵 1 , 颜华敏 1 , 卢婧婧 1 , 许铁峰 1 , 左方林 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(1): 41-49
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(1): 41-49
考虑可再生能源发电时空相关性的微电网群源储容量配置
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周珺1 , 肖远兵1, 颜华敏1, 卢婧婧1, 许铁峰1, 左方林2
作者信息
  • 1 国网上海青浦供电公司,上海 201700
  • 2 东南大学溧阳研究院,江苏 常州 213300
  • 周珺(1982—),女,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为配电网规划及投资计划管理、综合计划、投资统计等,Email:

通讯作者:

左方林(1999—),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为微电网规划及相关性研究,Email:
Allocation of Microgrid Group Source Storage Capacity Considering the Spatiotemporal Correlation of Renewable Energy Generation
Jun ZHOU1 , Yuanbing XIAO1, Huamin YAN1, Jingjing LU1, Tiefeng XU1, Fanglin ZUO2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Shanghai Qingpu Power Supply Company,Shanghai 201700,China
  • 2 Liyang Research Institute of Southeast University,Changzhou 213300,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25128
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为提升微电网群内各微电网之间的功率协同共济能力,必须在微电网群规划时考虑微电网群内可再生能源发电出力之间的相关性和不同区域负荷时间分布上的差异性。提出一种考虑可再生能源发电时空相关性的场景生成方法,基于微电网群中微电网之间的空间距离和可再生能源发电出力的时序特性,采用Nataf变换和时序重构方法生成满足时空相关性的风光出力场景。然后在此基础上建立以年化总成本和累计源荷差最小的多目标微电网群容量配置模型。最后采用引入非支配排序和拥挤度改进的Jaya算法进行求解,通过模糊隶属度函数对Pareto解进行评价并选取微电网群内风光储的最优配置方案。算例结果表明,通过微电网群源储容量的精准配置,可以有效降低总的投资成本,同时降低微电网群的碳排放水平并提升可再生能源消纳能力。

微电网群容量配置  /  时空相关性  /  Nataf变换  /  多目标Jaya算法

In order to improve the power coordination ability among microgrids in the microgrid group,it is necessary to consider the correlation between renewable energy generation output and the difference in load time distribution in different regions in the microgrid group planning. A scenario generation method that considers the spatio-temporal correlation of renewable energy power generation was proposed. Based on the spatial distance between microgrids in microgrids and the temporal characteristics of renewable energy power generation output,Nataf transformation and temporal reconstruction methods were used to generate scene-solar power output scenes that meet the temporal and spatial correlation. Then,the capacity allocation model of multi-objective microgrid group with minimum annual total cost and cumulative source-load difference was established. Finally,Jaya algorithm with non-dominated sorting and congestion improvement was adopted to solve the problem. Fuzzy membership function was used to evaluate the Pareto solution and select the optimal allocation scheme of wind storage in microgrid group. The results of the example show that the total investment cost can be effectively reduced by the precise allocation of the source storage capacity of the microgrid cluster,while the carbon emission level of the microgrid cluster can be reduced and the absorption capacity of renewable energy can be improved.

microgrid group capacity allocation  /  spatiotemporal correlation  /  Nataf transformation  /  multi-objective Jaya algorithm(MOJaya)
周珺, 肖远兵, 颜华敏, 卢婧婧, 许铁峰, 左方林. 考虑可再生能源发电时空相关性的微电网群源储容量配置. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (1) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25128
Jun ZHOU, Yuanbing XIAO, Huamin YAN, Jingjing LU, Tiefeng XU, Fanglin ZUO. Allocation of Microgrid Group Source Storage Capacity Considering the Spatiotemporal Correlation of Renewable Energy Generation[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (1) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25128
随着世界环境污染的日益严重和能源危机的不断加剧,越来越多分布式可再生能源发电应用于配电网中,我国新能源发展面临着既要大规模开发、又要高水平消纳、更要保障电力安全可靠供应等多重挑战[1]。而微电网技术的应用可有效缓解新能源的消纳问题,通过储能及优化策略进一步提升我国终端新能源用能比例,进一步推动新能源发展。单一微电网受惯性限制,其离网运行时易崩溃解列,因此其对可控电源具有较大依赖性。如果将多个微电网接入配电网,并由中低压配电线路连接构成微电网群,群内的电源可以互相提供支持,可以有效地避免单一微电网运行的缺陷。因此,微电网群内的电源类型和容量的配置就显得非常重要。
微电网中的电源一般包括风、光等各类可再生能源发电和储能设备。其中风、光的出力呈现出复杂的相关关系,例如同一地区风光出力之间可能会呈现出负相关关系,而相邻地区的风电/光伏之间一般存在着较强的正相关关系[2]。因此基于微电网群中可再生能源发电的时空分布特性精准地构建出它们出力之间的相关关系,是微电网群容量配置是否合理的关键。对于多维随机变量,常采用Copula函数[3]和Nataf变换法[4]来构建其相关关系。多维Copula函数的构建一般是通过藤Copula的方式生成,较为繁琐,而基于Nataf变换的方法通过完成原始空间到独立标准正态空间转换,根据每个随机变量的概率密度函数,生成具有已知相关系数的随机序列[4]
考虑可再生能源发电的影响是微电网群规划的重要研究内容之一,如文献[5]提出了一种高可再生能源渗透率背景下以年化综合收益最大为目标的区域微电网群优化规划模型;文献[6]考虑可再生能源接入微电网位置的影响,基于节点耦合度和功率平衡度对微电网群进行集群分区,建立双层交直流混合微电网群优化规划模型。文献[7]为实现100%可再生能源供电,构建以总成本最小为目标的海岛微电网群优化配置模型。文献[8]考虑可再生能源的随机性,采用Copula方法估计预测误差,提出了一种随机规划算法来求解微电网群规划问题。
其次,微电网群的利益主体的划分和群优化目标也会对微电网群中的源储容量配置结果产生重要影响。如文献[9]构建了同一利益主体的以总成本最小为目标的微电网群最优配置模型。文献[10]考虑各微电网接入配电网中互相竞争关系,建立基于非合作博弈的微电网群双层规划模型。文献[11]针对微电网群作为多利益主体接入配电网时微电网群和配电网之间的博弈关系,建立基于主从博弈的微电网群规划模型。由于多利益主体之间的利益协调和分配更为复杂,微电网群的规划一般应该作为单一利益主体考虑。
最后,由于微电网群规划考虑了微电网间的互联共济,且多是以经济、低碳或可靠性为目标的多目标规划,因此其求解方法主要采用启发式算法[5,7]或已有的求解器[6,9-11]。目前常见的启发式算法如粒子群算法、遗传算法等,虽然可以较好地处理非线性问题,但收敛速度、全局搜索能力和局部搜索能力都有待改善;而求解器虽然求解混合整数线性规划问题效率很高,但对非线性问题的处理能力较差。
综上,目前微电网群规划研究的文献虽然考虑到了可再生能源渗透率的影响,但忽略了区域微电网群风光电源出力时空相关性变化对微电网群源储容量配置的影响,缺少对待规划区域的风光资源特性的全面性描述,且采用的多目标求解算法有待改进。因此,本文首先基于Nataf变换生成具有空间相关性的风光初始出力场景,再通过优化次序重构具有时间相关特性的风光出力场景。在此基础上,考虑微电网群作为单一利益主体投资的经济性和可再生能源的消纳,构建了以微电网群年化总成本和累计源荷差最小为目标的多目标规划模型,采用收敛快速的多目标Jaya算法(MOJaya)求解,并采用模糊隶属度函数构建Pareto最优解集中解的满意度。最后,算例对具有三个微电网的微电网群进行了多场景下的源储容量配置,验证了本文所建模型可以有效提升微电网群源荷配置的精准性,降低总的投资成本,同时降低微电网群的碳排放水平,并提升可再生能源消纳能力。
Weibull分布和Beta分布分别是当前使用较广的用于风速和光伏的概率模型[12],相邻地区的风光出力近似满足同一概率分布,由文献[13]中实测数据可知,风电场间距离每增加40 km相关系数约下降0.1,其相关系数与距离的拟合函数如下式所示:
ρv=2/πarcsin(e-0.001 82d)
式中:d为两个风电场之间的距离。
光伏在1 000 km以内其相关系数均在0.85以上,本文研究的是给定区域内的微电网群的规划问题,各光伏电站间相关系数统一使用0.95。
Nataf变换可以根据已知的每个随机变量的边缘概率密度函数和随机变量之间的相关系数来对相关性进行建模[4]。假设n维风/光变量V=[v1,v2,,vn]T中第i个变量边缘概率分布函数为Fi(v),相关系数矩阵为ρV=(ρv,ij)n×nρv,ij为变量vivj间的相关系数,其定义为[14]
ρv,ij=COV(vi,vj)/[D(vi)D(vj)]
式中:COV(vi,vj)为变量vivj的协方差;D(vi)D(vj)分别为变量vivj的标准差。
Nataf变换的基本步骤如下:
1)根据已知n维相关系数矩阵ρV与标准正态分布变量X的相关系数矩阵ρX的映射关系,根据下式解非线性方程,可以计算得到矩阵ρX中的各元素ρx,ij,进而求得矩阵ρX

ρv,ij=-+-+{Fi-1[Φ(xi)]-μiσi}{Fj-1[Φ(xj)]-μjσj}ϕ(xi,xj, ρx,ij)dxidxj

式中:Φ()为标准正态分布的概率分布函数;μiμjσiσj分别为变量xixj的均值和标准差;ϕ(xi,xj, ρx,ij)为相关系数为ρx,ij的标准正态随机变量xixj的联合概率密度函数。
对矩阵ρX采用Cholesky分解:
ρX=GXGXT
式中:GX为一个对角元素为正数的下三角实矩阵。
2)随机抽样生成N个独立标准正态分布变量Y的样本Ys
3)通过下式得到相关系数矩阵为ρX的变量X的样本Xs
Xs=GXYs
4)通过等概率转换原则生成相关系数矩阵为ρV的初始样本Vs
Vs=F-1[Φ(Xs)]
Vs=v1,1v1,2v1,Nv2,1v2,2v2,Nvn,1vn,2vn,N
上述方法生成的初始样本Vs每列之间不满足时间上的自相关性,由皮尔逊相关系数可知,对矩阵Vs的列向量进行调序不会改变它们的行向量的相关系数,也不会改变各行的概率分布,因此对初始样本矩阵进行时序重构便可得到具有时间自相关性的风光场景Vst[15]
时序重构首先根据聚类算法得出具有季节特性的风光出力基准曲线,重构的标准是使得重构后的风光出力列向量序列与基准序列的平均绝对误差最小,遍历初始样本的列向量次序,得出具有时空相关性的风光场景Vst。平均绝对误差定义为
MAE=1Ni=1N|vst,i-vt,i|
式中:vst,ivt,i分别为重构后的风光序列和基准风光序列。
区域微电网群系统结构图如图1所示。图中各微电网之间和微电网与配电网之间可以通过联络线和配电线路进行双向功率传输。微电网群中主要的电源设备有:风机、光伏、储能、其他非可再生能源类分布式电源及逆变装置等,本文只考虑风光储容量配置。
设单个微电网i的t时刻的源荷净功率差为Pnet,it=PPV,it+PWT,it-PL,it,其中风电出力PWT,it和光伏出力PPV,it满足最大功率跟踪,风电和光伏出力数学模型见文献[16]。其中两种运行模式下的能量管理策略如下:
1)区域微电网群独立运行。各微电网只能与配电网进行功率交换。当Pnet,it0时,缺额部分优先由储能提供,但当储能无法提供功率时,则向配电网购电;当Pnet,it0时,根据储能的SOC,储能充满时剩余功率向配电网售电。
2)区域微电网群协同运行。即各微电网既能与配电网进行功率交换又可与其他微电网进行功率交换。对于Pnet,it0,优先考虑与区域内其他微电网购电,再从配电网购电;对于Pnet,it0,余电优先向其它微电网传输功率,若有剩余,根据储能的SOC,储能充满时向配电网售电。
考虑含N个子微电网的微电网群中风光储的容量配置,为兼顾微电网运营商的经济效益与微电网运行的低碳性,建立以目标函数为微电网群系统年化总成本C和源荷差F最小的微电网群系统协同规划模型,决策变量为各微电网的光伏、风机、储能的容量。
1)年化总成本最小。公式如下:
minC=C1+C2+C3
式中:C1为年化投资成本;C2 为年维护成本;C3为年运行成本。
各部分成本具体计算如下:
C1=i=1Nm=13Si,mCmr(1+r)Ym(1+r)Ym-1
式中:i为微电网编号;r为贴现率;m为设备编号,m取1~3分别代表风机、光伏和储能;Si,m为第i个微电网第m种设备的容量;Ym为第m台设备的生命周期;Cm为第m种设备的单位安装成本。
C2=εC1
式中:ε为维护成本系数。
C3=Cgrid+CMG
其中
Cgrid=i=1Nt=1T[ηλgrid,b(t)Pgrid,i(t)-μλgrid,s(t)Pgrid,i(t)]CMG=i=1NjiNt=1T[ηλMG,b(t)Pi,j(t)-μλMG,s(t)Pi,j(t)]式中:Cgrid为微电网与配电网间的购售电成本;CMG为微电网相互之间的功率交互成本;T为年运行小时数,为8 760;λgrid,b(t)λgrid,s(t)λMG,b(t)λMG,s(t)分别为t时段微电网与配电网间和微电网间的购电、售电电价;Pgrid,i(t)Pi,j(t)分别为t时段第i个微电网与配电网交换功率和微电网ij之间交换功率,正值表示购电,此时η=1, μ=0,负值表示售电,此时η=0, μ=1
2)累计源荷差最小。公式如下:

minF=i=1Nt=1T[Pi,WT(t)+Pi,PV(t)+Pi,ES(t)-Pi,L(t)]2

式中:Pi,WT(t)Pi,PV(t)Pi,ES(t)Pi,L(t)分别为第i个微电网t时刻风机、光伏、储能和负荷的功率值。
累计源荷差越小表示各微电网与配电网的电能交易量越小,微电网从配电网购得的火电电能越少且出售的清洁能源越少,因此微电网群系统的碳排放水平越低同时风光消纳率越高。
1)微电网中各分布式电源容量有如下约束:
0Si,mSi,mmax(1m3,1iN)
式中:Si,mmax为第i个微电网第m种设备的最大容量。
2)功率平衡约束。微电网群除了满足总体的功率平衡外,单个微电网功率平衡也要满足,其公式如下:
PWT+PPV+PES+Pgrid=PL
PWT,i+PPV,i+PES,i+Pgrid,i+j=1,jiNPj,i=PL,i
3)微电网间功率交换约束:
-Pi,jmaxPi,j(t)Pi,jmax    i, j, ij-Pgrid,imaxPgrid,i(t)Pgrid,imax
式中:Pi,jmaxPgrid,imax分别为微电网间和微电网与配电网间最大传输功率。
4)储能出力约束。储能在t时刻的SOC与充放电功率满足如下约束:

SOCi(t)=SOCi(t-1)(1-σ)-PES,i(t)ηCPES,i(t)0SOCi(t)=SOCi(t-1)(1-σ)-PES,i(t)/ηFPES,i(t)0SOCi,minSOC(t)SOCi,maxPES,iminPES,i(t)PES,imax

式中:PES,i(t)为第i个微电网中t时刻储能的充放电功率,大于0代表放电,小于0代表充电;ηCηF分别为充电和放电效率;σ为储能每小时的自放电比例。
5)微电网供电可靠性约束。保证微电网中重要负荷在微电网故障或孤岛状态下能够独立运行2 h,需满足如下约束:
Gown=SESSOCminαPL,maxTowng
式中:Gown为独立运行能力;SES为储能设备的额定容量;SOCmin为设定的储能设备SOC下限;α为安全裕度系数,该值取1.1;PL,max为年负荷最大值;Town为设定的微电网在孤岛状态下具备的独立运行时间,规定该值不低于2 h;g为不可调节负荷占本微电网最大负荷的比例。
本文采用Jaya算法来优化求解容量配置模型。相比于传统启发式算法如粒子群算法和遗传算法,Jaya算法无需设置除种群和迭代数外的其他控制参数,单步迭代中只进行一次位置更新,且在位置更新时考虑了步长的随机性,因此收敛速度更快且不易陷入局部最优解[17]。Jaya算法的基本思想是趋近最优解,远离最差解,其解的更新公式如下:
Xj,k,i'=Xj,k,i+r1,j,i(Xj,best,i-|Xj,k,i|)-r2,j,i(Xj,worst,i-|Xj,k,i|)
式中:Xj,k,iXj,best,iXj,worst,i分别为第i次迭代过程中第k个个体的第j个变量、目标函数值最好和最差个体的第j个变量;r1,j,ir2,j,i分别为0至1之间的随机数,可根据随机数生成函数生成;Xj,k,i'Xj,k,i更新后的值。
本文采用文献[18]中提出的MOJaya,通过在Jaya算法中引入非支配排序方法和拥挤度计算来解决多目标优化问题中目标之间的冲突和拥挤的问题。
在具有W个优化目标的规划问题中,第i次迭代形成的解集P中解xn的排序是基于各解之间的非支配关系进行的。
如果解x1x2为P中的任意两个解,满足下式的Pareto全部支配条件,那么称x1支配x2,即解x1优于x2
fwx1fwx2w{1,,W}fwx1fwx2w{1,,W}
如果在P中不存在优于x^的其他解,那么解x^就称为非支配解。非支配排序就是将非支配解按照支配关系分层。
非支配解作为最优解被从P中移除,被分配到解的第一层;对P中剩余的解按照式(19)继续进行比较,并不断将新产生的非支配解分配到第一层,直至P中剩余的解都被第一层支配。然后在P剩余的解中重复进行支配关系的比较,新产生的非支配解将被分配到第二层,重复这一过程直到P中的所有解都获得相应的层级[19]
解的拥挤度反映的是其在目标空间的分布情况,解密集的区域,其拥挤度越高,反之越低。剔除拥挤度较大区域的部分解可以均衡解的搜索区域[20]
对于解xn附近解的点拥挤度计算如下:
1)初始化解xn的拥挤度ξxn=0
2)将同一层级的所有候选解按第w个目标的目标函数值fw从小到大排序;
3)累加xn的第w个目标函数fw的拥挤度,计算得到待选解xn的拥挤度ξxnw
ξxnw=ξxnw-1+(fwxn+1-fwxn-1)/(fwmax-fwmin)
式中:fwmaxfwmin分别为第w个目标函数的总体最大值和总体最小值;fwxn+1为第w个目标函数仅大于fwxn的目标函数值;fwxn-1为第w个目标函数仅小于fwxn的目标函数值。
最后通过模糊隶属度函数对Pareto解评价其满意度,选择最优折衷解。模糊隶属度函数定义为
γaf=1fwfwmin(fwmax-fw)/(fwmax-fwmin)fwminfwfwmax0fwfwmax
式中:γaf为模糊隶属度函数,在0至1之间表示其满意程度。
多目标Jaya算法求解总体流程图如图2所示。
具体步骤如下:
1)首先设置与第1节和第2节相关的基本参数,包括风光相关性场景、负荷数据和设备参数等;
2)设定种群数、变量数和迭代次数;
3)将初始化粒子代入微电网群运行控制策略,进行非支配排序并计算拥挤度;
4)基于拥挤度距离和非支配排序结果确定种群中最优解和最劣解;
5)按照位置更新策略修正候选解,将候选解和修正解结合,重新排序并计算拥挤度;
6)将更新后的粒子代入第4)步,迭代循环至最大迭代次数终止,输出Pareto解集,选用模糊隶属度函数得到最优解。
算例所需参数设置如下:光伏和风机投资成本分别为12 700元/kW和10 000元/kW,蓄电池的投资成本为1 872元/(kW·h),贴现率为8%。储能充放电最大功率取储能容量的1/4,效率为75%,初始SOC为0.5,其上限和下限分别为0.2和0.9。设各微电网的电源的上限都为300 kW。微电网相关分时电价如图3所示。
算例所需光照和风速历史数据来源于上海某园区,三个地区微电网负荷分别采用商业居民混合、商业和居民负荷特性,以冬季典型日为例,其负荷如图4所示。
假设三个地区微电网各相距10 km,其风机出力和光伏出力相关系数分别约为0.88和0.95。根据历史数据分别估计出四个季节的风机和光伏出力的概率分布,以Nataf逆变换生成风光初始场景如图5图6所示,重构后其中场景如图7图8所示。从图中可以看出初始场景同一时刻增减具有相关性,重构后的风光出力时间上呈现出自相关特性。
针对四种场景微电网群容量配置结果进行比较,场景分类如表1所示。
其中场景一的微电网群优化配置的Pareto解集如图9所示,可见微电网群系统年化总成本与系统源荷差值负相关,优化配置结果如表2所示。四种场景下微电网群规划的指标如表3所示。
表3可知,场景一虽然投资成本高于场景二,但是其运行成本低于场景二,与场景二相比年化总成本减少3.2%。场景二比场景一的购电成本多37.9%,这是由于场景二发电量更少,且各微电网功率不足时只能向配电网购电,场景一则可以向其他微电网购电,各微电网间购售电量总和为零,因此总的微电网交互成本为零,且微电网之间的交易电价低于向配电网的购电电价,场景一减少了与配电网交易的电量。
与场景一相比场景三的投资成本更高,但其总购电成本也高于场景一,售电收益有小幅增加,与场景一相比年化总成本增加1.1%。场景四与场景一相比年化总成本增加1.4%,场景四和场景一二者的差异在于后者的微电网交互量更高,因此减少了向配电网购电的成本。综上,场景一是使用本文方法和最符合实际的规划场景,场景一的规划方案提高了微电网群的经济性和环保性,验证了本文所提方法的合理性。
表4是选取场景一的微电网群规划情况,将本文算法与多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO)和用含精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行比较的结果。
通过表4可以看出,在采用MOPSO和NSGA-Ⅱ时,两种算法的计算时间要慢于本文算法,且两种算法的收敛性要差于本文算法,优化后的年运行成本和源荷差都高于本文算法。因此本文算法各方面都要优于MOPSO和NSGA-Ⅱ算法。
以冬季典型日MG2运行情况为例,分析独立和互联时微电网内部功率传输平衡,如图10图11所示。
各微电网独立运行时,由图10可知,由于MG2负荷较大,主要向电网购电。MG2在01:00—04:00,12:00,21:00—22:00时段功率剩余,此时微电网优先储能电池充电,多余的电向电网售电。MG2在其他时间段都处于缺电状态,在早高峰(05:00—08:00)时段,由储能进行供电。早高峰之后,由于储能完全放电,MG2向配电网购电。
当区域微电网互联时,由图11可知,在00:00—07:00及21:00—22:00时段,MG2可以独立运行,除此之外的时间段,MG2处于缺电状态,此时由于微电网之间电价相较于向配电网购电便宜,故MG1和MG3优先给MG2传输电能,再考虑向配电网购电;在部分早间和晚间时段,由于风机或光伏出力较大,MG2有功率剩余,由于向电网售电的电价较高,而这个时段MG1和MG3处于缺电状态,为降低微电网群系统的运行成本,这种情况下MG2优先向MG1和MG3传输功率,剩余功率再进行蓄电池充电。互联情况下,MG3中储能电池的充放电次数和向电网购电成本较区域各微电网独立运行时有所减小。
本文研究了微电网群柔性互联互济的协同规划问题,考虑了相邻地区风光出力相关性问题,构建了微电网群容量配置模型,并采用多目标Jaya算法进行求解。通过算例分析得出以下结论:
1)考虑微电网群协同运行能够充分协调微电网的经济运行,从而在规划层面有效地降低投资成本。
2)不同地区的风与光出力之间具有一定差异性,在空间上存在互补性,考虑风光出力的时空相关性能够生成更真实的场景,使得规划方案更加准确。
3)由于不同地区的负荷特性不同,当各微电网相连时各负荷能够达到互补,实现削峰填谷,减少弃风弃光率。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(520934220005)
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2025年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25128
  • 接收时间:2023-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-11
  • 修回日期:2023-08-30
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国家电网有限公司科技项目(520934220005)
作者信息
    1 国网上海青浦供电公司,上海 201700
    2 东南大学溧阳研究院,江苏 常州 213300

通讯作者:

左方林(1999—),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为微电网规划及相关性研究,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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