Article(id=1190325457171091565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325454285410397, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25649, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708012800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-16, revisedDate=1710864000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725304167, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725304167, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725304167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725304167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325454285410397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725303479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725303479, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325457473081455, articleId=1190325457171091565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Day-ahead Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System with 5G Base Stations and Demand Response, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The massive access of 5G base stations has injected new vitality into the low-carbon development of integrated energy system (IES). By stimulating 5G base stations to participate in demand response and incorporating them into the scheduling framework of IES,energy saving and emission reduction of IES can be effectively promoted and the overall economic benefits of IES can be improved. Accordingly,a campus IES day-ahead scheduling model that considers low-carbon empowerment of 5G base stations was proposed. Firstly,the basic structure and main energy consumption inside the 5G base station were analyzed,and a flexible interaction model between the 5G base station and the IES system was constructed;secondly,a price-based demand response model based on the price elasticity matrix and a substitution-based demand response model based on the electric energy-thermal energy interconversion were constructed,and the IES day-ahead scheduling model was built with the lowest scheduling cost as the objective function;meanwhile,the IES risk-averse robust model was further constructed by using the information gap decision theory to deal with the uncertainty of renewable energy output. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed model and the proposed algorithm were verified by various typical operation scenarios in an IES system.

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5G基站的大量接入为综合能源系统(IES)的低碳化发展注入了新的活力,通过激励5G基站参与需求响应并将其纳入IES的调度框架,可以有效促进IES的节能减排,并提高IES整体的经济效益。据此,提出了一种考虑5G基站低碳赋能的IES日前调度模型。首先,分析了5G基站内部的基本结构及主要能耗,构建了5G基站与IES系统的灵活互动模型;其次,构建了基于弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型以及基于电能-热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型,并以调度成本最低为目标函数构建了IES日前调度模型;与此同时,针对可再生能源出力的不确定性,采用信息间隙决策理论对其进行处理,进一步构建了IES风险规避鲁棒模型。最后,以某IES系统为例,通过多种典型运行场景验证了所构模型以及所提算法的有效性。

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朱庆(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂、碳排预测、负荷预测、5G在电力系统的应用、可信计算,Email:

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朱庆(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂、碳排预测、负荷预测、5G在电力系统的应用、可信计算,Email:

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朱庆(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂、碳排预测、负荷预测、5G在电力系统的应用、可信计算,Email:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Power purchase of IES under different models, figureFileSmall=d264wTS9fxpmxKxPwN0RvQ==, figureFileBig=72PG/HDkCkYCy+HbrlTUJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325971136909675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同模型下IES电力市场购电量, figureFileSmall=d264wTS9fxpmxKxPwN0RvQ==, figureFileBig=72PG/HDkCkYCy+HbrlTUJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325971199824236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Operating parameters of each IES aggregation unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 设备参数 数值
GT 安装容量/kW 4 000
电效率 0.3
热效率 0.4
GB 安装容量/kW 1 000
效率 0.9
WHB 效率 0.8
热泵 安装容量/kW 400
转换率 4.4
余热发电装置 安装容量/kW 400
转换率 0.8
切除系数 0.15
储热罐 最大容量/kW 400
效率 0.95
最大功率/kW 250
蓄电池 容量/kW 400
充放电效率 0.95
充放电功率/kW 250
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971271127405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IES各聚合单元运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 设备参数 数值
GT 安装容量/kW 4 000
电效率 0.3
热效率 0.4
GB 安装容量/kW 1 000
效率 0.9
WHB 效率 0.8
热泵 安装容量/kW 400
转换率 4.4
余热发电装置 安装容量/kW 400
转换率 0.8
切除系数 0.15
储热罐 最大容量/kW 400
效率 0.95
最大功率/kW 250
蓄电池 容量/kW 400
充放电效率 0.95
充放电功率/kW 250
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971334041966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Electricity market transaction price

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电价/[元•(kW•h)-1]
购电 售电
峰期(09:00—12:00,19:00—22:00) 1.09 0.5
平期(08:00—09:00,12:00—19:00,
22:00—24:00)
0.68 0.5
谷期(00:00—次日08:00) 0.35 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971396956527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电力市场交易价格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电价/[元•(kW•h)-1]
购电 售电
峰期(09:00—12:00,19:00—22:00) 1.09 0.5
平期(08:00—09:00,12:00—19:00,
22:00—24:00)
0.68 0.5
谷期(00:00—次日08:00) 0.35 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971464065392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Basic parameters of the 5G base station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值 参数 取值
收发器的个数 6 斜率 2.6
可用宽带数/MHz 20 固定功耗(电源、冷却系统)/W 16.7
基站最大传输功率/W 39.8 固定信号所占发射功率比例 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971539562865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5G基站基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值 参数 取值
收发器的个数 6 斜率 2.6
可用宽带数/MHz 20 固定功耗(电源、冷却系统)/W 16.7
基站最大传输功率/W 39.8 固定信号所占发射功率比例 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971606671730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

IES different operation scheme table

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参数 需求响应 5G基站 碳交易
方案1
方案2 ×
方案3 ×
方案4 × ×
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971686363507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

IES不同运行方案表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 需求响应 5G基站 碳交易
方案1
方案2 ×
方案3 ×
方案4 × ×
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971757666676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Operating costs under different schemes

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方案 总成本/元 碳排放量/kg 碳交易
成本/元
运维成本/元 购能成本/元
1 18 695.0 4 212.1 138.4 1 142.5 17 158.2
2 20 767.8 20 039.2 658.6 1 725.1 18 384.2
3 19 158.9 4 681.2 153.9 1 150.1 17 535.7
4 22 354.8 20 634.7 678.1 1 790.1 19 886.5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971837358453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同方案下运行成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 总成本/元 碳排放量/kg 碳交易
成本/元
运维成本/元 购能成本/元
1 18 695.0 4 212.1 138.4 1 142.5 17 158.2
2 20 767.8 20 039.2 658.6 1 725.1 18 384.2
3 19 158.9 4 681.2 153.9 1 150.1 17 535.7
4 22 354.8 20 634.7 678.1 1 790.1 19 886.5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971912855926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Electric load characteristics before and after demand response

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最大负荷/ kW 最小负荷/ kW 峰谷差/kW 平均负荷/kW 负荷率/%
响应前 2 700 1 725 975 2 084 77.18
响应后 2 503 1 744 759 2 131 85.13
), ArticleFig(id=1190325971992547703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

需求响应前后电负荷特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大负荷/ kW 最小负荷/ kW 峰谷差/kW 平均负荷/kW 负荷率/%
响应前 2 700 1 725 975 2 084 77.18
响应后 2 503 1 744 759 2 131 85.13
), ArticleFig(id=1190325972076433784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Heat load characteristics before and after demand response

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大负荷
/ kW
最小负荷/ kW 峰谷差/kW 平均负荷/kW 负荷率/%
响应前 2 480 1 500 960 2 081 83.91
响应后 2 525 1 591 968 2 059 81.54
), ArticleFig(id=1190325972143542649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325457171091565, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

需求响应前后热负荷特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大负荷
/ kW
最小负荷/ kW 峰谷差/kW 平均负荷/kW 负荷率/%
响应前 2 480 1 500 960 2 081 83.91
响应后 2 525 1 591 968 2 059 81.54
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计及5G基站及需求响应的综合能源系统日前优化调度
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朱庆 , 纪程
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(1): 70-80
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(1): 70-80
计及5G基站及需求响应的综合能源系统日前优化调度
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朱庆 , 纪程
作者信息
  • 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司,江苏 南京 211106
  • 朱庆(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂、碳排预测、负荷预测、5G在电力系统的应用、可信计算,Email:

Day-ahead Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System with 5G Base Stations and Demand Response
Qing ZHU , Cheng JI
Affiliations
  • Nari Technology Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 211106,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25649
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5G基站的大量接入为综合能源系统(IES)的低碳化发展注入了新的活力,通过激励5G基站参与需求响应并将其纳入IES的调度框架,可以有效促进IES的节能减排,并提高IES整体的经济效益。据此,提出了一种考虑5G基站低碳赋能的IES日前调度模型。首先,分析了5G基站内部的基本结构及主要能耗,构建了5G基站与IES系统的灵活互动模型;其次,构建了基于弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型以及基于电能-热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型,并以调度成本最低为目标函数构建了IES日前调度模型;与此同时,针对可再生能源出力的不确定性,采用信息间隙决策理论对其进行处理,进一步构建了IES风险规避鲁棒模型。最后,以某IES系统为例,通过多种典型运行场景验证了所构模型以及所提算法的有效性。

5G基站  /  综合需求响应  /  综合能源系统  /  低碳调度  /  信息间隙决策

The massive access of 5G base stations has injected new vitality into the low-carbon development of integrated energy system (IES). By stimulating 5G base stations to participate in demand response and incorporating them into the scheduling framework of IES,energy saving and emission reduction of IES can be effectively promoted and the overall economic benefits of IES can be improved. Accordingly,a campus IES day-ahead scheduling model that considers low-carbon empowerment of 5G base stations was proposed. Firstly,the basic structure and main energy consumption inside the 5G base station were analyzed,and a flexible interaction model between the 5G base station and the IES system was constructed;secondly,a price-based demand response model based on the price elasticity matrix and a substitution-based demand response model based on the electric energy-thermal energy interconversion were constructed,and the IES day-ahead scheduling model was built with the lowest scheduling cost as the objective function;meanwhile,the IES risk-averse robust model was further constructed by using the information gap decision theory to deal with the uncertainty of renewable energy output. Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed model and the proposed algorithm were verified by various typical operation scenarios in an IES system.

5G base station  /  integrated demand response(IDR)  /  integrated energy system(IES)  /  low carbon dispatch  /  information gap decision
朱庆, 纪程. 计及5G基站及需求响应的综合能源系统日前优化调度. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (1) : 70 -80 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25649
Qing ZHU, Cheng JI. Day-ahead Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System with 5G Base Stations and Demand Response[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (1) : 70 -80 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25649
用户用能需求的日益多元化增加同日益枯竭的化石能源和日益严峻的环境污染之间的尖锐矛盾成为当下亟需解决的关键问题[1]。在此背景下,综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)为缓解能源供需矛盾提供了新的途径[2]。IES通过对不同形式能源进行耦合和转化,显著提高能源利用效率,满足用户多元化用能需求,并减少单一能源供给体系造成的能源浪费[3]。目前,已有较多专家学者对IES建模仿真[4]、运行规划[5]以及发展前景[6]等进行了深入的研究,但对于IES中用户侧可控负荷的研究仍有所不足。
综合需求响应(integrated demand response,IDR)作为一种能源调度策略,通过调整用户的用能行为来提高能源系统的灵活性和响应能力,进而实现能源的高效利用与低碳化发展[7]。将综合需求响应与综合能源系统结合,不仅可以提高能源系统的整体效率,还能够有效降低能源消耗,减少环境污染,并提升能源系统的稳定性和可靠性,具有重要的实际价值。文献[8]对综合需求响应在IES中的应用进行了展望,并对IDR的概念、建模以及发展进行了详细总结。文献[9]研究基于直接负荷控制的IDR优化运行策略,并将其纳入到电-热-气耦合系统的综合经济优化调度模型中。文献[10]分析了不确定性因素对IDR响应策略的影响,并基于WCVaR法对不确定性因素进行具体度量。尽管上述文献对IDR的控制和响应策略进行了深入研究,但缺乏对IDR的精细化分类与建模。
同时,随着5G通信技术的普及,成千上万的5G基站已成为配电网中的重要负荷。通过合理的调控策略管理5G基站的能源供应和设备使用,可以进一步挖掘其蕴含的需求响应潜力,为IES的低碳化运行提供可靠支撑。文献[11]构建了基于分时电价和负荷情况的5G基站光储系统容量优化配置方法。文献[12]基于图论法求解出可再生能源与5G基站联合运行的经济性方案。文献[13]研究了5G技术在虚拟电厂协调调度方面的应用,不仅可以降低虚拟电厂的运行成本,还可以实现智能调度和通信。文献[14]则提出一种用于5G系统供能的水电一体化分配系统,并研究了其与上级电网之间的友好互动。尽管上述文献对5G基站的应用和节能技术进行了深入研究,但目前关于5G基站在IES调度框架中的作用研究较为有限,对其能量-信息耦合的精细化描述模型也尚待完善。
由于可再生能源出力具有较高的随机性,为了避免日内高额偏差惩罚,IES的日前调度需考虑随机变量的影响。文献[15]研究能源集线器的随机优化问题,采用李雅普诺夫漂移加惩罚函数的形式对不确定性变量进行处理。文献[16-17]则采用随机规划法对IES中可再生能源及负荷的不确定性进行处理,文献[17]还通过CVaR法对随机变量带来的潜在风险进行刻画。文献[18]通过深度强化学习法处理IES调度模型的不确定性,通过离线训练与在线应用实现不确定性波动的平抑。文献[19]则通过两阶段分布鲁棒法对研究随机变量最恶劣概率分布下的IES构建最优调度策略,从而降低了模型的保守性。然而,目前大部分研究都倾向于将不确定性视为不利因素,而忽略了其潜在收益。信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT)则可以在未知概率分布的情况下量化不确定性,并在保证系统鲁棒性的同时兼顾系统的经济性,从而克服了传统随机优化以及鲁棒优化的不足。因此,本文引入信息间隙决策理论度量风光出力随机性的影响,并构建了IGDT鲁棒模型和机会模型,从而为不同风险偏好的投资者提供决策依据。
综上所述,本文提出了一种考虑5G基站和综合需求响应的IES日前优化调度模型。首先,分析了5G基站的基本结构与能量-信息耦合模型,构建了5G基站与IES系统的灵活互动模型;在此基础上,将5G基站纳入IES的调度框架,构建了考虑综合需求响应以及5G基站低碳赋能的IES日前优化调度模型。同时,为了对日前调度过程中风光出力随机性进行处理,分别基于IGDT理论构建了鲁棒模型以及机会模型。最后以某IES为例,验证了模型的有效性。
现有5G基站按照应用场景和覆盖范围可分为5G宏基站以及微基站,其中宏基站主要用于广域覆盖,整体功耗较高;微基站多用于室内补盲,整体功耗较低。由于宏基站需求响应的潜力更大,因此本文的研究主要是基于宏基站开展。
5G基站的主要设备包括供电设备和通信设备,按照基站额外要求还一般配备照明、空调等设施。供电设备有普通电源和储能电池,通信设备则包括网络传输设备、基带单元以及有源天线等,其简单构成图如图1所示。图中,储能电池是后备供电电源,在配电网发生停电事故时,由储能设备放电以短暂地维持基站的通信负载需求,保障通信服务不中断,提高基站的可靠性。
G基站的负荷主要分为交流负荷和直流负荷。其中交流负荷主要包括基站室内的照明、空调负荷等,用于维持基站室内的基本环境。直流负荷是基站内的主要负荷形式,其中以有源天线负载为最大的能耗设备,通常可以占到总用电量的90%,且功耗直接由基站的通信负载决定,具体可细分为功率放大、数字中频、电源功耗以及小信号。不同负载率下,有源天线的各项功耗占比如图2所示。
由上述分析可知,5G基站的功耗包括与5G业务相关的能量负载和静态损耗,单个5G基站的能耗可以表示为[20]
Pm,tjz=q=1Nm,qSFPm,q,tTR+Pm,tnor
式中:Pm,tjz为基站mt时刻的总能耗;Nm,qSFt时刻基站m中开启的收发器的数量,主要与基站的负载率有关;Pm,q,tTR为基站m内第q个收发器的功耗;Pm,tnor为基站m的静态能耗。
Pm,q,tTR的具体表达式为
Pm,q,tTR=um,q,twork(Pm,t0+ΔPmPm,q,tout)+(1-um,q,twork)Pmoff
式中:um,q,twork为布尔变量,表示收发器是否工作,若工作则记为1,否则取0;Pm,t0为空载功耗;ΔPm为负载功耗相关的斜率;Pmoff为单个收发器休眠状态的功耗;Pm,q,tout为收发器的输出传输功率。
Pm,q,tout具体计算公式如下:
Pm,q,tout=(1-ΔPgu)Pmmaxrmbdrm,q,tkd+ΔPguPmmaxγ
式中:ΔPgu为固定信令信号所占的发射功率比例;Pmmax为基站m每个收发器的最大传输功率;rmbd为收发器最大宽带利用数;rm,q,tkd为实际数据传输的宽带数;γ为加权因子,与当前收发器的工作状态相关。
5G基站的收发器数量受基站自身配置的约束如下:
0Nm,tSFNmSFmax
式中:NmSFmax为基站配置的收发器数量。
每个收发器的传输数据宽带应满足如下约束:
0rm,q,tkdrmbd
为了实现电能、热能的耦合协同优化,促进能源的梯级利用,并实现源-荷之间的友好互动,本文构建了图3所示的IES架构。在电源侧,考虑风电、光伏、热电联产机组(combined heat and power,CHP)、燃气锅炉(gas boiler,GB),其中,CHP机组由余热锅炉(waste heat boiler,WHB)、燃气轮机(gas turbine,GT)以及基于有机朗肯循环(organic rankine cycle,ORC)的余热发电装置组成,CHP机组实现了热电耦合,可以根据实际系统需求及时调整电、热出力比例,从而适应IES系统不同的运行工况。此外,本文还将集群化的5G基站纳入到IES的调度框架,通过对5G基站内部储能的调控以及负载率的控制,实现5G基站与IES系统友好互动,改善负荷曲线并减少系统碳排放量。
热电联产机组通过耦合电-热,能够提高机组整体的运行效率,其热电耦合与转换关系如下:
Ptdchp=Ptdgt+Ptdorc
Pthchp=Pthgtβtμwhb
Ptdgt=QtgchpηdVg
Pthgt=QtgchpηhVg
Ptdorc=Pthgtαtδorc
αt+βt=1
式中:PtdchpPthchpQtgchp分别为t时刻CHP机组的输出电功率、热功率以及天然气消耗量;PtdgtPtdorc分别为GT和低温余热装置的输出电功率;Pthgt为GT输出热功率;βt为GT产生的余热分配给WHB的比例;μwhb为WHB的热转换效率;ηdVg分别为GT的气转电效率和天然气低热值;ηh为GT的气转热效率;αt为GT产生的余热分配给余热发电装置的比例;δorc为余热发电装置的效率。
CHP机组各设备的能耗上、下限约束见参考文献[21],此处不再赘述。
燃气锅炉通过消纳天然气输出一定的热功率,而热泵则通过消耗电能输出热功率,具体如下:
QtHP=ηHPPtHP
0PtHPPtHPmax
Qtgb=ηgbQtqgb
0QtqgbQgbmax
式中:QtHP为热泵输出热功率;PtHP为热泵产热的能耗;ηHP为热泵的电热转换系数;PtHPmax为热泵能耗上限;Qtgb为GB的输出热功率;Qtqgb为GB的耗气量;Qgbmax为GB能耗上限。
储能设备包括电储能以及热储能,主要运行约束包括最大储电(热)及放电(热)功率约束、最大蓄电(热)量约束以及蓄电(热)量等式约束,相关模型已较为成熟,具体可参考文献[22]。
为实现IES内部源-荷友好互动,改善负荷曲线并提高IES的整体效益,本文考虑IES调控需求响应负荷,具体包括价格型需求响应负荷以及替代型需求响应负荷。
价格型需求响应负荷又可以分为可削减负荷以及可转移负荷,其主要响应特性为对电价变动较为敏感,因此,可通过构建价格需求弹性矩阵Et,ts来具体描述其需求响应量,矩阵中的元素表示如下:
et,ts=ΔPL,te/PL,te0Δρts/ρts0
式中:et,ts为弹性矩阵第t行第ts列的元素值,表示t时刻负荷对ts时刻电价的弹性系数;ρts0PL,te0分别为原始电价和原始负荷;ΔPL,teΔρts分别为需求响应前后的负荷变化量以及电价变化量。
结合弹性矩阵,t时刻的可削减负荷响应量可进一步表示为
ΔPteIL=PteIL0(ts=124Et,tsILρts-ρts0ρts0)
式中:ΔPteIL为实际响应的可削减负荷;Et,tsIL为削减负荷弹性矩阵;ρts为实时电价;PteIL0为初始可削减负荷。
而可转移负荷也可以通过弹性矩阵表示为
ΔPteSF=PteSF0(ts=124Et,tsSFρts-ρts0ρts0)
式中:ΔPteSF为实际响应的可转移负荷;Et,tsSF为转移负荷弹性矩阵;PteSF0为初始可转移负荷。
替代型需求响应可根据市场电价决策消耗电能还是消耗热能,其基本模型为
ΔPtrse=-κehΔPtrsh
κeh=ξeθeξhθh
式中:ΔPtrse为可替代的电负荷值;κeh为电热负荷替代系数;ΔPtrsh为被替代的热负荷值;ξeθe分别为电能单位热值和利用率;ξhθh分别为热能单位热值和利用率。
替代型负荷运行约束如下:
ΔPminrseΔPtrseΔPmaxrse
ΔPminrshΔPtrshΔPmaxrsh
式中:ΔPminrseΔPmaxrse分别为最小、最大可替代电负荷;ΔPminrshΔPmaxrsh分别为最小、最大可替代热负荷。
需求响应负荷的变化与用户的用电满意度密切相关,为保证用户用电满意度,设置如下约束:

s=1-t=1T(PL,te0+ΔPteIL+ΔPteSF+ΔPtrse)PL,te0smin

式中:s,smin分别为用户用电满意度和最低用电满意度。
除了本文第1.3节所介绍的5G基站能耗模型,本节将对基站内部的储能模型以及功率平衡模型做进一步说明。
基站储能的电池约束如下:
0Pm,tchjzPm,tchmax
0Pm,tdisjzPm,tdismax
EtjzminEtjzEtjzmax
Etjz=Et-1jz+μjzPm,tchjz-Pm,tdisjz/μjz
式中:Pm,tchjzPm,tdisjz分别为基站储能的充电功率和放电功率;Pm,tchmax,Pm ,tdismax分别为基站储能的最大充、放电功率;Etjz为基站储能蓄电量;EtjzminEtjzmax分别为基站储能蓄电量上、下限;μjz为储能的充放电效率。
基站储能作为IES中的能源供给/消费节点,需要满足的内部功率平衡约束为
Ptnet+m=1BSPm,tdisjz=m=1BSPm,tchjz+m=1BSPm,tjz
其中,Ptnet满足以下约束:
-PnetmaxPtnetPnetmax
式中:Ptnet为IES与基站的交互功率,受低压配变容量限制;Pnetmax为最大功率交互值。
此外,为了确保用户的通信质量,5G基站提供的带宽容量需要满足通信所需的吞吐量,具体表示如下:
m=1BSq=1QSrm,q,ttrrtuser
式中:rtuser为用户的总吞吐量需求。
可再生能源出力约束如下:
0PtwtPtprwt
0PtpvPtprpv
式中:PtwtPtpv分别为风、光机组的实际出力;PtprwtPtprpv分别为风、光机组的预测出力。
IES日前调度模型的优化目标为系统整体运行成本最低,其运行成本主要包括:1)IES电力市场、天然气市场交易成本;2)IES各设备的运行维护成本;3)碳交易成本;4)5G基站的调控补偿成本。具体如下:
minCall=Cbuyd+Cbuyq+Com+C5G+Cc
式中:Cbuyd为IES的电力市场交互成本;Cbuyq为IES的天然气购买成本;Com为系统运行维护成本;C5G为5G基站的调控补偿费用;Cc为碳交易成本。
电力市场、天然气市场交易成本的计算公式如下:
Cbuyd=tT(Ptmgbλtb-Ptmgsλts)
Cbuyq=tTQtmgbλtq
式中:PtmgbPtmgs分别为t时刻IES的购电电量和售电电量;λtbλts分别为购电电价和售电电价;Qtmgb为IES购气量;λtq为购气单价。
系统的运行维护成本表示如下:
Com=tTi=1NPi,tieswi
式中:Pi,ties为IES内部各设备的出力;wi为换算到每kW的各设备运行维护系数。
5G基站的调控成本主要是对基站内部储能设备的电池损耗进行补偿,计算公式如下:
C5G=tT(σchPm,tchjz+σdisPm,tdisjz)
式中:σchσdis为单位补偿系数。
IES除了参与电、气市场外,还参与碳交易市场,碳交易市场的结算采用阶梯式碳交易进行:
Ctc=λEtEtlλ1+σEt-l+λllEt2lλ1+2σEt-2l+λ2+σl2lEt3lλ1+3σEt-3l+λ3+3σl3lEt4lλ1+4σEt-4l+λ4+4σlEt4l
式中:λ为基础碳价;Et为系统总的交易碳量;σ为价格增长率;l为区间长度。
总碳交易量可由实际碳排放量减去免费碳排放额度得到[23],具体如下:
Et=Etpai-Etpei
Etpai=γgbQtgb+γgt(Ptdgt+Pthgt)
Etpei=χgbQtgb+χgt(Ptdgt+Pthgt)
式中:EtpaiEtpei分别为t时刻碳排放值和碳配额值;γgbγgt分别为GB和GT的实际碳排放系数;χgbχgt分别为GB和GT的碳配额系数。
IES日前调度模型的约束条件除了本文第1.3节和2.1节中各设备的运行约束外,还应当包括系统整体的功率平衡约束,具体如下:
IES电功率平衡约束:
Ptmgb-Ptmgs+Ptwt+Ptpv+Ptdchp+Ptdis=Ptch+PL,te0+ΔPteIL+ΔPteSF+ΔPtrse+Ptnet
式中:PtchPtdis分别为t时刻储能的充、放电功率。
IES热功率平衡约束:
QtHP+Pthchp+Qtgb+Pthdis=ΔPtrsh+PthL+Pthch
式中:PthchPthdis分别为t时刻储热系统的储热、放热功率。
IES气功率平衡约束:
Qtmgb=Qtgchp+Qtqgb
IGDT理论在日前调度模型中扮演重要角色,特别适用于处理风光出力的随机性与间歇性带来的潜在风险。IGDT可以按照预设目标的好坏,求解出期望目标下不确定性变量的最小/最大扰动区间,为不同的风险偏好决策者提供相应的决策依据。相比其他策略,IGDT在处理未知概率分布时具有优势,保证了决策的数学严谨性,且决策过程一致性强。此外,IGDT泛化性能强,适用于各种领域和应用,无需假设或调整具体的概率分布。
IGDT模型按照决策者风险偏好具体分为机会型以及鲁棒型两种,机会型决策者更多地追求不确定性带来的潜在收益,在满足期望收益下最小化不确定性参数的扰动区间;而鲁棒型决策者则较为悲观,在最低预期收益的前提下最大化不确定性参数的扰动区间,二者对应的数学模型如下:
minαs.t.minXB(X,d)BaBa=(1-βa)B0XU(α,X)H(X,d)=0G(X,d)0
maxαs.t.maxXB(X,d)BcBc=(1+βc)B0XU(α,X~)H(X,d)=0G(X,d)0
式中:B0为预设目标值;BaBc为不同风险偏好模型下的期望目标函数;βaβc为偏差因子;α为不确定性参数的波动程度;X~为不确定性参数的预测值。
进一步参考文献[22]中的IGDT模型化简过程,可以得到经过化简后的IES日前调度模型如下:
minαs.t.(1)~(32),(33)~44Call=(1-βa)C0allPtppw=(1+αwc)PtprwtPtppv=(1+αvc)Ptprpvαwc0     αvc0α=κwαwc+κvαvc
maxαs.t.(1)~(32),(33)~44Call=(1+βc)C0allPtppw=(1-αwc)PtprwtPtppv=(1-αvc)Ptprpvαwc0   αvc0α=κwαwc+κvαvc
式中:κwκv为权重因子,其作用是引导模型得出与实际预测误差相合的α值,使得调度方案更可靠,且需要满足κw+κs=1
本文以某IES为例验证所构模型的有效性,主要设备运行参数如表1所示。IES的初始电负荷、初始热负荷以及风光输入预测值如图4所示。设置固定负荷、可转移负荷、可削减负荷以及可替代负荷分别为电热总负荷的50%,30%,15%,5%,替代型需求响应的电热转换系数取1.83,分时电价取值如表2所示。
5G基站系统通信负荷和用电负荷曲线如图5所示,设共计有4个基站群接入IES,每个基站群中的基站数量均为100个,单个基站储能的电池容量为18 kW·h,最大充放电功率为3 kW,蓄电量上、下限取为额定容量的90%和10%,充放电效率取0.85,其余基站参数如表3所示[21]
为了体现本文所构模型的有效性,分别设置如表4所示的几种IES典型运行场景。不同运行方案下,IES系统的碳交易成本、购能成本、总运行成本、运行维护成本以及实际碳排放量如表5所示。
对比方案1以及方案2可以看出,考虑5G基站的IES总成本降低了约10%,碳排放量更是由之前的20 039.2 kg降低至4 212.1 kg,同时也大幅度降低了碳市场交易成本,大大减少了IES的碳排放压力,IES系统的购能成本和运维成本也分别降低了6.67%和33.78%。这主要是因为5G基站通过调控收发器的开关以及基站储能的充放电,为IES赋予了较多清洁能源,从而降低了IES系统从上级电网、气网购能量,并减少了IES系统内部GB,CHP机组的出力水平,从而对IES系统的经济效益和环境效益均带来了重大利好。
对比方案2以及方案4可以看出,考虑IES内部负荷可以进行需求响应后,系统的总运行成本降低了约7.1%,购能成本降低了约7.6%,这主要是因为经过负荷需求响应,降低了系统在电价、热价峰值时期从外部电网、气网的购能量,从而降低了系统整体的购能成本,进而降低了IES的总运行成本。尽管在电价、热价低谷时期IES的购能量将有所增加,但是峰谷价差的存在也能保证需求响应后系统的经济性。
为进一步说明综合需求响应在IES优化调度过程中的积极作用,图6图7分别给出了方案2中电、热负荷需求响应的结果。表6表7则分别给出了电、热负荷需求响应前后的主要负荷特性参数。
结合图6~图7以及表6~表7可知,经过需求响应后,电负荷特性有了较为明显的改善,尤其是峰值负荷得到了大幅度的削减,且整体的负荷率较原始负荷提高较为明显。与电负荷相比,热负荷需求响应前后的负荷特性并未有太明显的改善,从数据结果中可以看出,响应后热负荷的负荷率甚至略低于响应前,这主要是因为热价曲线无明显峰谷特性,热负荷曲线的变化主要受替代型负荷的影响。
4.2.1节中分析了5G基站对降低碳排放量、提高IES整体经济性方面的作用,为了进一步探究5G基站的运行原理,图8给出了基站储能的运行状态以及响应前后基站总能耗曲线变化,图9则给出了基站在不同时刻收发器的开启数量。
图8中可以明显看出,基站储能的充放电行为基本上与分时电价密切相关,在电价峰值时期,基站储能放电,减少了基站的总能耗,从而减少了此时IES向基站供电压力,进而减少了IES此时向电力市场购电量,降低了IES的整体运行成本。而在电价低谷时期,基站储能充电以增加蓄电量,从而为下一个峰值电价的到来提前做好准备。而从图9中收发器的开启数量变化曲线可以看出,在09:00—12:00以及19:00—22:00,各基站的收发器开启数有明显降低,这主要是因为此时为电价峰值时刻,基站在保证满足通信负载的情况下,尽可能地减少收发器的数量以降低IES向基站的供电压力,从而降低IES的运行成本。
5G基站可运行在轻载、超载等不同工况下,图10给出了5G基站不同负载率下IES的总运行成本。从图10可以看出,随着负载率的增加,5G基站需要通过储能或IES输送更多的电能以满足通信需求,因此其调节潜力大幅度下降,所以IES系统整体的运行成本逐步增加。通过图10还可以看出,当负载率超过90%时,IES聚合5G基站将带来负增益。因此,IES应当结合基站的实际运行工况合理选择聚合的基站储能。
IGDT算法通过机会模型和鲁棒模型,能够为不同风险偏好的决策者提供决策依据。依次取偏差因子βaβc从0.01~0.1变化,并以确定性模型下的运行成本作为IGDT的基准值,可以得到机会模型和鲁棒模型下IES的总运行成本以及不确定性参数的扰动水平如图11图12所示。
结合图11~图12可以看出,在机会模型中,随着决策者所制定的偏差因子βa的不断增加,不确定性参数的扰动水平也在不断增大,与此同时IES的总运行成本也在不断降低,这主要是因为在机会模型中,决策者为风险偏好类型,认为不确定性参数对IES调度策略的经济性有积极影响,实际值便向着对目标函数有利的方向发展,因此偏差因子越大,导致扰动水平也越来越大,即不确定性参数带来的收益也越来越大,故总运行成本在不断降低。
而在鲁棒模型中,随着偏差因子的不断增加,IES的总运行成本不断增加,且对应的不确定性参数扰动水平也在不断增加。与机会模型相反,鲁棒模型中决策者为风险厌恶型,认为不确定性参数将会对IES的经济性带来负面影响,因此偏差因子越大时,不确定性参数扰动水平越高,对应的IES经济性越差,总运行成本也越高。
为了进一步验证IGDT算法的有效性,以鲁棒模型为例,当偏差因子取为0.05时,对应的鲁棒模型扰动水平为α=0.044,在DG出力水平范围[1-αPDG,1+αPDG]中,采用蒙特卡洛法生成200种随机场景,各场景下IES的总运行成本如图13所示。从图13中可以看到,在保持DG出力在IGDT求解出来的扰动范围内,蒙特卡洛抽样法生成的所有场景所得到的总成本均小于(1+βc)F0,从而验证了IGDT算法的可行性和正确性。
为了进一步探究不确定性因素对IES市场交易方面的影响,图14给出了不同模型下IES电力市场购电量,从图中可以看出,无论偏差因子取多少,机会模型的购电量总是少于确定性模型,而鲁棒模型的购电量总是高于确定性模型,这主要是因为机会模型对不确定性参数持乐观态度,认为不确定性参数会朝着有利于IES经济性方向发展,因此机会模型的购电量有所降低;而鲁棒模型与之相反,认为不确定性参数将会朝着不利于IES经济性方向发展,因此其交易策略较为保守,期望从上级电网购入较多的电量以保证调度策略的鲁棒性和抵御风险的能力。
本文构建了计及5G基站及综合需求响应的IES日前调度模型,并采用IGDT算法处理可再生能源出力的不确定性,构建了基于IGDT的IES日前鲁棒调度模型和机会调度模型,经过算例分析,得出主要结论如下:
1)考虑综合需求响应后,IES的总运行成本降低了约7.1%,购能成本降低了约7.6%,且系统的电负荷曲线和热负荷曲线明显得到了改善。
2)考虑5G基站后,IES总成本降低了约10%,碳排放量更是由20 039.2 kg降低至4 212.1 kg。此外,5G基站的负载率与IES总成本近似呈线性相关,当负载率达到90%附近后,5G基站对IES经济性呈现负增益效果。
3)IGDT算法能够为不同风险偏好的决策者提供市场交易量、聚合单元出力水平等决策依据,且能够根据预设目标的大小求解最优的不确定性参数扰动水平,从而实现对不确定性参数的处理。
综合而言,本文提出的IES日前调度模型深度融合了5G基站及综合需求响应策略,为未来的研究和实践提供了有益的参考。未来研究可以进一步优化5G基站与IES系统的互动模型,同时深入挖掘负荷侧灵活性资源,以提高系统的能效和经济效益。对于可再生能源出力不确定性的挑战,有必要进一步研究和改进信息间隙决策理论,以提高IES的风险规避能力,实现综合能源系统的智能化、高效化和可持续发展。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项资助项目(2022B01020-6)
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2025年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25649
  • 接收时间:2024-02-16
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-16
  • 修回日期:2024-03-20
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新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项资助项目(2022B01020-6)
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    国电南瑞科技股份有限公司,江苏 南京 211106
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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