Article(id=1190325325465748065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325324991791712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679328000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-21, revisedDate=1689264000000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725272765, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725272765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725272765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325324991791712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725272653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272653, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325325671268963, articleId=1190325325465748065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Adaptive Fuzzy Directional Bat Algorithm Based on Directional Overcurrent Relays, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Despite bringing several benefits to modern power systems,distributed generation(DG) and microgrids cause a significant impact on the operation of power distribution networks,especially with regard to the protection system. In this new scenario,the adoption of smart protection systems capable of incorporating advanced control and protection mechanisms is of paramount importance for ensuring the automatic reconfiguration and restoration of the power grid when undesirable phenomena like faults occur. Considering this scenario,a novel metaheuristic called adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm(AFDBA)was proposed,which can calculate the optimal setting of directional overcurrent relays(DOCRs)in the power grid without the need for tuning the initial parameters. The technique was applied to two case studies,that is,the 3-bus and 30-bus test systems. The algorithm performance was compared with that of mayfly optimization algorithm,elephant herding optimization(EHO),bat algorithm(BA),and directional bat algorithm(DBA). The results evidence that the proposed approach has high convergence speed,high robustness,and acceptable computational burden,while providing the proper coordination of protection systems.
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分布式发电(DG)和微电网在现代电力系统中发挥了重要作用,但其对配电网络的保护系统也产生了重大的影响。在这种新情况下,采用能够结合先进控制和保护机制的智能保护系统对于确保在发生故障等不良现象时自动重新配置和恢复电网至关重要。针对这种情况,提出了一种新的元启发式自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法(AFDBA),该算法可以在不需要调整初始参数的情况下,计算电网中定向过流继电器(DOCRs)的最优设置。将该算法应用于3母线、9母线系统,并与蜉蝣算法(MA)、象群算法(EHO)、蝙蝠算法(BA)和定向蝙蝠算法(DBA)进行了性能比较。结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、鲁棒性强、计算量适中,同时可以提高保护系统的合理协调能力。
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周毅(1992—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统保护,Email:3532983857@qq.com
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10(7):10-14., articleTitle=Economic evaluation of power quality without interruption of economic activities of user distribution system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190325633478656848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, awardId=52167010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52167010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190325626184762069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325626193150678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, companyId=1190325626184762069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co.,Ltd.Shennongjia Power Supply Company,Shennongjia 424400,Hubei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325626205733591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, companyId=1190325626184762069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网湖北电力有限公司神农架供电公司,湖北 神农架 424400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190325629615702809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Flowchart of the AFDBA, figureFileSmall=MP0Dqeao7SXXBwejQjn+fg==, figureFileBig=cmPSFbcBTq+MwwozDn+tAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325629682811675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
AFDBA流程图, figureFileSmall=MP0Dqeao7SXXBwejQjn+fg==, figureFileBig=cmPSFbcBTq+MwwozDn+tAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325629858972446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
3-bus system, figureFileSmall=yhXlXQoOuqGtUENiorOM7Q==, figureFileBig=OnvLlt8IzJSvos/gYw4rLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325629955441439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
3母线系统, figureFileSmall=yhXlXQoOuqGtUENiorOM7Q==, figureFileBig=OnvLlt8IzJSvos/gYw4rLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630018356000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Convergence evolution of the assessed algorithms in the 3-bus system, figureFileSmall=N7H4Rf8s7lqyLLmM6HRggA==, figureFileBig=mxqWNCJJCz2SGBD245Vvyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630135796514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同评估算法在3母线系统中的收敛演化, figureFileSmall=N7H4Rf8s7lqyLLmM6HRggA==, figureFileBig=mxqWNCJJCz2SGBD245Vvyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630278402852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Values of CTI for the pairs of relays PR-BR in the 3-bus system, figureFileSmall=FULmC42KpO6HEc7PFjFwwg==, figureFileBig=dEQv/pstCfZAg3lkrESyEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630345511717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
3母线系统中继电器对PR-BR的CTI值, figureFileSmall=FULmC42KpO6HEc7PFjFwwg==, figureFileBig=dEQv/pstCfZAg3lkrESyEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630542644007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
9-bus system, figureFileSmall=e+t4FDzAojUe/o1+XevfwQ==, figureFileBig=vTY24U+BfeQg36iJLWgygw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631524111145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
9母线系统, figureFileSmall=e+t4FDzAojUe/o1+XevfwQ==, figureFileBig=vTY24U+BfeQg36iJLWgygw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631582831403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Convergence evolution of the assessed algorithms in the 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=ctnubmMPOrXei1IaVPMz/A==, figureFileBig=ukxzAQyPv756wG4vT3FLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631649940269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
评估算法在9母线系统中的收敛演化, figureFileSmall=ctnubmMPOrXei1IaVPMz/A==, figureFileBig=ukxzAQyPv756wG4vT3FLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631708660525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Values of CTI for the pairs of relays PR-BR in the 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=fOayhDURxsqUF0/ARIbQAA==, figureFileBig=jkpVw4wrToy6xe/+JN11kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631750603567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
9母线系统中继电器对PR-BR的CTI值, figureFileSmall=fOayhDURxsqUF0/ARIbQAA==, figureFileBig=jkpVw4wrToy6xe/+JN11kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631834489649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Rule set for FIS
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| I | D | r | A | wf | f |
| 开始 | 低 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 高 |
| 开始 | 中 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 高 |
| 开始 | 高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 |
| 中间 | 低 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 |
| 中间 | 中 | 中 | 中 | 中 | 中 |
| 中间 | 高 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 中 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 高 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325631922570035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
FIS的规则集
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| I | D | r | A | wf | f |
| 开始 | 低 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 高 |
| 开始 | 中 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 高 |
| 开始 | 高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 |
| 中间 | 低 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 |
| 中间 | 中 | 中 | 中 | 中 | 中 |
| 中间 | 高 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 低 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 中 | 中-高 | 中-低 | 中-高 | 中-低 |
| 结束 | 高 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632002261813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Short-circuit currents of PR-BR in the 3-bus system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PR | BR | IPR/A | IBR/A |
| 1 | 5 | 1 978.9 | 175 |
| 2 | 4 | 1 525.7 | 545 |
| 3 | 1 | 1 683.9 | 617.22 |
| 4 | 6 | 1 815.4 | 466.17 |
| 5 | 3 | 1 499.7 | 384 |
| 6 | 2 | 1 766.3 | 145.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632073564983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
3母线系统中PR-BR的短路电流
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PR | BR | IPR/A | IBR/A |
| 1 | 5 | 1 978.9 | 175 |
| 2 | 4 | 1 525.7 | 545 |
| 3 | 1 | 1 683.9 | 617.22 |
| 4 | 6 | 1 815.4 | 466.17 |
| 5 | 3 | 1 499.7 | 384 |
| 6 | 2 | 1 766.3 | 145.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632132285241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
CTRs of the relays in the 3-bus system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 继电器 | CTR值 |
| 1 | 300/5 |
| 2 | 200/5 |
| 3 | 200/5 |
| 4 | 300/5 |
| 5 | 200/5 |
| 6 | 400/5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632203588411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
3母线系统中继电器的CTRs
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 继电器 | CTR值 |
| 1 | 300/5 |
| 2 | 200/5 |
| 3 | 200/5 |
| 4 | 300/5 |
| 5 | 200/5 |
| 6 | 400/5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632300057405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
The optimal setting of 3-bus system determined by different algorithmic methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 继电器 | MA | EHO | DBA | AFDBA |
| PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS |
| 1 | 2.73 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 |
| 2 | 1.48 | 0.1 | 1.34 | 0.1 | 1.50 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
| 3 | 2.10 | 0.1 | 2.20 | 0.1 | 2.47 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 |
| 4 | 1.52 | 0.1 | 2.10 | 0.1 | 2.33 | 0.1 | 2.33 | 0.1 |
| 5 | 1.40 | 0.1 | 1.78 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
| 6 | 1.62 | 0.1 | 1.89 | 0.11 | 1.71 | 0.1 | 1.71 | 0.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632438469439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
由不同算法确定的3母线系统的最优设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 继电器 | MA | EHO | DBA | AFDBA |
| PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS |
| 1 | 2.73 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 | 2.85 | 0.1 |
| 2 | 1.48 | 0.1 | 1.34 | 0.1 | 1.50 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
| 3 | 2.10 | 0.1 | 2.20 | 0.1 | 2.47 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 |
| 4 | 1.52 | 0.1 | 2.10 | 0.1 | 2.33 | 0.1 | 2.33 | 0.1 |
| 5 | 1.40 | 0.1 | 1.78 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
| 6 | 1.62 | 0.1 | 1.89 | 0.11 | 1.71 | 0.1 | 1.71 | 0.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632513966912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Robustness analysis of the algorithms in the 3-bus system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 |
| MA | EHO | BA | DBA | AFDBA |
| 平均值 | 2.563 3 | 2.583 2 | 2.704 0 | 2.535 6 | 2.528 7 |
| 模式偏差 | 0.120 3 | 0.003 5 | 0.351 6 | 0.019 3 | 0.000 3 |
| 平均执行时间 | 1.658 4 | 1.420 1 | 1.992 9 | 1.884 3 | 1.575 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632576881474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
3母线系统中算法的鲁棒性分析
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| 算法 |
| MA | EHO | BA | DBA | AFDBA |
| 平均值 | 2.563 3 | 2.583 2 | 2.704 0 | 2.535 6 | 2.528 7 |
| 模式偏差 | 0.120 3 | 0.003 5 | 0.351 6 | 0.019 3 | 0.000 3 |
| 平均执行时间 | 1.658 4 | 1.420 1 | 1.992 9 | 1.884 3 | 1.575 8 |
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Short-circuit currents flowing through pairs of relays PR-BR in the 9-bus system
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| PR | BR | IPR | IBR | PR | BR | IPR | IBR |
| 1 | 15 | 4 863.6 | 1 168.3 | 14 | 16 | 4 172.5 | 1 031.7 |
| 1 | 17 | 4 863.6 | 1 293.9 | 14 | 19 | 4 172.5 | 1 264.1 |
| 2 | 4 | 1 634.4 | 1 044.2 | 15 | 13 | 4 172.5 | 1 031.7 |
| 3 | 1 | 2 811.4 | 1 361.6 | 15 | 19 | 4 172.5 | 1 264.1 |
| 4 | 6 | 2 610.5 | 1 226.0 | 16 | 2 | 3 684.5 | 653.6 |
| 5 | 3 | 1 778.0 | 1 124.4 | 16 | 17 | 3 684.5 | 1 293.9 |
| 6 | 8 | 4 378.5 | 711.2 | 17 | 0 | 7 611.2 | 0 |
| 6 | 23 | 4 378.5 | 1 345.5 | 18 | 2 | 2 271.7 | 653.6 |
| 7 | 5 | 4 378.5 | 711.2 | 18 | 15 | 2 271.7 | 1 168.3 |
| 7 | 23 | 4 378.5 | 1 345.5 | 19 | 0 | 7 435.8 | 0 |
| 8 | 10 | 1 778.0 | 1 124.4 | 20 | 13 | 2 624.2 | 1 031.7 |
| 9 | 7 | 2 610.5 | 1 226.0 | 20 | 16 | 2 624.2 | 1 031.7 |
| 10 | 12 | 2 811.4 | 787.2 | 21 | 0 | 7 611.2 | 0 |
| 11 | 9 | 1 634.4 | 1 044.2 | 22 | 11 | 2 271.7 | 653.6 |
| 12 | 14 | 2 811.4 | 1 168.3 | 22 | 14 | 2 271.7 | 1 168.3 |
| 12 | 21 | 2 811.4 | 1 293.9 | 23 | 0 | 7 914.7 | 0 |
| 13 | 11 | 3 684.5 | 653.6 | 24 | 5 | 1 665.5 | 711.2 |
| 13 | 21 | 3 684.5 | 1 293.9 | 24 | 8 | 1 665.5 | 711.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632857899846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
9母线系统中通过PR-BR的短路电流
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| PR | BR | IPR | IBR | PR | BR | IPR | IBR |
| 1 | 15 | 4 863.6 | 1 168.3 | 14 | 16 | 4 172.5 | 1 031.7 |
| 1 | 17 | 4 863.6 | 1 293.9 | 14 | 19 | 4 172.5 | 1 264.1 |
| 2 | 4 | 1 634.4 | 1 044.2 | 15 | 13 | 4 172.5 | 1 031.7 |
| 3 | 1 | 2 811.4 | 1 361.6 | 15 | 19 | 4 172.5 | 1 264.1 |
| 4 | 6 | 2 610.5 | 1 226.0 | 16 | 2 | 3 684.5 | 653.6 |
| 5 | 3 | 1 778.0 | 1 124.4 | 16 | 17 | 3 684.5 | 1 293.9 |
| 6 | 8 | 4 378.5 | 711.2 | 17 | 0 | 7 611.2 | 0 |
| 6 | 23 | 4 378.5 | 1 345.5 | 18 | 2 | 2 271.7 | 653.6 |
| 7 | 5 | 4 378.5 | 711.2 | 18 | 15 | 2 271.7 | 1 168.3 |
| 7 | 23 | 4 378.5 | 1 345.5 | 19 | 0 | 7 435.8 | 0 |
| 8 | 10 | 1 778.0 | 1 124.4 | 20 | 13 | 2 624.2 | 1 031.7 |
| 9 | 7 | 2 610.5 | 1 226.0 | 20 | 16 | 2 624.2 | 1 031.7 |
| 10 | 12 | 2 811.4 | 787.2 | 21 | 0 | 7 611.2 | 0 |
| 11 | 9 | 1 634.4 | 1 044.2 | 22 | 11 | 2 271.7 | 653.6 |
| 12 | 14 | 2 811.4 | 1 168.3 | 22 | 14 | 2 271.7 | 1 168.3 |
| 12 | 21 | 2 811.4 | 1 293.9 | 23 | 0 | 7 914.7 | 0 |
| 13 | 11 | 3 684.5 | 653.6 | 24 | 5 | 1 665.5 | 711.2 |
| 13 | 21 | 3 684.5 | 1 293.9 | 24 | 8 | 1 665.5 | 711.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633013089096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Robustness analysis of the algorithms in the 9-bus system
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| 算法 | MA | EHO | BA | DBA | AFDBA |
| 平均值 | 7.90 | 7.19 | 43.14 | 9.06 | 7.34 |
| 模式偏差 | 4.21 | 3.32 | 10.95 | 1.38 | 1.08 |
| 平均执行时间 | 5.30 | 5.91 | 6.707 5 | 7.46 | 8.13 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633076003658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
9母线系统中算法的鲁棒性分析
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| 算法 | MA | EHO | BA | DBA | AFDBA |
| 平均值 | 7.90 | 7.19 | 43.14 | 9.06 | 7.34 |
| 模式偏差 | 4.21 | 3.32 | 10.95 | 1.38 | 1.08 |
| 平均执行时间 | 5.30 | 5.91 | 6.707 5 | 7.46 | 8.13 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633210221388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=
The optimal setting of a 9-bus system determined by different algorithms
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| 继电器 | MA | EHO | DBA | AFDBA |
| PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS |
| 1 | 0.630 | 0.130 | 1.420 | 0.021 | 0.702 | 0.108 | 0.320 | 0.130 |
| 2 | 0.250 | 0.140 | 0.620 | 0.024 | 0.101 | 0.180 | 0.100 | 0.150 |
| 3 | 0.420 | 0.260 | 1.210 | 0.021 | 0.158 | 0.188 | 0.510 | 0.080 |
| 4 | 0.530 | 0.021 | 1.110 | 0.025 | 0.101 | 0.248 | 0.324 | 0.130 |
| 5 | 0.720 | 0.230 | 0.900 | 0.014 | 0.103 | 0.150 | 0.338 | 0.060 |
| 6 | 0.230 | 0.087 | 1.400 | 0.025 | 0.196 | 0.230 | 0.828 | 0.080 |
| 7 | 0.360 | 0.130 | 1.320 | 0.023 | 0.870 | 0.067 | 1.626 | 0.026 |
| 8 | 0.210 | 0.220 | 0.650 | 0.021 | 0.154 | 0.194 | 0.101 | 0.160 |
| 9 | 0.160 | 0.210 | 1.390 | 0.025 | 0.648 | 0.077 | 0.181 | 0.120 |
| 10 | 0.150 | 0.230 | 1.250 | 0.023 | 1.463 | 0.040 | 0.100 | 0.230 |
| 11 | 0.510 | 0.080 | 0.670 | 0.024 | 0.340 | 0.082 | 0.596 | 0.030 |
| 12 | 0.300 | 0.310 | 1.010 | 0.025 | 0.306 | 0.099 | 1.050 | 0.034 |
| 13 | 1.210 | 0.030 | 1.310 | 0.027 | 0.686 | 0.071 | 1.005 | 0.032 |
| 14 | 0.510 | 0.140 | 1.240 | 0.021 | 0.463 | 0.100 | 1.265 | 0.020 |
| 15 | 0.100 | 0.270 | 1.430 | 0.025 | 0.563 | 0.098 | 1.490 | 0.030 |
| 16 | 0.100 | 0.300 | 1.020 | 0.028 | 0.104 | 0.191 | 0.103 | 0.130 |
| 17 | 0.810 | 0.230 | 1.210 | 0.021 | 1.354 | 0.046 | 1.117 | 0.050 |
| 18 | 0.210 | 0.025 | 0.768 | 0.025 | 0.113 | 0.104 | 1.265 | 0.020 |
| 19 | 1.530 | 0.060 | 1.421 | 0.024 | 1.422 | 0.037 | 1.253 | 0.030 |
| 20 | 0.100 | 0.020 | 0.618 | 0.025 | 0.101 | 0.043 | 0.112 | 0.030 |
| 21 | 1.100 | 0.021 | 1.513 | 0.025 | 1.444 | 0.036 | 1.217 | 0.030 |
| 22 | 0.100 | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.025 | 0.102 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.050 |
| 23 | 1.280 | 0.080 | 1.583 | 0.025 | 1.427 | 0.055 | 1.364 | 0.040 |
| 24 | 2.130 | 0.025 | 0.100 | 0.025 | 0.181 | 0.030 | 0.928 | 0.020 |
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由不同算法确定的9母线系统的最优设置
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| 继电器 | MA | EHO | DBA | AFDBA |
| PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS | PS | TDS |
| 1 | 0.630 | 0.130 | 1.420 | 0.021 | 0.702 | 0.108 | 0.320 | 0.130 |
| 2 | 0.250 | 0.140 | 0.620 | 0.024 | 0.101 | 0.180 | 0.100 | 0.150 |
| 3 | 0.420 | 0.260 | 1.210 | 0.021 | 0.158 | 0.188 | 0.510 | 0.080 |
| 4 | 0.530 | 0.021 | 1.110 | 0.025 | 0.101 | 0.248 | 0.324 | 0.130 |
| 5 | 0.720 | 0.230 | 0.900 | 0.014 | 0.103 | 0.150 | 0.338 | 0.060 |
| 6 | 0.230 | 0.087 | 1.400 | 0.025 | 0.196 | 0.230 | 0.828 | 0.080 |
| 7 | 0.360 | 0.130 | 1.320 | 0.023 | 0.870 | 0.067 | 1.626 | 0.026 |
| 8 | 0.210 | 0.220 | 0.650 | 0.021 | 0.154 | 0.194 | 0.101 | 0.160 |
| 9 | 0.160 | 0.210 | 1.390 | 0.025 | 0.648 | 0.077 | 0.181 | 0.120 |
| 10 | 0.150 | 0.230 | 1.250 | 0.023 | 1.463 | 0.040 | 0.100 | 0.230 |
| 11 | 0.510 | 0.080 | 0.670 | 0.024 | 0.340 | 0.082 | 0.596 | 0.030 |
| 12 | 0.300 | 0.310 | 1.010 | 0.025 | 0.306 | 0.099 | 1.050 | 0.034 |
| 13 | 1.210 | 0.030 | 1.310 | 0.027 | 0.686 | 0.071 | 1.005 | 0.032 |
| 14 | 0.510 | 0.140 | 1.240 | 0.021 | 0.463 | 0.100 | 1.265 | 0.020 |
| 15 | 0.100 | 0.270 | 1.430 | 0.025 | 0.563 | 0.098 | 1.490 | 0.030 |
| 16 | 0.100 | 0.300 | 1.020 | 0.028 | 0.104 | 0.191 | 0.103 | 0.130 |
| 17 | 0.810 | 0.230 | 1.210 | 0.021 | 1.354 | 0.046 | 1.117 | 0.050 |
| 18 | 0.210 | 0.025 | 0.768 | 0.025 | 0.113 | 0.104 | 1.265 | 0.020 |
| 19 | 1.530 | 0.060 | 1.421 | 0.024 | 1.422 | 0.037 | 1.253 | 0.030 |
| 20 | 0.100 | 0.020 | 0.618 | 0.025 | 0.101 | 0.043 | 0.112 | 0.030 |
| 21 | 1.100 | 0.021 | 1.513 | 0.025 | 1.444 | 0.036 | 1.217 | 0.030 |
| 22 | 0.100 | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.025 | 0.102 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.050 |
| 23 | 1.280 | 0.080 | 1.583 | 0.025 | 1.427 | 0.055 | 1.364 | 0.040 |
| 24 | 2.130 | 0.025 | 0.100 | 0.025 | 0.181 | 0.030 | 0.928 | 0.020 |
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