Article(id=1190348884397359967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25948, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1719504000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761730889652, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761730889652, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761730889652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761730889652, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190348881494904994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761730888961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731818083, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190352778577936922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190348881494904994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190348884594492256, articleId=1190348884397359967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Design and Control Research of Multifunctional Energy Storage Converter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the emergence of a large number of distributed power generations,various unbalanced and nonlinear loads are connected to the power grid,resulting in the distortion of the grid current,which brings adverse effects to both the power grid and electrical equipment. A multifunctional energy storage converter was proposed,which is capable of simultaneously realizing the compensation of reactive current,harmonic current and unbalanced current of the load. This converter used a phase-locked loop based on double second-order generalized integrators to generate the required phase angle and frequency,and at the same time obtained the amplitude of the positive sequence component of the voltage.The converter obtained the command current by obtaining the positive sequence component of the load current and performing coordinate transformation,and then controled through the difference between the command current and the output current of the inverter to track the command signal.Proportional resonant control was used to obtain three-phase current,and pulses were generated through three-dimensional space vector control to control the conduction of the switch tube. By comparing with traditional energy storage converters,digital and analog hybrid experimental results have proven the effectiveness and reliability of this scheme.

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随着大量分布式发电的涌现,各种不平衡及非线性负载与电网连接,导致电网电流发生畸变,这对电网和用电设备均带来不利影响。提出了一种功能复用型储能变流器,能够同时实现对负载无功电流、谐波电流以及负载不平衡电流的补偿。该变流器采用基于双二阶广义积分器的锁相环来产生所需的相角和频率,同时获取电压正序分量的幅值。变流器通过获取负载电流的正序分量,并进行坐标变换来获得指令电流,再通过指令电流与变流器输出电流的差值进行控制,以实现对指令信号的跟踪。采用比例谐振控制来获得三相电流,并通过三维空间矢量控制产生脉冲,进而控制开关管的导通。通过与传统储能变流器进行对比,数模混合实验结果证明了该方案的有效性和可靠性。

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李浩源(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为储能变流器、电机控制系统的集成及应用,Email:

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李浩源(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为储能变流器、电机控制系统的集成及应用,Email:

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Parameters of multifunctional energy storage converter

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参数 数值 参数 数值
系统功率S 5 000 V·A 滤波电感L1 1.2 mH
交流电压UN 80 V 滤波电容C 20 μF
直流电压Udc 250 V 变压器电感L2 0.45 mH
额定电流In 36 A 开关频率fs 8 000 Hz
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功能复用型变流器参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
系统功率S 5 000 V·A 滤波电感L1 1.2 mH
交流电压UN 80 V 滤波电容C 20 μF
直流电压Udc 250 V 变压器电感L2 0.45 mH
额定电流In 36 A 开关频率fs 8 000 Hz
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功能复用型储能变流器设计及控制研究
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李浩源 1 , 陈国伟 1 , 李官军 1 , 魏灵峰 1 , 林达 2 , 汪湘晋 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(7): 22-27
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(7): 22-27
功能复用型储能变流器设计及控制研究
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李浩源1 , 陈国伟1, 李官军1, 魏灵峰1, 林达2, 汪湘晋2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210003
  • 2.国网浙江省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,浙江 杭州 310014
  • 李浩源(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为储能变流器、电机控制系统的集成及应用,Email:

Design and Control Research of Multifunctional Energy Storage Converter
Haoyuan LI1 , Guowei CHEN1, Guanjun LI1, Lingfeng WEI1, Da LIN2, Xiangjin WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. China Electric Power Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210003,Jiangsu,China
  • 2. State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute,Hangzhou 310014,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25948
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随着大量分布式发电的涌现,各种不平衡及非线性负载与电网连接,导致电网电流发生畸变,这对电网和用电设备均带来不利影响。提出了一种功能复用型储能变流器,能够同时实现对负载无功电流、谐波电流以及负载不平衡电流的补偿。该变流器采用基于双二阶广义积分器的锁相环来产生所需的相角和频率,同时获取电压正序分量的幅值。变流器通过获取负载电流的正序分量,并进行坐标变换来获得指令电流,再通过指令电流与变流器输出电流的差值进行控制,以实现对指令信号的跟踪。采用比例谐振控制来获得三相电流,并通过三维空间矢量控制产生脉冲,进而控制开关管的导通。通过与传统储能变流器进行对比,数模混合实验结果证明了该方案的有效性和可靠性。

多功能  /  储能变流器  /  不平衡  /  谐波  /  无功补偿

With the emergence of a large number of distributed power generations,various unbalanced and nonlinear loads are connected to the power grid,resulting in the distortion of the grid current,which brings adverse effects to both the power grid and electrical equipment. A multifunctional energy storage converter was proposed,which is capable of simultaneously realizing the compensation of reactive current,harmonic current and unbalanced current of the load. This converter used a phase-locked loop based on double second-order generalized integrators to generate the required phase angle and frequency,and at the same time obtained the amplitude of the positive sequence component of the voltage.The converter obtained the command current by obtaining the positive sequence component of the load current and performing coordinate transformation,and then controled through the difference between the command current and the output current of the inverter to track the command signal.Proportional resonant control was used to obtain three-phase current,and pulses were generated through three-dimensional space vector control to control the conduction of the switch tube. By comparing with traditional energy storage converters,digital and analog hybrid experimental results have proven the effectiveness and reliability of this scheme.

multifunctional  /  energy storage converter  /  unbalanced  /  harmonic  /  reactive power compensation
李浩源, 陈国伟, 李官军, 魏灵峰, 林达, 汪湘晋. 功能复用型储能变流器设计及控制研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (7) : 22 -27 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25948
Haoyuan LI, Guowei CHEN, Guanjun LI, Lingfeng WEI, Da LIN, Xiangjin WANG. Design and Control Research of Multifunctional Energy Storage Converter[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (7) : 22 -27 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25948
近年来,新型分布式发电技术取得了显著的突破性进展,主要涵盖燃料电池发电、微型燃气轮机发电、太阳能发电(包括光伏电池及光热发电)、风力发电、生物质能发电等[1-2]领域。分布式能源发电具有显著优势,其能够充分挖掘和利用各种分散存在且可利用的能源,包括易于获取的化石燃料以及可再生能源,并能有效提升能源利用效率。
然而,分布式发电亦存在一些不足之处。由于需要将分散的能源转化为可供负载使用的电能,这就需要借助变流器来实现。而这些变流器接口的大量应用,会引发较为严重的电能质量问题[3-5]。通常会采用实时补偿技术来提升供电质量,具体方法包括有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)[6]和静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)[7]。APF作为一种用于动态抑制谐波、补偿无功的新型电力电子装置,具备对大小和频率均处于变化状态的谐波以及变化的无功进行补偿的能力,能够实现动态跟踪补偿,而传统的LC滤波器仅能进行固定补偿,无法跟踪电网的变化情况[8]。STATCOM则并联于电网中,类似于一个可控的无功电流源,其无功电流能够迅速地跟随负荷无功电流的变化而变化,可自动补偿电网系统所需的无功功率。然而,它们无法解决系统三相不平衡的问题,对系统阻抗存在依赖性,同时对电网和负载的振荡较为敏感,还具有较高的成本需求[9]
本文提出了一种功能复用型储能变流器,适用于分布式电力能源系统。该变流器不仅能够实现能量的交换以及电网质量的提升,还能够对谐波、无功、不平衡电流、负序电流以及零序电流进行有效的补偿,进而促使电网电流达到平衡且呈现正弦状态。通过搭建数模混合实验平台对本方案进行了验证,证实了本方案的有效性和可靠性。
变流器的系统结构如图1所示,其中电网侧三相正弦交流电的线电压有效值为100 V,频率为50 Hz。储能电池电压设定为250 V,开关频率为15 kHz。
图1所示,电网带有三相不平衡负载或者非线性负载。通过检测负载侧的电流,对电流信号进行控制,产生开关管的脉冲信号。逆变桥将直流电压转换成三相交流电,该三相交流电可以补偿负载中的无功电流、谐波电流、不平衡电流和中性电流。
三相三桥臂的变流器只适合带三相对称性负载,但是当负载为三相不对称时,通常采用在三相三桥臂变流器的输出滤波器和负载之间加隔离变压器[10]。变压器的中线能为不对称负载产生的中性电流提供电流回路,但是隔离变压器工作在基波频率,因而体积、重量较大,成本较高。可以采用一个三相四线的变流器,第四个桥臂的中点可以直接与负载中性点连接,为不对称负载产生的负序、零序电流提供回路,相比于带变压器的变流器,可以减小体积,提高效率。
常用的三相四线制主要有分裂电容三相四线制变流器和三相四桥臂变流器。分裂电容三相四线制变流器利用电源输入端两个串联电容中点作为三相输出的共地端,但是它的主要缺点是为了防止中点电位偏移,需要较大的电容,直流电压利用率低,输出电压峰值最高仅为直流电压的1/2。本文选择三相四桥臂拓扑,如图2所示,在三桥臂变流器基础上增加一个桥臂,可以构成中线,增加了一个自由度,可以直接控制中性点电压,从而产生三相独立电压,使其有能力在不平衡负载下维持三相电压对称输出。
直流源经变流器转为交流电源,为达指标需滤波。L型滤波器结构简单,但增大电感值满足并网谐波要求会增体积、慢响应。并联电容可提高阶次、降电感值和增衰减幅度,但仍存在负载脉动大、通带附近阻带衰减不足等问题,还会在输出端产生振荡和电磁干扰。因此选择LCL滤波器,其具备三阶低通滤波器特性,对于相同谐波标准和较低开关频率,能采用较小滤波电感设计,可有效减小系统体积、降低损耗。但是因电容支路增加,加大了控制系统设计难度,而且LCL滤波器存在严重谐振问题,影响系统稳定。对于三阶系统,谐振频率ωres的具体计算公式为
ω r e s = L i + L g L i L g C
式中:Li为桥臂侧滤波电感;Lg为网侧电感;C为桥臂侧滤波电容。
桥臂侧电压到网侧电流传递函数为
I g s V i s = 1 L i L g C s 3 + L i C s 2 + ( L i + L g ) s + R
为了抑制LCL滤波器的谐振特性,提高系统的稳定性,可以采用在滤波器的回路中串入电阻来增加系统阻尼的方法,即电阻与网侧电感串联、电阻与网侧电感并联、电阻与电容支路串联以及电阻与电容支路并联。但是从滤波特性、控制特性、阻尼特性以及功率损耗角度分析,一般采用电阻串联在电容支路。
功能复用型变流器主要实现的就是对不平衡、非线性负载进行补偿,需要通过检测负载电流然后得到期望电流,对期望电流进行跟踪控制,产生控制脉冲信号来控制开关管。该变流器的特点主要表现在功能复用上,能够提高电网的质量,优化电网电流,主要功能包括:1)将直流电转换成三相交流电;2)补偿负载无功电流;3)补偿负载谐波电流;4)补偿负载不平衡电流;5)补偿中性电流。
功能1)由三相四桥臂变流器实现,将直流侧电压转换成交流。功能2)由静止同步补偿器实现,它是一种并联型无功补偿的交流输电系统,能够吸收或发出无功功率,并且该无功功率是可控的。功能3)~功能5)由有源电力滤波器实现,它可以向电网注入补偿电流,并且抵消谐波产生的谐波电流。
功能复用型变流器主要实现指令信号的产生和电流信号的跟踪控制。从负载检测电流中提取正序分量,经过坐标变换得到基波有功和无功电流值。然后计算变流器输出的有功和无功电流值,再由坐标变换得到一个期望的理想的电流,指令信号就是负载电流和期望电流的差值,结构图如图3所示。
将指令信号与变流器输出的电流信号的差值作为输入,经过一个比例谐振模块和三维空间矢量控制(3DSVPWM),最后产生脉冲信号到变流器的开关管,结构图如图4所示。
当变流器并接到电网时,它的作用是一个可控的电流源,指令信号就决定了变流器的补偿分量。指令信号的产生是在同步坐标系中参考产生的,为了实现对不同负载的补偿,指令信号中应该包括以下分量:1)变流器输出的有功电流分量;2)变流器输出的无功电流分量;3)负载基波电流中的负序分量;4)负载基波电流中的零序分量;5)负载电流的谐波分量。
采用一个电压信号产生模块从电压信号Vabc中提取正序分量的正交分量Vα+Vβ+,再经过锁相环得到相角θ和幅值 V a m p +,模块的主要结构图如图5所示。
电压信号产生模块产生基波电压正序分量幅值 V a m p +和相角θ要提供给电流信号产生模块。电流信号产生模块的结构图如图6所示。其中P为变流器输出的有功功率,Q为变流器输出的无功功率。首先检测并提取负载电流il的正序分量 i l _ α β +,从静止坐标系坐标变换到d-q旋转坐标系。此时输出为负载的有功电流和无功电流,然而负载中的谐波电流、负序电流和零序电流已经被正序分量产生模块滤除。功能复用型变流器的主要构建思想是利用变流器补偿这些扰动分量,包括谐波电流、负序电流和零序电流。
作为一个分布式电源的接口,在变流器允许范围内,功能复用型变流器必须转换无功功率,为负载提供所需的无功。变流器产生的有功电流的计算公式为
i c _ a = P V a m p +
式中:ic_a为变流器输出有功电流分量; V a m p +为变流器并入电网连接点的电压的基波正序分量的幅值。
考虑到变流器输出总功率是一定的,有功功率随外界条件变化,输出的无功功率受到限制。而且变流器最多只能完全补偿负载无功,即为
i c _ r = m i n ( Q V a m p + , i l _ r )
式中:ic_r为变流器输出无功电流分量。
然后可以得到期望电流idesire的表达式为
i d e s i r e = [ T a b c ] ( i l _ a - i c _ a + i l _ r - i c _ r )
式中:Tabcd-q坐标系转换到a-b-c坐标系的矩阵变换表达式。
由于负载电流的表达式为
i l = i l _ a + i l _ r + i l _ n + i l _ z + i l _ h
式中:il_nil_zil_h分别为负载电流中的负序分量、零序分量和谐波分量。
而指令信号ireference的表达式为
i r e f e r e n c e = i c _ a + i c _ r + i c _ n + i c _ z + i c _ h
式中:ic_n为变流器输出基波电流中的负序分量;ic_z为变流器输出基波电流中的零序分量;ic_h为变流器输出基波电流中的谐波分量。
由两式比较得到:
i c _ n = i l _ n i c _ z = i l _ z i c _ h = i l _ h
由此可以得到指令信号中包含了负载中的谐波电流、负序电流和零序电流,因而功能复用型变流器通过产生包含这些分量的电流来承担负载中的非线性部分,从而使电网电流正弦而且平衡。所以说指令信号中包含的电流分量就是变流器所能产生的分量,功能复用型变流器的功能也就取决于指令信号的产生。
电流信号跟踪控制是为了使变流器输出的电流imeasure及时地跟上指令电流ireference。指令信号包括谐波分量、负序分量和零序分量,本文采用了比例谐振控制来控制它们的误差值,然后经过3DSVPWM产生控制开关管的脉冲信号,结构图如图7所示。
和SVPWM相比,3DSVPWM的优点主要是低输出失真、适合数字实现、恒定开关频率以及直流电压利用率提高了15%,其三维空间矢量分布如图8所示。
为了证明所提出的功能复用型储能变流器具有补偿三相不平衡、谐波和无功功能,搭建了如图9所示的数模混合实验平台进行验证,其参数如表1所示。
图10为电网含三相不平衡负载时(分别为3 Ω,1.5 Ω和1 Ω),变流器投入前后对比波形。由图10a可知,当变流器没有投入电网时,电网侧的三相电流不平衡,当变流器切入电网,此时电网电流变平衡。图10b所示为变流器产生的三相电流,变流器投入后变流器产生三相不平衡电流,从而使电网三相电流变平衡。
图11为电网含有二极管整流负载时,变流器投入前后对比波形。由图11a可知,当变流器未投入电网时,电网侧的三相电流畸变,当变流器投入电网后,此时电网电流变成正弦。图11c为负载电流,可以看到负载电流中含有大量谐波,而图11b中变流器输出含有这些谐波的电流,因此电网侧电流质量明显改善。
图12为电网含无功负载时(2 400 var),变流器投入前后对比实验波形。由图12a可知,当变流器没有投入电网时,无功电流完全由电网提供,即电网输出无功功率为2 400 var。当变流器投入后,电网电流降低,输出无功功率下降。从图12c可以看出,负载电流在变流器投入前后没有变化,说明功能复用型储能变流器可以较好地实现无功补偿。
进一步地,采用一台5 kW传统储能变流器验证功能复用型储能变流器的有效性。图13~图15分别给出了传统储能变流器接入含不平衡负载、谐波负载和无功负载时的电流波形。传统储能变流器采用PQ控制策略,投入后存在动态响应差的问题,从图中可以看出投入的第一个周期有较大的电流超调。此外,由于负载类型和大小未知且无法精确检测,因此无法通过调节功率指令实现自适应补偿。通过与图10~图12比较可知,功能复用型变流器无论是在动态响应还是自适应补偿能力上均优于传统变流器。
本文面向电能质量治理、三相不平衡治理、功率因数调节等多个要求的储能自适应控制技术难题,提出一种功能复用型储能变流器的设计及控制方案,在不提升成本的基础上可以实现三相不平衡、谐波和无功电流补偿,从而达到提升电网质量的目的。基于数模混合实验平台验证了该变流器能够补偿负载谐波电流、负载电流的负序和零序成分,以及补偿有功和无功功率。此外通过与传统储能变流器进行对比,体现了功能复用型储能变流器具有良好的自适应补偿能力。功能复用型储能变流器可以用于光伏、风电、燃料电池等分布式发电领域,可以有效提升电网质量,促进新型电力系统高质量发展。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(5419-202319467A-3-2-ZN)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25948
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-06-28
基金
国家电网有限公司科技项目(5419-202319467A-3-2-ZN)
作者信息
    1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 210003
    2.国网浙江省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,浙江 杭州 310014
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