Article(id=1192850377662935880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704038400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-01, revisedDate=1710432000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762327292122, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762327292122, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762327292122, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762327292122, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190985985849705466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761882786476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762390467120, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193115352897909351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190985985849705466, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192850377914594121, articleId=1192850377662935880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on the Islanding Detection Method in Photovoltaic System Based on Reactive Power Disturbance and Characteristic Kurtosis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The islanding detection method is a necessary method for grid-connected PV systems,but,the current islanding detection method is prone to misjudgement when encountering grid operation states such as high-resistance short-circuit ground faults and large-capacity load casting. For this reason,an islanding detection method based on reactive power perturbation and featured kurtosis was proposed based on analyzing the difference between the power at the grid point in the islanding operation state and other grid operation states. The method firstly used the three-phase voltage amplitude offset rate at the grid point to realize the starting criterion of active reactive power injection in PV system. Then,the apparent power waveform at the grid point was obtained,and after the normalization operation was performed to obtain the normalized apparent power (NAP) waveform,variational modal decomposition algorithm was used to decompose NAP at 8 layers,and the time-frequency component at layer 5 was obtained as the feature detection component. And then the feature detection component was characterized by a featured kurtosis to achieve islanding detection. Finally,a typical PV grid-connected system was constructed using Matlab simulation platform,and the effectiveness of the proposed method was tested through the working conditions of islanding operation with different quality factor loads,different high-resistance short-circuit ground faults,large-capacity load switching,and lightning strike faults,and so on.

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孤岛检测方法是光伏系统并网的必备方法,然而,在遇到电网高阻短路接地故障以及大容量负荷投切等运行状态时,目前的孤岛检测方法容易发生误判。为此,在分析并网点处功率在孤岛运行状态和其他电网运行状态之间差异的基础上,提出一种基于无功功率扰动和特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法。该方法首先利用并网点三相电压幅值偏移率实现光伏系统无功功率主动注入的启动判据;然后,获取并网点处的视在功率波形,在对其进行归一化操作获得归一视在功率波形后,利用变分模态分解算法对归一视在功率波形进行8层的分解,并获取第5层时频分量为特征检测分量;进而,对特征检测分量进行特征峭度计算,通过特征峭度值的大小实现孤岛运行状态检测;最后,利用Matlab仿真平台搭建了典型光伏并网系统,并通过不同品质因数负载孤岛运行、不同高阻短路接地故障、大容量负荷投切以及雷击故障等工况测试了所提方法的有效性。

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韩忠修(1993—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为交直流混合配电网和微电网,Email:
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罗美玲(1982—),女,本科,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为继电保护,Email:

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罗美玲(1982—),女,本科,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为继电保护,Email:

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Parameters of test system

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设备 参数 参数 参数
负荷L2 有功
功率
30 MW 感性无功功率 2 Mvar 容性无功功率 0 Mvar
负荷L3 有功
功率
4 MW 感性无功功率 1 Mvar 容性无功功率 1 Mvar
负荷L11 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 6.631 5 H 电容 1.061 μF
负荷L12 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 2.652 6 H 电容 2.652 6 μF
负荷L13 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 1.657 9 H 电容 4.424 4 μF
), ArticleFig(id=1193114833743741357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1192850377662935880, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测试系统参数

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设备 参数 参数 参数
负荷L2 有功
功率
30 MW 感性无功功率 2 Mvar 容性无功功率 0 Mvar
负荷L3 有功
功率
4 MW 感性无功功率 1 Mvar 容性无功功率 1 Mvar
负荷L11 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 6.631 5 H 电容 1.061 μF
负荷L12 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 2.652 6 H 电容 2.652 6 μF
负荷L13 电阻 2 500 Ω 电感 1.657 9 H 电容 4.424 4 μF
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基于无功功率扰动与特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法研究
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罗美玲 1 , 韩忠修 2 , 于晓军 1 , 吴建云 1 , 黄伟兵 1
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(5): 71-78
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(5): 71-78
基于无功功率扰动与特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法研究
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罗美玲1 , 韩忠修2 , 于晓军1, 吴建云1, 黄伟兵1
作者信息
  • 1 国网宁夏电力有限公司,宁夏 银川 750001
  • 2 国电南瑞南京控制系统有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
  • 罗美玲(1982—),女,本科,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为继电保护,Email:

通讯作者:

韩忠修(1993—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为交直流混合配电网和微电网,Email:
Research on the Islanding Detection Method in Photovoltaic System Based on Reactive Power Disturbance and Characteristic Kurtosis
Meiling LUO1 , Zhongxiu HAN2 , Xiaojun YU1, Jianyun WU1, Weibing HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Yinchuan750001,Ningxia,China
  • 2 Guodian Nanrui Nanjing Control System Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210000,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586
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孤岛检测方法是光伏系统并网的必备方法,然而,在遇到电网高阻短路接地故障以及大容量负荷投切等运行状态时,目前的孤岛检测方法容易发生误判。为此,在分析并网点处功率在孤岛运行状态和其他电网运行状态之间差异的基础上,提出一种基于无功功率扰动和特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法。该方法首先利用并网点三相电压幅值偏移率实现光伏系统无功功率主动注入的启动判据;然后,获取并网点处的视在功率波形,在对其进行归一化操作获得归一视在功率波形后,利用变分模态分解算法对归一视在功率波形进行8层的分解,并获取第5层时频分量为特征检测分量;进而,对特征检测分量进行特征峭度计算,通过特征峭度值的大小实现孤岛运行状态检测;最后,利用Matlab仿真平台搭建了典型光伏并网系统,并通过不同品质因数负载孤岛运行、不同高阻短路接地故障、大容量负荷投切以及雷击故障等工况测试了所提方法的有效性。

光伏系统  /  孤岛检测  /  高阻短路接地故障  /  无功功率扰动  /  变分模态分解  /  特征峭度

The islanding detection method is a necessary method for grid-connected PV systems,but,the current islanding detection method is prone to misjudgement when encountering grid operation states such as high-resistance short-circuit ground faults and large-capacity load casting. For this reason,an islanding detection method based on reactive power perturbation and featured kurtosis was proposed based on analyzing the difference between the power at the grid point in the islanding operation state and other grid operation states. The method firstly used the three-phase voltage amplitude offset rate at the grid point to realize the starting criterion of active reactive power injection in PV system. Then,the apparent power waveform at the grid point was obtained,and after the normalization operation was performed to obtain the normalized apparent power (NAP) waveform,variational modal decomposition algorithm was used to decompose NAP at 8 layers,and the time-frequency component at layer 5 was obtained as the feature detection component. And then the feature detection component was characterized by a featured kurtosis to achieve islanding detection. Finally,a typical PV grid-connected system was constructed using Matlab simulation platform,and the effectiveness of the proposed method was tested through the working conditions of islanding operation with different quality factor loads,different high-resistance short-circuit ground faults,large-capacity load switching,and lightning strike faults,and so on.

photovoltaic system  /  islanding detection  /  high-resistance short-circuit ground fault  /  reactive power perturbation  /  variational modal decomposition(VMD)  /  featured kurtosis
罗美玲, 韩忠修, 于晓军, 吴建云, 黄伟兵. 基于无功功率扰动与特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (5) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586
Meiling LUO, Zhongxiu HAN, Xiaojun YU, Jianyun WU, Weibing HUANG. Research on the Islanding Detection Method in Photovoltaic System Based on Reactive Power Disturbance and Characteristic Kurtosis[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (5) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586
近年来,由于光伏发电具有安全可靠、无枯竭、无噪声等优势,光伏并网技术快速发展。分布式光伏发电系统通过逆变的控制系统与电网建立电气联系[1],在与主网脱离的情况下,给本地负载独立供电[2]。但随着光伏并网比例逐年增高,独立运行的孤岛系统孤岛运行将对电网的稳定运行产生危害[3],造成电网的功率、电压与频率产生异常,将对电气设备造成损害,严重危害检修人员的生命安全。因此,逆变器检测到孤岛运行现象,需立即切断与电网的连接,孤岛检测成为不可忽视的问题,是目前光伏研究的热点[4]
目前,国内外将孤岛检测方法分为远程检测法与本地检测法。远程检测法依赖于电力公司和分布式发电(distributed generation,DG)单位之间通信的检测方案,其需要通信链路,但目前部署的光伏发电区域并没有现成的电力通信装置,因此成本较高,导致远程检测方法并没有广泛应用[5]。本地检测法主要是利用DG并网侧的逆变控制系统对公共连接点(point of common coupling,PCC)电压和频率实时监测,当系统脱离主网时,PCC电压、频率和相位等电气参数的变化量或变化率将超出一定的阈值范围,即判定孤岛发生。文献[6]通过移相的方法移频,此方法中电流波形不发生畸变,且对谐波影响小。文献[7]提出了一种通过改变相位使基波分量发生必要偏移的新型电流扰动式孤岛检测方法,该方法使总谐波畸变率减小。文献[8]对带正反馈的主动频移(active frequency drift with positive feedback,AFDPF)法的参数进行优化,消除了检测盲区。文献[9]提出了一种基于锁频环控制的主从控制多DG孤岛检测方法,能够消除稀释效应,实现多DG孤岛检测。文献[10]通过改变逆变器输出的电流幅值检测孤岛,且总谐波畸变率较小。
对上述文献进一步分析,目前光伏孤岛的本地检测技术主要包含过/欠电压、过/欠频率、谐波变化率以及电压相位突变的被动检测法以及包含频率扰动、电压扰动、功率扰动以及阻抗测量的主动检测方法[11]。就被动检测法而言,它具备原理简单、实现容易的优点,但是存在检测阈值设定困难的问题以及检测盲区大等缺点[12]。而就主动检测方法而言,它具备检测盲区小、检测速度快以及成本低等优点,但也存在谐波引入、参数设置等缺点[13]。因此,如何减小谐波引入以及不与短路故障等工况发生混淆是主动检测法需要进一步改进的方面。
基于此,本文提出一种基于无功功率扰动和特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法。该方法首先利用并网点三相电压幅值偏移率实现光伏系统无功功率主动注入的启动判据;其次,获取并网点处的视在功率波形,并利用变分模态分解算法对归一视在功率波形进行分解,以此获取特征检测分量;然后,计算该分量特征峭度,通过特征峭度值的大小实现孤岛运行状态检测。最后,通过仿真验证了本文所提方法的可靠性。
本节通过简单的光伏并网系统来解释无功功率扰动原理,如图1所示。
该系统由光伏组件、DC/DC变换器、DC/AC逆变器、变压器、本地负载、断路器和主网组成。在光伏系统并网运行时,通过最大功率追踪控制策略实现光伏输出最大功率。光伏系统中的逆变器通常采用有功/无功功率控制策略,通过协调光伏的输出功率来调整输出电压。另外,通过功率外环和电流内环的双闭环控制结构,实现光伏并网逆变器的控制[14-16]。所谓的光伏孤岛状态主要是指系统故障时,断路器K断开,使光伏系统和本地负载形成孤岛供电系统。当光伏系统正常并网运行时,并网点PCC的功率可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{L}=\Delta P+{P}_{inv}=3\frac{{U}_{PCC}^{2}}{{R}_{L}}\\ {Q}_{L}=\Delta Q+{Q}_{inv}=3{U}_{PCC}^{2}(\frac{1}{2\pi {f}_{i}{L}_{L}}-2\pi {f}_{i}{C}_{L})\end{array}\right.$
式中:ΔP为电网输入至负载有功功率;ΔQ为电网输入至负载无功功率;Pinv为光伏系统输入至负载的有功功率;Qinv为光伏系统输入至负载的无功功率;PL为负载消耗的有功功率;QL为负载消耗的无功功率;UPCC为并网点PCC的电压;fi为并网点的频率;RLLLCL为负载的电阻、电感和电容。
当并网开关K打开使得孤岛状态形成时,逆变器的有功/无功控制策略可以保证输出功率不变。但是,由于K打开,这会使得PCC处的电压和频率受光伏系统输出功率和负载自身特性影响,不再受主网影响。这时光伏系统在孤岛运行状态下的无功功率表达式可以表示为
$\begin{array}{l}       \Delta {Q}_{inv}=\Delta {P}_{inv}{R}_{L}(\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}{L}_{L}}-{\omega }_{0}{C}_{L})-\\  {P}_{inv}{R}_{L}(\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{L}}+{C}_{L})\Delta \omega \end{array}$
进一步获得PCC点在光伏系统孤岛后的频率偏移,如下式所示:
$\Delta {f}_{i}=\frac{\Delta {P}_{ inv}{Q}_{q}(\frac{{f}_{0}}{{f}_{i}}-\frac{{f}_{i}}{{f}_{0}})-\Delta {Q}_{inv}}{{P}_{ inv}{Q}_{q}(\frac{{f}_{0}}{{f}_{i}^{2}}+\frac{1}{{f}_{0}})}$
由式(3)可知,光伏系统在正常运行时一般是按照单位功率因数模式进行的,这时光伏系统输出的无功功率基本为0。这时,若光伏系统的输出功率和负载需求功率是相匹配的,那么PCC处的频率并不会发生偏移。不过,若采用无功功率扰动方法,通过主动注入无功功率,则可以迫使孤岛状态下PCC处的电压和频率发生偏移,进而基于这些偏移来实现孤岛检测。
由上一节分析可知,主动注入无功功率可以使得光伏系统实现孤岛检测,但是注入多少无功功率需要满足一定要求。首先,主动注入的无功功率不能太大。若注入量太大,会加快频率变化速度,进而对系统中的电能质量产生很大的影响,不利于系统稳定运行。其次,注入无功功率的时间需要进行判别和选取。
因此,为解决现有无功功率扰动方法的缺陷,提出一种基于三相电压幅值变化率的高灵敏度的无功注入启动方法,具体如下式所示:
${U}_{D}=diff\left|\frac{{U}_{T}\left(t\right)-{U}_{ra}}{{U}_{ra}}\right|$
式中:UTt)为PCC处三相电压幅值;UDUTt)相较于额定值Ura的偏差,也即电压偏移率;Ura为光伏系统功率输出为0时,并网点PCC处三相电压的幅值。
进而,无功功率扰动注入时间可以依据UD是否超过阈值ξ来进行设定,具体如下式所示:
$s X=A X+B U\left\{\begin{array}{ll}U_{\mathrm{D}}>\xi \text { 注人无功功率扰动量 } \\U_{\mathrm{D}} \leqslant \xi \text { 不注人无功功率扰动量 }\end{array}\right.$
在解释ξ的设定方法之前,先对光伏系统电压暂降的原因进行解释,目前光伏系统PCC处电压暂降原因主要是短路故障和大容量负荷启动等。而在这些原因中,最容易与孤岛检测发生误判的就是高阻短路故障。由文献[14]可知,当发生短路故障时,故障相电压突然降低,其对地分布电容将迅速放电,而非故障相电容将通过各自的分布电容迅速充电。当发生高阻接地故障时,光伏系统在并网运行条件下的频率、幅值和主网相近,光伏系统的电压将与主网一致。因此,可得并网点处非故障相暂态电压unf、暂态电流inf如下:
$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}{u}_{nf}\left(t\right)=\frac{\Delta u}{{\omega }_{d}}{e}^{-{\alpha }_{l}t}\left[{\omega }_{d}sin\varphi cos\right({\omega }_{d}t)+(\omega cos\varphi +\\ {\alpha }_{l}sin\varphi \left)sin\right({\omega }_{d}t\left)\right]+{U}_{2}sin(\omega t+\varphi )\end{array}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{i}_{nf}\left(t\right)=C\frac{d{u}_{c}}{dt}=\frac{\Delta u}{{\omega }_{d}}C{e}^{-{\alpha }_{l}t}\left[{\omega }_{d}\omega cos\right({\omega }_{d}t)-\\ ({\omega }^{2}sin\varphi +A{\alpha }_{l})sin\left({\omega }_{d}t\right)]+{U}_{2}\omega cos(\omega t+\varphi )\end{array}$
式中:α1=R1/(2L)为衰减因子,R1=RL+RfRL为主网到光伏系统之间线路等值电阻,Rf为故障电阻,L为主网到光伏系统之间的线路等值电感;ωd=1/(LC-1/2为振荡衰减角频率;C为主网到光伏系统之间线路等值电容;ϕ为电压初相角;A=ωcosϕ+α1sinϕ;Δu=U1-U2U1为故障前相电压,U2为故障后相电压;uc为电容电压。
故障相暂态电压uzf、暂态电流izf的表达式如下式所示:
$\begin{array}{l}{u}_{zf}\left(t\right)=\frac{{U}_{1}}{{\omega }_{d}}{e}^{-\alpha t}\left[{\omega }_{d}sin\varphi cos\right({\omega }_{d}t)+\\ (\omega cos\varphi +\alpha sin\varphi )sin\left({\omega }_{d}t\right)]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{i}_{zf}\left(t\right)=C\frac{d{u}_{c}}{dt}=\frac{{U}_{1}}{{\omega }_{d}}C{e}^{-\alpha t}\left[{\omega }_{d}\omega cos\right({\omega }_{d}t)-\\ ({\omega }_{d}^{2}sin\varphi +A\alpha )sin\left({\omega }_{d}t\right)]\end{array}$
其中
$R=\frac{{R}_{L1}({R}_{inv}+{R}_{L2})}{{R}_{L1}+{R}_{inv}+{R}_{L2}}+{R}_{f}$
式中:α=R/(2L)为衰减因子;RL1为故障线路故障点前电阻;RL2为光伏系统与故障点位置之间电阻;Rinv为分布式电源阻抗。
由式(6)~式(9)可知,当发生短路故障时,并网点的电压和电流将呈现振荡衰减特性,进而并网点的有功功率和无功功率也会呈现振荡衰减特性,并且光伏系统主动注入无功功率并不会影响这一振荡衰减特性。但是,当光伏系统发生孤岛运行状态且负载与光伏系统输出功率匹配时,其并网点处的有功功率和无功功率并不会呈现明显的振荡衰减特性,并且无功功率注入是通过控制系统直接注入,响应速度快。也即,短路故障状态下并网点无功功率振荡衰减特性要强于孤岛运行状态。因此,可以依据孤岛运行状态和短路故障状态下的功率振荡之间的差异来构建孤岛检测方法。
通过上述分析可知,为有效区分孤岛状态和高阻接地故障状态,一是需要注入一个比较小且不影响系统电能质量的无功注入量,本文通过考虑频率标准范围,将无功注入量设定为0.01(标幺值);二是需要一个灵敏的无功注入启动方法。考虑到并网运行状态下,光伏系统并网处的电压主要由主网钳制,且当光伏输出功率变化时,其并网处电压变化比较微弱,因此,可以依据光伏系统在并网运行时,功率由小到额定功率过程中的最大UD变换率来对ξ进行整定。所提整定方法一方面可以保证高灵敏度,一方面也是实际中容易获取的数据。
基于上述分析,本节将介绍一种基于变分模态分解和特征偏度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法。具体步骤如下:
步骤1:根据UD是否超过阈值ξ来判定是否启动孤岛检测。若UD超过阈值ξ,则进入步骤2;否则,对UD进行重新计算和比较。
步骤2:依据孤岛检测启动时间,获取并网处的视在功率波形Ps,进而将获取的视在功率波形除以整个波形的最大值,获取归一视在功率波形Psz,其中,波形时间窗为启动前0.02 s到启动后0.03 s,进而转入步骤3。
步骤3:利用VMD对Psz进行8层分解,可获得8个时频分量Fskt),获取第5层时频分量的能量作为特征检测分量Fszt),并转入步骤4。
其中,VMD进行8层分解的原因在于本文选取图2a所示孤岛状态下PCC处视在功率测试波形进行了快速傅里叶变换,结果如图2b所示。在图2中可以发现,孤岛状态下的视在功率测试波形大致具备8个主要频率分量。因此,本文将VMD的分解层数设定为8层。由文献[17]可知,电网发生短路故障时的暂态功率波形的故障特征频率范围主要集中于1~2 kHz之间,因此,本文将故障特征频带选为第5个时频分量。
步骤4:按照下式对Fszt)进行峭度计算,获取特征峭度ST,并转入步骤5。
${S}_{T}=\frac{\frac{1}{T}\stackrel{T}{{\sum }^{}_{t=1}}[{F}_{sz}{\left(t\right)-\mu ]}^{4}}{\left\{\frac{1}{T}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}\right[{F}_{sz}{\left(t\right)-\mu )}^{2}{\left]\right\}}^{2}}$
式中:μFszt)的均值;TFszt)的最大采样点编号。
步骤5:通过理论分析以及大量仿真验证可得:若ST>3,则判定发生为非孤岛状态;若ST≤3,则判定发生孤岛。
本文利用Matlab仿真软件来对图3所示的含光伏系统的配电网进行电磁暂态仿真。
利用仿真结果对所提方法进行测试。该含光伏系统的配电网的详细参数见文献[18],各负荷参数如表1所示。由图3可知,该测试系统可以测试不同品质因数负荷下的光伏系统孤岛运行、不同性质负荷投切、线路故障等运行工况。
下面分3步对所提方法具体实施进行说明。
第1步先对光伏系统无功功率注入启动判据的阈值ξ进行整定,具体为当光伏系统功率发生变化时,获取并网处PCC的三相电压幅值变化值进行整定。因此,当光伏系统功率由0增加至额定功率时,图4给出光伏系统功率变化曲线和PCC处三相电压幅值以及频率变化曲线。
图4可知,光伏系统的输出功率从1 s开始由0上升至额定输出功率。在这一过程中,PCC处的电压和频率都有所波动。但由于主网的钳制作用,其电压和频率的波动十分微弱,例如,PCC处三相电压幅值从20 103 V上升至20 122.4 V,频率从60 Hz上升至60.003 Hz后又逐渐恢复至60 Hz。因此,Ura可选为20 103 V。在光伏功率变化时,PCC三相电压幅值偏差UD小于500。为此,通过考虑一定的裕度和其他正常运行工况干扰,可将ξ设定为1 000。
第2步是验证本文设定的无功功率注入量并不会影响系统本身的电能质量。例如,当系统运行至3 s,依次对不同品质因数负载连接下的光伏系统进行孤岛运行切换,图5给出不同品质因数负载孤岛切换时PCC处的频率。由图5可知,当光伏系统连接不同品质因数负载发生孤岛时,并网处频率变化也是不同的,由图5b可知,当负载品质因数为2.5时,其频率变化最小,这是因为该负载品质因数是参考了IEEE Std.1547.1 规定的孤岛检测最困难情况。由图5c可知,当负载品质因数为4时,就算不注入无功功率,其并网处频率变化也超过了安全范围(59.4~60.6 Hz)。
接着,利用所提的无功功率注入方法在不同品质因数负载孤岛切换时主动注入无功功率,其注入时间依次为3.000 8 s,3.002 1 s,3.003 5 s。进而可以获得图6所示的不同品质因数负载孤岛切换并主动注入无功功率时PCC处的频率。
图5图6对比可知,当系统本身频率不越限的情况下,主动注入无功功率也不会让频率越限。而当系统本身频率越限的情况下,主动注入无功功率也不会让频率越限情况加剧。因此,本文所提的无功功率注入方法是有效的。
第3步介绍所提方法能够有效检测孤岛运行状态,且不会与高阻短路故障之间发生误判。为此,图7给出品质因数为1,2.5和4时发生孤岛运行后并网点处的视在功率波形及其特征检测分量。图8给出在并网点处发生a相单相1 000 Ω高阻接地故障和ab两相1 000 Ω高阻接地故障以及三相1 000 Ω高阻接地故障后并网点处的视在功率波形及其特征检测分量。
图7图8对比可知,特征检测分量在发生孤岛状态和高阻短路接地故障状态之间存在着明显的差异。不过,当发生高阻单相接地故障时,可以看出其视在功率波形幅值与孤岛状态时的幅值十分接近,这也就是为什么部分高阻接地短路故障使得传统孤岛检测方法难以区别的原因。进而可以计算出各个工况下特征检测分量的特征峭度依次为2.362 9,2.871 0,2.874 9,3.875 8,20.345 4和78.177 8。根据本文所提判据,可以准确地区分孤岛运行状态和高阻短路接地故障状态,且需利用的状态切换后的数据窗仅为0.03 s。
此外,大容量的负荷从电网上断开或者投入也会引起电压暂降,例如,将图3中的负荷L2和L3分别接入电网。为表明本文所提方法不会受大容量负荷切换的影响,图9给出这两个大容量负荷切换时并网点处的视在功率波形和特征检测分量。由图9可计算出特征峭度为39.455 3和41.412 1。进而,可判定为非孤岛运行状态。
最后,分析本文所提方法的检测盲区。目前对检测盲区的分析主要是依据设定的功率偏差、频率偏差以及电压偏差等来进行分析。但是由于本文采用的是无功功率扰动后视在功率波形突变程度来实现孤岛检测,因此,本文所提方法不受频率偏移和电压偏移阈值的影响。而是主要受其他运行工况特别是故障运行工况的强度影响。通过上文不同运行工况的结果分析可知,正常的负荷投切并不影响本文所提方法,而是当发生更高接地电阻的高阻故障时,会影响本文所提方法的检测结果。通过大量仿真实验可知,本文所提方法会在接地电阻为1 235 Ω时,其对应的ST为2.996 0,小于所设定的阈值,与孤岛状态发生混淆。综上,本文所提方法的检测盲区为发生接地电阻高于1 235 Ω的高阻接地故障。
由文献[4]和文献[19]可知,光伏并网系统需要同时进行低电压穿越与孤岛检测,对电压暂态扰动与孤岛状态进行准确而快速地区分,然而目前对此鲜有研究。文献[4]和文献[19]利用并网点电压的2次和3次特定谐波对电压暂态扰动和孤岛状态进行区分。但当系统的故障运行工况变化时,特别是暂态扰动瞬间,仅利用这两类谐波容易发生误判。
采用本文的测试系统,其中,负载品质因数为2.5。令测试系统的并网点处发生a相接地短路故障且接地电阻为100 Ω,获得图10。改变接地电阻数值为1 000 Ω,获得图11。另外,令测试系统的并网点处发生孤岛状态,可以获得图12图10图11图12给出其各自状态下并网点母线电压幅值曲线以及相应的电压幅频分析图。
图10可知,a相电压的2次谐波和3次谐波占比百分比分别为1.43%和1.35%。由图11可知,a相电压的2次谐波和3次谐波占比百分比分别为0.11%和0.11%。由图12可知,a相电压的2次谐波和3次谐波占比百分比分别为0.18%和0.09%。通过这些数据可以发现,当发生单相高阻接地故障时,如果仅靠谐波分量来进行区分,则会出现误判。而由前文图8可知,本文所提方法并不会发生这种误判。因此,本文所提方法要优于文献[19]和文献[4]的方法。
本文在分析并网点处功率在孤岛运行状态和其他电网运行状态之间差异的基础上,提出一种基于无功功率扰动和特征峭度的光伏系统孤岛检测方法。通过仿真实验验证,得到以下结论:
1)本文依据并网点处三相电压偏移率,提出一种高灵敏度的无功功率主动注入启动方法;该方法可在有效反映并网点处的各种扰动运行状态基础上,通过0.01(标幺值)的无功功率主动注入,不仅实现了不影响系统电能质量,还能增强孤岛运行状态的扰动特征。
2)依据系统不同运行状态下并网点处功率之间的差异,提出一种基于特征峭度的孤岛状态检测判据。仿真实验结果表明,采用的变分模态分解能够有效提取各运行状态下的扰动特征,提出的特征峭度能够有效实现孤岛状态准确的量化识别。
  • 国网宁夏电力有限公司科技项目(5229NX230003)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586
  • 接收时间:2024-01-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-01
  • 修回日期:2024-03-15
基金
国网宁夏电力有限公司科技项目(5229NX230003)
作者信息
    1 国网宁夏电力有限公司,宁夏 银川 750001
    2 国电南瑞南京控制系统有限公司,江苏 南京 210000

通讯作者:

韩忠修(1993—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为交直流混合配电网和微电网,Email:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dqcd/CN/10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25586
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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