Article(id=1190325329920102456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325324991791712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25523, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=1704384000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725273828, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725273828, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725273828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725273828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325324991791712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725272653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272653, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325330066903099, articleId=1190325329920102456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on BP Prediction Algorithm for Optimal Tilt Angle of Ship Photovoltaic Panel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Owing to the influence of wave fluctuation,the output power of ship photovoltaic(PV)power generation system is in the state of fluctuation,which significantly affects the quality of electricity and the reliability of power supply,and the sun-tracking algorithm of the land-based PV system fails to adapt to the operating conditions of ships. An optimal tilt angle predictive method of PV panels under the working conditions of marine vessels was proposed,which took into account the influence of wave fluctuation and sun position change on the output power of ship PV power generation system,analyzed the fluctuation characteristics of the output power curves under the same solar altitude angle,different solar radiation energy and temperature conditions during the rocking cycle of the ship,and predicted the optimal working angle of photovoltaic panels by using BP neural network to adjust the PV panel to improve the output power fluctuation and increase the output power. It is illustrated that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)of the proposed method is less than 0.6% and the root mean square error (RMSE)is less than 0.1,the reliability of the proposed method was verified.

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受海浪波动的影响,船舶光伏发电系统输出功率处于波动状态,显著影响电能质量和供电可靠性,而陆地光伏发电系统追日跟踪算法无法适应船舶的运行工况。提出一种适合海洋船舶工况下的光伏面板最佳倾斜角度预测方法,该方法综合考虑海浪波动和太阳位置变化对船舶光伏发电系统输出功率的影响,通过分析船舶摇摆周期内,相同太阳高度角、不同太阳辐射能和温度条件下输出功率的波动特征,利用BP神经网络预测光伏面板最佳倾斜角度,调整光伏面板,改善输出功率波动,提高输出功率。结果表明,所提预测方法的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)在0.6%以下,均方根误差(RMSE)在0.1以下,验证了所提预测方法的可靠性。

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周岩(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:
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柏岩松(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

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柏岩松(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

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Modern Electric Power, 2022, 39(3):287-298., articleTitle=Short-term photovoltaic power prediction based on back propagation neural network improved by hybrid sparrow algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190325760733844079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325760742232688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, companyId=1190325760733844079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Automation and School of Artificial Intelligence,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325760754815601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, companyId=1190325760733844079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325765481796276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Number of output power peaks and valleys for the different solar altitude angles

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h/(°) 峰值个数 谷值个数 h/(°) 峰值个数 谷值个数
85 2 1 50 1 1
80 2 1 40 1 1
70 1 1 30 1 1
60 1 1 25 1 1
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不同太阳高度角的输出功率峰谷值数量

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h/(°) 峰值个数 谷值个数 h/(°) 峰值个数 谷值个数
85 2 1 50 1 1
80 2 1 40 1 1
70 1 1 30 1 1
60 1 1 25 1 1
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Test results of different solar altitude angles

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h/(°) 理论值/(°) 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
85 5 4.974 0.52 0.22 0.053
80 10 9.998 0.02
75 15 15.051 0.34
70 20 20.070 0.35
65 25 24.980 0.08
60 30 29.984 0.05
55 35 34.887 0.32
50 40 40.029 0.07
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不同太阳高度角的测试结果

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h/(°) 理论值/(°) 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
85 5 4.974 0.52 0.22 0.053
80 10 9.998 0.02
75 15 15.051 0.34
70 20 20.070 0.35
65 25 24.980 0.08
60 30 29.984 0.05
55 35 34.887 0.32
50 40 40.029 0.07
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Test results of different solar radiant energies at h=60°

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It/(W·m-2 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
800 30.004 0.01 0.06 0.02
850 29.984 0.05
900 29.966 0.11
950 29.963 0.12
1 100 29.998 0.01
1 150 29.996 0.01
1 200 29.985 0.05
1 250 29.977 0.08
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不同太阳辐射能的测试结果(h=60°)

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It/(W·m-2 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
800 30.004 0.01 0.06 0.02
850 29.984 0.05
900 29.966 0.11
950 29.963 0.12
1 100 29.998 0.01
1 150 29.996 0.01
1 200 29.985 0.05
1 250 29.977 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766110941882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test results of different solar radiant energies at h=80°

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It/(W·m-2 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
800 10.085 0.85 0.56 0.06
850 10.056 0.56
900 10.031 0.31
950 10.085 0.85
1 100 9.934 0.66
1 150 9.932 0.68
1 200 9.953 0.47
1 250 9.994 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766257742523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同太阳辐射能的测试结果(h=80°)

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It/(W·m-2 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
800 10.085 0.85 0.56 0.06
850 10.056 0.56
900 10.031 0.31
950 10.085 0.85
1 100 9.934 0.66
1 150 9.932 0.68
1 200 9.953 0.47
1 250 9.994 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766316462780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test results of different temperatures at h=60°

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T/℃ 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
20 30.007 0.02 0.20 0.07
22 29.998 0.01
27 29.955 0.15
30 29.934 0.22
35 29.942 0.19
37 29.903 0.32
40 29.902 0.33
42 29.887 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766467457725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同温度的测试结果(h=60°)

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T/℃ 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
20 30.007 0.02 0.20 0.07
22 29.998 0.01
27 29.955 0.15
30 29.934 0.22
35 29.942 0.19
37 29.903 0.32
40 29.902 0.33
42 29.887 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766589092542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Test results of different temperatures at h=80°

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T/℃ 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
20 10.001 0.01 0.32 0.04
22 9.994 0.06
27 9.969 0.31
30 9.961 0.39
35 9.971 0.29
37 9.956 0.44
40 9.949 0.51
42 9.947 0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1190325766668784319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325329920102456, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同温度的测试结果(h=80°)

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T/℃ 预测值/(°) 相对误差/% NMAPE/% NRMSE
20 10.001 0.01 0.32 0.04
22 9.994 0.06
27 9.969 0.31
30 9.961 0.39
35 9.971 0.29
37 9.956 0.44
40 9.949 0.51
42 9.947 0.53
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船舶光伏面板最佳倾斜角度BP预测算法研究
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柏岩松 1 , 李国荣 2 , 曹大友 2 , 周岩 1
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025,55(2): 41-47
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2025, 55(2): 41-47
船舶光伏面板最佳倾斜角度BP预测算法研究
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柏岩松1 , 李国荣2, 曹大友2, 周岩1
作者信息
  • 1 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2 招商局金陵船舶(南京)有限公司,江苏 南京 210000
  • 柏岩松(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:

通讯作者:

周岩(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:
Research on BP Prediction Algorithm for Optimal Tilt Angle of Ship Photovoltaic Panel
Yansong BAI1 , Guorong LI2, Dayou CAO2, Yan ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation and School of Artificial Intelligence,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 China Merchants Jinling Shipbuilding (Nanjing)Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 210000,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25523
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受海浪波动的影响,船舶光伏发电系统输出功率处于波动状态,显著影响电能质量和供电可靠性,而陆地光伏发电系统追日跟踪算法无法适应船舶的运行工况。提出一种适合海洋船舶工况下的光伏面板最佳倾斜角度预测方法,该方法综合考虑海浪波动和太阳位置变化对船舶光伏发电系统输出功率的影响,通过分析船舶摇摆周期内,相同太阳高度角、不同太阳辐射能和温度条件下输出功率的波动特征,利用BP神经网络预测光伏面板最佳倾斜角度,调整光伏面板,改善输出功率波动,提高输出功率。结果表明,所提预测方法的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)在0.6%以下,均方根误差(RMSE)在0.1以下,验证了所提预测方法的可靠性。

船舶摇摆  /  BP神经网络  /  最佳倾斜角度  /  标幺化  /  输出功率抑制

Owing to the influence of wave fluctuation,the output power of ship photovoltaic(PV)power generation system is in the state of fluctuation,which significantly affects the quality of electricity and the reliability of power supply,and the sun-tracking algorithm of the land-based PV system fails to adapt to the operating conditions of ships. An optimal tilt angle predictive method of PV panels under the working conditions of marine vessels was proposed,which took into account the influence of wave fluctuation and sun position change on the output power of ship PV power generation system,analyzed the fluctuation characteristics of the output power curves under the same solar altitude angle,different solar radiation energy and temperature conditions during the rocking cycle of the ship,and predicted the optimal working angle of photovoltaic panels by using BP neural network to adjust the PV panel to improve the output power fluctuation and increase the output power. It is illustrated that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)of the proposed method is less than 0.6% and the root mean square error (RMSE)is less than 0.1,the reliability of the proposed method was verified.

ship rocking  /  BP neural network  /  optimal tilt angle  /  standardization  /  output power suppression
柏岩松, 李国荣, 曹大友, 周岩. 船舶光伏面板最佳倾斜角度BP预测算法研究. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (2) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25523
Yansong BAI, Guorong LI, Dayou CAO, Yan ZHOU. Research on BP Prediction Algorithm for Optimal Tilt Angle of Ship Photovoltaic Panel[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (2) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25523
中国海事局发布的《2020年全球船用燃油限硫令实施方案》指出,船舶行业须着力研究和发展节能创新产业,切实履行绿色造船方针,提升能源使用率,降低对海洋环境的不利影响。光伏发电系统在船舶上的大力发展,不仅缓解了全球能源和环境问题[1],更具有实用优势。
船舶光伏发电系统与陆地光伏发电系统存在较大不同,除了会受太阳辐射能和温度的影响,还会受船舶航行时的横摇、纵摇、纵荡和横荡等因素影响,其中横摇会对船舶的运动产生主要影响[2],致使光伏面板倾斜角度动态变化,输出功率处于波动状态,如何获得光伏面板最佳倾斜角度,抑制输出功率波动是亟需解决的问题。
文献[3]提出了一种根据光伏阵列局部遮蔽优化面板布局和开关矩阵的重构过程分析方法,能够不断寻找节能的最优面板布局和开关矩阵个数,虽然不会发生布线损耗,但会产生开关损耗。文献[4]提出了一种在给定时间段内,以每小时光伏面板所产生的功率方差最小为目标函数,计算光伏面板最佳倾斜角度的方法,但需要获取大量的数据来产生模型,并且运行复杂。文献[5]提出了一种根据太阳辐射能、光伏面板遮阳时间和屋顶特征的估计数据来计算光伏面板最佳倾斜角的算法,但需要对每一种工况进行单独分析设计,不适应实时变化的工况。文献[6]提出了一种以阈值角度为控制量、光伏面板的控制间隔与太阳运行速度同步变化的单轴跟踪法,但误差角度会产生系统固有误差,且控制过程过于频繁。文献[7]提出了一种以视日运动轨迹模型为基础,入射光线与光伏面板平面法线的夹角为被控量,容许偏差角为判断条件的双轴交替式余量型变频跟踪法,但跟踪精度不高。然而,上述研究无法适应光伏面板随船舶摇摆倾斜角度动态变化的工况,导致跟踪预测精度不高、资源浪费等问题。
针对以上问题,本文提出一种适合海洋船舶工况下的光伏面板最佳倾斜角度预测方法。首先,对船舶光伏发电系统的工作特征进行分析和仿真建模。其次,分析不同工况下输出功率的波动特征,提出利用标幺化的方法提取波动特征与光伏面板最佳倾斜角度建立关系,以此为训练数据构建BP神经网络模型;最后,分析预测性能和输出功率波动改善情况。仿真结果验证了本文所提预测方法的可靠性。
受海浪波动影响,光伏面板所接收到的太阳辐射能会随船舶摇摆发生变化,导致输出功率处于波动状态,进而降低电能质量和供电可靠性,而想要对输出功率波动进行抑制,就必须对船舶光伏发电系统的工作特征进行研究。
日地位置关系导致的入射光线相对于光伏面板的角度和地球大气对太阳辐射能的衰减作用是影响光伏面板接收太阳辐射能的主要因素[8]。由几何关系推导可得入射光线与倾斜光伏面板法线之间夹角i的计算公式[9]
cosi=cos β sinh+sin β cosh cos(α-γ)
式中:β为光伏面板倾斜角;h为太阳高度角;α为太阳方位角;γ为光伏面板斜面方位角。
国内外关于太阳辐射能的计算方法常用的模型有Hottel model,Threlkeld & Jordan model[10]等,而倾斜光伏面板太阳辐射能的计算常用Klein的计算方法[11]。基于此,倾斜光伏面板的太阳辐射能计算分为3部分:直射辐射能、散射辐射能和反射辐射能。
1)直射辐射能计算公式为
In=ξ0IscPamsinh
式中:ξ0为地球轨道偏心修正系数;Isc为太阳常数;Pa为大气透明度系数;m为大气光学质量。
2)散射辐射能。理论上精确计算地球表面的太阳散射辐射能Ih是困难的,一般采用基于实测的经验计算公式:
Ih=0.5ξ0IscPamsinh1-Pam1-1.4lnPa
3)反射辐射能。反射辐射能Ig受海洋反射系数ρ的影响,一般海洋环境的反射率[8]约为0.35~0.5,本文取海洋反射率ρ= 0.4。计算公式如下:
Ig=ρ(In+Ih)
结合上述公式可知,任意倾斜光伏面板的太阳辐射能It的计算公式为
It=Incosisinh+Ihcos2β2+Ig(1-cos2β2)
在陆地上,光伏发电系统的安装方式有固定式和跟踪式,在较短的时间内,其光伏面板倾斜角度一般是不变的[8]。但船舶光伏发电系统由于受海浪波动的影响,在船舶摇摆周期内光伏面板倾斜角度是动态变化的,故需要对船舶的摇摆特征进行数学描述。
假设海浪波动是规则波,则可以认为海浪波动下船舶的摇摆为简谐运动[12],即
θ=θmaxsin(2πTt+θ0)
式中:θmax为船舶摇摆的最大角度;T为船舶摇摆周期;θ0为初相位。
本文针对船舶横摇的特点,基于以下边界条件[13],在Simulink中建立船舶光伏发电系统仿真模型,分析海浪波动对船舶光伏发电系统输出功率的影响。
1)船舶摇摆主要由海浪波动产生,故假定船舶摇摆与海浪波动周期相同,光伏面板固定于甲板随船舶摇摆,只考虑转动,不考虑平动。
2)海浪波动方向为东西方向。
3)大气透明度系数Pa=1,处于理想状态,不考虑地球大气对太阳辐射能的衰减作用。
4)在海浪波动下,光伏面板理论上存在背向太阳光的时刻,如图1所示。但本文主要针对如何获得光伏面板最佳倾斜角度,抑制输出功率波动,故不考虑太阳光无法照射到光伏面板的情况。
设定船舶摇摆最大角度[2]θmax=20°,周期T=5 s,初相位θ0=0°,波形图如图2所示,船舶在一个周期内摇摆角θ=-20°~20°。光伏面板倾斜角度β可调范围为-45°~45°,当预测的最佳倾斜角度超过该范围时不再进行调节。斜面方位角γ=90°,波浪方向为正东正西方向。太阳方位角α=90°,太阳位于光伏面板的正东正西方向;根据边界条件4)设定太阳高度角h在21°~90°变化。
船舶光伏发电系统的整体结构框图如图3所示,太阳辐射能It和温度T输入PV模块,从PV模块中检测电压信号V与电流信号I,两者相乘得到输出功率P,采集输出功率的波动特征输入BP神经网络,预测光伏面板最佳倾斜角度。
依据边界条件1)可知,光伏面板固定于甲板随船舶摇摆,故可将预测的最佳倾斜角度加到摇摆角度中,使太阳高度角h和光伏面板呈垂直关系,实现对输出功率波动的抑制,示意图如图4所示。
相同太阳高度角h条件下,太阳辐射能It和温度T是船舶光伏发电系统输出功率的主要影响因素[14],故分别采用以下两种工况进行分析。
1)温度T = 25 ℃,采集太阳高度角h = 60°和h = 80°时,不同太阳辐射能It的输出功率。
图5可知,太阳辐射能It在800~1 300 W/m2 之间变化时,输出功率的波动特征相同,峰谷值随着太阳辐射能It的增加而增加。
2)太阳辐射能It=1 000 W/m2,采集太阳高度角h=60°和h=80°时,不同温度T的输出功率。
图6可知,温度T在20~45 ℃之间变化时,输出功率的波动特征相同,峰谷值随着温度T的升高而减小。
分析图5图6可知,相同太阳高度角h、不同太阳辐射能It和不同温度T的条件下输出功率的波动特征相同,只有峰谷值会发生变化。基于此,本文提出对输出功率曲线以输出功率的峰值为基准值进行标幺化的处理,提取输出功率的波动特征,以适应各种工况的变化。
不同太阳高度角的输出功率峰谷值数量如表1所示。通过对船舶摇摆一个周期内不同太阳高度角h的输出功率峰谷值进行比较可知,不同太阳高度角h的输出功率峰值个数不是唯一的,谷值个数始终是唯一的,故可以利用谷值的标幺值表示输出功率的波动特征,避免对输出功率每个点进行标幺化,导致数据样本较大。
以第1种工况为例,如图7所示,相同太阳高度角h、不同太阳辐射能It的输出功率的波动特征近似相同,标幺化后的谷值最大误差分别为0.011 11和0.005 89,故可以利用谷值的标幺值表示输出功率的波动特征。
由上述分析可知,本文采集的是光伏面板水平时输出功率的波动特征,但当光伏面板第一次调节为预测最佳倾斜角度后,同一块光伏面板采集到的不再是光伏面板水平时输出功率的波动特征,从而无法进行预测。因此,本文设置一个时刻水平的参照光伏面板,通过采集该面板输出功率的波动特征进行预测,调整其他光伏面板。
针对以上规律,建立BP神经网络模型,利用其非线性映射能力强、不断重复进行正向传播与误差反向传播的特点[15],实现光伏面板最佳倾斜角度的预测,流程图如图8所示。
BP神经网络本质上是求解被控对象误差函数最小值问题,采用“最速下降法”在误差函数负梯度方向上调整权重系数[16]。2输入1输出的3层网络结构如图9所示,其结构为输入层、隐含层和输出层。输出功率谷值的标幺值和峰值作为输入层神经元,光伏面板最佳倾斜角度作为输出层神经元,隐含层神经元的数目一般根据输入输出特征量及样本数量确定,经测试最终选用15个神经元。
测试模型的预测性能一般采用平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)进行定量分析[17]。具体公式如下:
NMAPE=1ni=1n|Xi-xiXi|×100%
NRMSE=i=1n(Xi-xi)2/n
式中:n为样本数;Xi为理论值;xi为预测值。
利用训练完成的BP神经网络对测试样本分3种工况,逐一分析太阳高度角h、太阳辐射能It和温度T分别变化时模型的预测性能。
1)太阳辐射能It = 1 000 W/m2T = 25 ℃时,不同太阳高度角h的测试结果如表2所示,预测最佳倾斜角度与理论值的相对误差在0.02%~0.52%的范围内,NMAPE为0.22%,NRMSE为0.053。
2)温度T=25 ℃、不同太阳辐射能It、太阳高度角h=60°的测试结果如表3所示,预测最佳倾斜角度和理论值30°的相对误差在0.01%~0.12%的范围内,NMAPE为0.06%,NRMSE为0.02;太阳高度角h=80°的测试结果如表4所示,预测最佳倾斜角度和理论值10°的相对误差在0.06%~0.85%的范围内,NMAPE为0.56%,NRMSE为0.06。
3)太阳辐射能It=1 000 W/m2、不同温度T、太阳高度角h=60°的测试结果如表5所示,预测最佳倾斜角度和理论值30°的相对误差在0.01%~ 0.38%的范围内,NMAPE为0.20%,NRMSE为0.07;太阳高度角h=80°的测试结果如表6所示,预测最佳倾斜角度和理论值10°的相对误差在0.01%~0.53%的范围内,NMAPE为0.32%,NRMSE为0.04。
经测试样本验证,利用谷值的标幺值表示输出功率的波动特征是可行的,所提方法的NMAPE在0.6%以下,NRMSE在0.1以下,具有良好的稳定性。
通过对比光伏面板水平和处于预测最佳倾斜角度时输出功率的波动抑制情况进行验证,如图10所示,太阳辐射能It=1 000 W/m2T=25 ℃,太阳高度角h=60°和h=80°时,光伏面板由水平分别调整为预测最佳倾斜角度9.998°和29.984°时,输出功率的波动情况分别改善了82.71%和55.13%,输出功率分别提升了13.02%和1.47%,改善提升效果较好。
本文提出一种适合海洋船舶工况下的光伏面板最佳倾斜角度预测方法,根据船舶光伏发电系统的工作特征,推导了在海浪波动作用下光伏面板所受太阳辐射能的计算方法,验证了海浪波动不会改变相同太阳高度角的光伏面板输出功率的波动特征。其次,基于此特征,提出利用谷值的标幺值表示输出功率的波动特征并通过BP神经网络预测光伏面板最佳倾斜角度的方法。最后,测试所提预测方法的NMAPENRMSE,对比光伏面板水平和处于预测最佳倾斜角度时,输出功率的波动改善情况和提升情况。本文得到的主要研究结论如下:
1)本文所提预测方法在太阳高度角h、太阳辐射能It和温度T分别变化时的NMAPE均在0.6%以下,NRMSE均在0.1以下,能够根据不同工况下输出功率的波动特征准确预测当前光伏面板最佳倾斜角度,具有较好的适用性,对解决光伏面板随船舶摇摆倾斜角度动态变化的工况,导致跟踪预测精度不高、资源浪费等问题提供支撑。
2)在太阳辐射能It = 1 000 W/m2,温度T = 25 ℃,太阳高度角h = 60°和h = 80°时,输出功率的波动情况分别改善了82.71%和55.13%,输出功率分别提升了13.02%和1.47%。
下一步,将针对不同的斜面方位角和太阳方位角,分析光伏面板输出功率的波动特征变化,改进预测算法,进一步提升适应海洋不同工况的能力。
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2025年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25523
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 修回日期:2024-01-05
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    1 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2 招商局金陵船舶(南京)有限公司,江苏 南京 210000

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周岩(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电技术,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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