Article(id=1194957530649571930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=1690905600000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762829676543, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762829676543, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762829676543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762829676543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194957528560812573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762829676042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762830003292, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194957530905424475, articleId=1194957530649571930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Robust Configuration and Optimized Operation Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the economic and operational flexibility of accompanying energy storage facilities in new energy power stations,as well as to improve the stability of supplying electricity directly to large users and the grid-friendliness of large-scale new energy power stations,a two-stage robust configuration and optimized operation strategy for hybrid energy storage on the generation side was proposed. In the first stage,based on the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert-Huang transform of demand power signals,considering the investment cost of energy storage and the supply-demand requirements of new energy power stations and grid integration,a robust configuration model for various types of energy storage units in the hybrid system was constructed. In the second stage,with the first-stage optimized configuration as a constraint,an optimization model for the operation of hybrid energy storage was developed with the objective of reducing net load fluctuations while meeting the power supply requirements of the power station and grid integration.The effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed models and strategies were demonstrated through case studies using actual wind power and load data from a certain province,providing technical support and decision-making references for the coordinated development of new energy power stations and energy storage.

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为提升新能源场站配套储能设施的经济性和灵活性,以及提高大规模新能源场站向大用户直供电的稳定性和并网友好性,提出了发电侧混合储能的两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行策略。第一阶段基于需求功率信号的经验模态和希尔伯特-黄变换分解,考虑储能投资成本和新能源场站供能与并网需求,构建鲁棒配置模型。第二阶段在第一阶段优化配置方案的基础上,以降低净负荷波动为目标构建优化运行模型,满足场站供能和并网需求。通过某省实际风电场和负荷数据的算例分析,验证了所提模型的竞争性和有效性,为新能源场站与储能的协同发展提供了技术支持和决策参考。

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汪马翔(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源并网控制技术,Email:
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宋朋飞(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统运行与控制,Email:

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宋朋飞(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统运行与控制,Email:

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Parameter settings of various types of energy storage units of hybrid energy storage system

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类型 投资成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
使用
年限/a
电荷状态
范围
分频点/
Hz
锂电池 325 20 0.2~0.9 0.000 5
超级电容 1 000 50 0.1~0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1195013838228664759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530649571930, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混合储能系统各类型储能单元参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 投资成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
使用
年限/a
电荷状态
范围
分频点/
Hz
锂电池 325 20 0.2~0.9 0.000 5
超级电容 1 000 50 0.1~0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1195013838304162233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530649571930, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of configuration schemes and annual income of hybrid energy storage and single type energy storage of generation side

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储能类型 配置容量/MW 上网收益/元 投资成本/元 惩罚成本/元 总收益/元
混合储能 锂电池 30 1.27E+08 7.43E+05 8.28E+07 3.56E+08
超级电容 14
单一储能 锂电池 35 1.17E+08 5.09E+05 9.33E+07 3.36E+08
), ArticleFig(id=1195013838379659707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957530649571930, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发电侧混合储能与单一类型储能的配置方案与系统年收益对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能类型 配置容量/MW 上网收益/元 投资成本/元 惩罚成本/元 总收益/元
混合储能 锂电池 30 1.27E+08 7.43E+05 8.28E+07 3.56E+08
超级电容 14
单一储能 锂电池 35 1.17E+08 5.09E+05 9.33E+07 3.36E+08
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混合储能系统的鲁棒配置与优化运行策略
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宋朋飞 1 , 汪马翔 2 , 杨桂兴 1 , 李吉晨 2 , 亢朋朋 1 , 温胜寒 2
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(10): 58-66
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(10): 58-66
混合储能系统的鲁棒配置与优化运行策略
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宋朋飞1 , 汪马翔2 , 杨桂兴1, 李吉晨2, 亢朋朋1, 温胜寒2
作者信息
  • 1.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063
  • 2.国网电力科学研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 211106
  • 宋朋飞(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统运行与控制,Email:

通讯作者:

汪马翔(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源并网控制技术,Email:
Robust Configuration and Optimized Operation Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System
Pengfei SONG1 , Maxiang WANG2 , Guixing YANG1, Jichen LI2, Pengpeng KANG1, Shenghan WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,Urumqi 830063,Xinjiang,China
  • 2. State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing 211106,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25251
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为提升新能源场站配套储能设施的经济性和灵活性,以及提高大规模新能源场站向大用户直供电的稳定性和并网友好性,提出了发电侧混合储能的两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行策略。第一阶段基于需求功率信号的经验模态和希尔伯特-黄变换分解,考虑储能投资成本和新能源场站供能与并网需求,构建鲁棒配置模型。第二阶段在第一阶段优化配置方案的基础上,以降低净负荷波动为目标构建优化运行模型,满足场站供能和并网需求。通过某省实际风电场和负荷数据的算例分析,验证了所提模型的竞争性和有效性,为新能源场站与储能的协同发展提供了技术支持和决策参考。

新能源场站  /  储能设施  /  鲁棒配置  /  优化运行  /  并网友好性

To enhance the economic and operational flexibility of accompanying energy storage facilities in new energy power stations,as well as to improve the stability of supplying electricity directly to large users and the grid-friendliness of large-scale new energy power stations,a two-stage robust configuration and optimized operation strategy for hybrid energy storage on the generation side was proposed. In the first stage,based on the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert-Huang transform of demand power signals,considering the investment cost of energy storage and the supply-demand requirements of new energy power stations and grid integration,a robust configuration model for various types of energy storage units in the hybrid system was constructed. In the second stage,with the first-stage optimized configuration as a constraint,an optimization model for the operation of hybrid energy storage was developed with the objective of reducing net load fluctuations while meeting the power supply requirements of the power station and grid integration.The effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed models and strategies were demonstrated through case studies using actual wind power and load data from a certain province,providing technical support and decision-making references for the coordinated development of new energy power stations and energy storage.

new energy power stations  /  energy storage facilities  /  robust configuration  /  optimized operation  /  grid-friendliness
宋朋飞, 汪马翔, 杨桂兴, 李吉晨, 亢朋朋, 温胜寒. 混合储能系统的鲁棒配置与优化运行策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (10) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25251
Pengfei SONG, Maxiang WANG, Guixing YANG, Jichen LI, Pengpeng KANG, Shenghan WEN. Robust Configuration and Optimized Operation Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (10) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25251
在双碳目标的驱动下,新能源已逐步成为我国电力系统常用电源,但新能源发电受一次能源供给影响,难以满足电网调峰、调频需求,故需要配备储能以抑制新能源不确定性对电网安全稳定运行的影响。为了稳步推进能源转型,实现新能源友好并网,“新能源+储能”集群接入将成为新型电力系统建设的标准配置[1]。在此情况下,新能源与储能的经济配比及其协同运行方式成为新型电力系统运行规划的重要问题。文献[2]利用跟踪计划允许误差带法以储能补偿新能源功率预测误差为依据进行储能配置,以改善新能源发电的消纳问题。文献[3]利用鲁棒优化法以平抑新能源场站的随机性波动为目标构建配置模型,以提升并网电能质量。文献[4]利用截断正态分布法模拟新能源场站实际出力特征,建立了“低储高发”套利模型,以增加场站运行效益。文献[5]利用非参数核密度估计法配置风-储一体化发电系统中配套储能的容量,使一体化系统具备类似传统机组的惯性支撑能力。文献[6]提出简化的系统频率响应模型的储能容量优化配置方法,使储能具有提升电网调节与支撑能力。上述研究虽从协同新能源场站出力计划到联合火电、风电、光伏等多种能源参与调峰、调频,均体现出配套储能发挥着显著作用,但随着未来电网形态的不断发展、大规模新能源广泛接入、电力市场不断开放,工业大用户向大规模新能源场站直购电的模式应运而生,多元电力市场蓬勃发展,主体竞争更加明确[7]。在此情况下,为保障电力系统安全稳定运行,配套储能需满足多主体的调节需求[8]。因此,亟需厘清不同利益主体间调节需求的动态相依关系,研究满足不同响应特征的调节需求下新能源场站配套储能的经济配置方案与协同运行策略。
混合储能兼顾高功率与高能量型储能的优势,即可利用高能量型储能削峰填谷提高“新能源+储能”一体化系统的经济性,又可利用高功率型储能平抑新能源发电的随机性[9],是满足具有不同响应特性调节需求的有效技术手段之一。国内外众多学者对混合储能的应用展开了研究,文献[10-11]分别利用混合储能平抑光伏与冲击性负荷接入电网的随机性功率波动引起的扰动;文献[12]将混合储能作为有轨电车的驱动电源,以实现电车的能耗最小,从而推动交通电气化进程。在混合储能能量管理与功率分配方面,文献[13]提出分组协调控制策略,将各类型储能单元进行模块化管理;文献[14-16]分别采用离散傅里叶变换、小波分解、经验模态法对各类型储能单元进行功率信号分配。上述研究有效地利用混合储能响应特征优势满足不同应用需求,并利用提取瞬时功率进行更加科学的功率分配。但较多局限于规划层面,对于短时协同运行较少涉及,且满足需求较为单一,难以应对未来电网形态演变下对储能多重调节需求带来的挑战。
基于上述分析,为增加大规模新能源场站的运营收益、提升向工业用户直供电的稳定性、促进新能源发电并网的友好性,本文提出了一种发电侧混合储能两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行策略,以满足不同新能源场站对储能的需求。主要贡献如下:
1)提出发电侧混合储能系统的基本结构,与传统新能源场站储能结构单一功能相比可满足向工业大用户直供电的稳定性需求、新能源的高效利用需求,又可提高大规模新能源的友好并网能力;
2)提出利用经验模态与希尔伯特-黄变换法对需求功率信号进行分解,与现有方法相比可利用提取瞬时功率对不同类型的储能单元进行更加科学的功率分配;
3)提出混合尺度两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行模型,与传统两阶段配置模型相比适用于应对多时间尺度调节需求的储能规划建模。
本文针对大规模新能源场站出力的波动性与随机性,通过利用能量型与功率型储能的运行特征来构建由锂电池与超级电容组成的混合储能系统,以提高新能源场站向大用户直供电的稳定性与并网友好性。
发电侧混合储能系统由风电场和混合储能组成的一体化发电系统以及具有直供电需求的工业大用户构成,其系统结构如图1所示。其中混合储能系统利用能量型储能——锂电池,平抑大幅值、低频率波动的功率分量;利用功率型储能——超级电容,平抑小幅值、高频率波动的功率分量。具有如下需求关系:
1)大规模风电场承担向工业大用户直供电的电负荷需求,场站向上级电网购电则作为应急与备用;
2)当风电场输出电能供大于求时,将部分过剩电能存储在混合储能系统中,部分剩余电能出售至上级电网以此获利;
3)当风电场输出电能供不应求时,混合储能系统放电以满足直供电需求;
4)当一体化系统同电网进行电量交互时,利用混合储能跟踪电量交互计划,平抑随机性风电出力波动对电网引起的扰动。
综上,发电侧混合储能既满足了向工业大用户直供电的稳定性需求,又促进了风电消纳实现新能源的高效利用,此外也可应对由于风速随机性带来的风电功率波动,从而提高大规模风电场的友好并网能力。
为了提升出现大功率扰动情况下新型电力系统的频率稳定性,本文利用储能的虚拟惯量、快速功率支撑特性,为应对系统扰动留一定备用。
首先,锂电池的惯性时间常数可由下式计算:
H L , t = E L , t E R L C S 0 C L m a x
式中: E L , t为锂电池t时段的剩余电量; E R L C为混合储能中锂电池的额定容量; S 0为单位基准功率,MV·A; C L m a x为锂电池最大充放电倍率。
超级电容的惯性时间常数可由下式计算:
H S , t = E S , t E R S C S 0 C S m a x
式中: E S , t为超级电容t时段的剩余电量; E R S C为超级电容的额定容量; C S m a x为超级电容最大充放电倍率,通过该值限制混合储能最大充放电功率。
系统暂态出现功率扰动情况下,混合储能暂态支撑功率表达式如下:
Δ P L , t = - ( 2 H L , t d f d t + 1 δ L Δ f ) P L m a x f 0
Δ P S , t = - ( 2 H S , t d f d t + 1 δ S Δ f ) P S m a x f 0
式中: Δ P L , t, Δ P S , t分别为锂电池和超级电容暂态支撑功率; P L m a x, P S m a x分别为锂电池和超级电容的额定功率; δ L, δ S分别为锂电池和超级电容的调差系数; f为系统频率; Δ f为系统频率变化。
若一个100%新能源电力系统中仅有储能提供系统惯量,其储能系统整体惯量可表征为
- Δ P L , t + Δ P S , t + Δ P G , t ) f 0 2 ( E s t o r + E G ) = R G s t o r L S
式中: f 0为系统基准频率; Δ P G , t为系统大功率扰动下其他提供惯量的机组的响应功率; E s t o r为储能提供的旋转动能; E G为其他机组旋转动能; R G s t o r L S为系统频率变化率。
由式(5)可知,在系统出现扰动情况下,混合储能系统应该储备的旋转动能为
E s t o r , t = H L , t m a x m a x ( P L m a x , P L s o c , t m a x ) + H S , t m a x m a x ( P S m a x , P S s o c , t m a x )
在系统大功率扰动下,频率变化幅度关键取决于系统有功备用,而储能系统的快速双向功率特性决定了其适合预留一定容量为系统提供惯量,因此,在储能配置优化层需考虑其惯量备用容量。
正常运行情况下,为了平抑风电功率波动,本文利用经验模态与希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)法对需求功率信号进行分解,实现混合储能对不同类型的储能单元的功率分配。
采用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)法可在无需其他先验信息的情况下,把多分量特征的混合储能功率信号分解为多个固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)与一个残余分量[17]
P t H E S = n = 1 N I M F F n , t + ζ t
式中: P t H E S为在t时刻混合储能待分解的功率信号; N I M F为固有模态函数的总个数; F n , t为在t时刻的第n个IMF; ζ tt时刻的残余分量。
为了得到各个IMF的瞬时功率 f n , t,利用希尔伯特-黄变换进行时间-频率转换,可表示如下:
F n , t = 1 π t F n , t = 1 π - + F n , t t - τ d t = 1 π - + F ( n , t - s ) τ d τ ω n , t = F n , t + j F n , t = a n , t e i θ n , t a n , t = F n , t 2 + F n , t 2 θ n , t = a r c t a n ( F n , t F n , t ) f n , t = 1 2 π d θ n , t d t
式中: F n , t 为第n个IMF的HHT形式; F ( n , t - s )为在t-s时刻的第n个IMF;ωnt P t H E S的解析信号;an,tθn,t分别为第n个IMF的瞬时振幅和瞬时相位。
故锂电池与超级电容所分配的功率可表示为
P t L C = ζ t + n = 1 N n s F n , t       f n , t f c 0               f n , t > f c P t S C = n = 1 N n s F n , t         f n , t > f 0 0                 f n , t f
式中: f c为固定分频点; P t L C P t S C分别为t时刻低于与高于固定分频点的IMF之和,分别为锂电池与超级电容在t时刻的分配功率。
第一阶段为鲁棒配置模型,根据新能源场站与工业大用户的年历史运行数据构建风电出力的不确定性合集,并选取典型日极端出力情况为优化依据,以风电场与混合储能组成的一体化发电系统在典型日内收益最大为目标构建混合储能的鲁棒配置模型。第一阶段优化在日前尺度上,此时总周期T1=24 h,间隔t1=1 h。
第二阶段为混合储能的优化运行模型,以第一阶段优化配置方案为约束,在一体化系统运行收益基础上以最小化并网净负荷波动为目标构建混合储能的优化运行模型,从而进一步提升新能源场站并网友好性。第二阶段优化在日内尺度上,此时总周期T2=4 h,间隔t2=0.5 h。两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行模型的时间轴框架如图2所示。
在本文构建的第一阶段发电侧混合储能的鲁棒配置模型中,支付函数为其一体化发电系统的年收益,具体包括:向工业大用户直供电收入 B S E L _ I B、风电场发电并网收入或购电成本 B / C S E L _ G、混合储能年化投成本 C H E S、未跟踪上与电网电量交互计划的惩罚成本 C P,具体计算如下:
max   f = B S E L _ I B + B / C S E L _ G C H E S C P B S E L _ I B = 365 t 1 = 1 T 1 P t 1 S I B ξ t 1 S B / C S E L _ G = 365 t 1 = 1 T 1 P t 1 S _ G ξ t 1 G         P t 1 S _ G 0 P t 1 S _ G ξ t 1 S         P t 1 S _ G < 0 C H E S = E R L C C L max P L max P t L C C L max P L max + 1 ξ L C γ 1 + γ T L C 1 + γ T L C 1 +             E R S C C S max P S max P t S C C S max P S max + 1 ξ S C γ 1 + γ T S C 1 + γ T S C 1 C p = 365 t 1 = 1 T 1 ξ P P t 1 S _ G 1 + α P t 1 S _ G _ P         P t 1 S _ G 1 + α P t 1 S _ G _ P ξ P 1 α P t 1 S G P P t 1 S G       P t 1 S G < 1 α P t 1 S _ G _ P P t 1 S _ G = P t 1 W _ A P t 1 S I B P t 1 H E S P t 1 S _ G _ P = P t 1 W _ S P t 1 S I B
式中: P t 1 S I B ξ t 1 S分别为风电场向工业大用户直供电的售电功率与单位电价; P t 1 S _ G为风-储-体化发电系统同电网的实际交互功率,当 P t 1 S _ G 0时为发电并网,表示一体化系统的并网收入, P t 1 S _ G < 0时为一体化系统向电网购电,表示系统的购电成本; ξ t 1 G为风电上网单位电价; ξ L C ξ S C分别为不同电池单元的单位投资成本; T L C T S C分别为不同电池单元的使用寿命;γ为资本贴现率; ξ P为未跟踪上与电网电量交互计划的单位惩罚成本;α为交互计划的允许偏差; P t 1 W _ A为风电实际出力; P t 1 H E S为混合储能充放电电量, P t 1 H E S 0表示混合储能充电,反之为放电; P t 1 S _ G _ P为一体化发电系统同电网的计划交互功率; P t 1 W _ S为风电预测出力。
利用鲁棒理论,根据文献[18]中的鲁棒分析法,可构建如下不确定性集合:
P i W _ A = P i W _ S + γ w Δ P i W , m a x | | γ w | | = m a x γ w | | γ w | | 1 = i = 1 N w γ w s . t . | | γ w | | 1 , | | γ w | | 1 Γ w
其中
Γ w = N w 2 σ w 2 π + Φ - 1 ( α w ) N w ( σ w 2 - 2 σ w 2 π )
式中: Δ P i W , m a x为在年历史数据中风电场预测与实际功率相比的最大偏差; | | · | | | | · | | 1分别为无穷范数与摄动量1-范数约束; γ w为风电场的偏差系数; N w为风电场中发电单元的细化个数; Γ w为风电场不确定性空间约束参数; σ w Γ w偏差的方差,实际情况下偏差的分布情况可通过统计分析得到; α w为置信概率;Φ为根据出力预测精度预先设计的定值,为标准正态分布函数。
利用 | | γ w | | 1与Lindeberg-levy中心极限定理引入 Γ w,可通过灵活调整边界,从而平衡投资经济性与系统运行鲁棒性。
依据大量历史数据分析,可假设风电出力偏差呈标准正态分布,此时预测精度仅为68.27%[18]。本文采用系统运行在极端情况外的概率值(probability of exceedence,POE)为指标量化系统鲁棒性,POE可表示如下:
P O E = e x p ( - ( Γ w ) 2 2 N w )
此外,在第一阶段鲁棒优化混合储能的容量配置时,还需满足不同类型储能单元的电量约束:
S O C m i n L C E R L C E t i L C S O C m a x L C E R L C S O C m i n S C E R S C E t i S C S O C m a x S C E R S C         t 1
式中: S O C m i n L C S O C m a x L C分别为锂电池的最小、最大电荷状态; S O C m i n S C S O C m a x S C分别为超级电容的最小、最大电荷状态; E t 1 L C E t 1 S C分别为锂电池与超级电容储能单元在t1时刻的电量。
上述变量不仅与当前时刻各储能单元的充放电功率相关,还与上时刻储能单元的电量相关,具体计算如下:
E t 1 L C = E t 1 - 1 L C - P t 1 L C E t 1 S C = E t 1 - 1 S C - P t 1 S C
在一体化系统运行收益基础下构建以并网净负荷波动[17]最小化为目标的混合储能第二阶段日内优化运行模型,具体计算如下:
min   f = B S E L _ I B + B / C S E L _ G C P C W a B S E L _ I B = t 2 = 1 T 2 P t 2 S I B ξ t 2 S B / C S E L _ G = t 2 = 1 T 2 P t 2 S _ G ξ t 2 G        P t 2 S _ G 0 P t 2 S _ G ξ t 2 S        P t 2 S _ G < 0 C P = t 2 = 1 T 2 ξ p P t 2 S _ G 1 + α P t 2 S _ G _ P      P t 2 S _ G 1 + α P t 2 S _ G _ P ξ p 1 α P t 2 S G P P t 2 S G          P t 2 S G < 1 α P t 2 S _ G _ P C W a = λ t 2 = 2 T 2 P t 2 S _ G P t 2 1 S _ G P t 2 S _ G = P t 2 W _ A P t 2 S I B P t 2 H E S P t 2 S _ G _ P = P t 2 W _ S P t 2 S I B
式中: C W a为并网净负荷波动成本;λ为波动折算因子。
混合储能系统的两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行求解流程如图3所示。
通过混合储能的鲁棒配置与优化运行实现最佳收益的优化问题具有复杂约束与强非线性特征,无法直接利用求解器求解。为求解相关问题寻找具有可行性的全局最优解,可采用在复杂约束条件上具有显著优势的飞蛾扑火算法(improve moth flame optimization,IMFO)[19]进行求解。IMFO基于标准MFO,文献[20]证明了MFO较经典粒子群与遗传算法具有更快的收敛精度与更高的准确度,此外MFO在处理复杂约束条件的优化问题上具有明显优势。
需要说明的是,为应对启发式算法带来的随机性,本文算例分析中所有结果为在IMFO算法下独立运行30次的最小值对应的结果。
本文选取我国某省某90 MW风电场[21]的实际运行数据构建算例。参考文献[9]将混合储能系统各类型储能单元的参数设置如表1所示;参考2017年我国各类发电技术在不同资源区上网价格均值[22],将新能源上网电价设置为550元/(MW·h),新能源场站与电网交互计划的允许偏差设置为±10%;依据上网电价将对新能源电站的惩罚成本设置为1 000元/(MW·h),将贴现率设置为3.24。
将该风电场月度实际运行与预测数据合成出力偏差,由此出力偏差引发场站对储能的需求,进而通过EMD分解成几个IMF相加形式。
月度风电场实际运行需求分解如图4所示。图4中IMF0代表原始需求功率,IMF1~IMF9代表分解后的各阶分量,残余分量为0.193 7。图中易看出,随着分量阶数不断增加,其瞬时频率逐渐减小,IMF6与IMF7之间频率混叠最少。利用HHT得到各阶IMF的瞬时频率后,对各IMF在逐个时段进行分组,进而得到对锂电池单元与超级电容单元的需求功率。
各类型储能单元的月度需求划分如图5所示。图5中, P t S C为具有高瞬时频率的需求分量,符合超级电容平抑高频率波动功率分量的响应特征; P t L C为具有大幅值与低瞬时频率的需求分量,符合锂电池平抑大幅值、低频率波动的功率分量的响应特征。
第一阶段在5.2小节分析的基础上,考虑图6所示的典型日风电场的预测功率、风电场的极端出力偏差、工业用户的负荷需求求解混合储能系统的鲁棒配置。
针对式(12)中的可灵活调整不确定合集 Γ w,设置 N w为10, α w为60%。在此情况下,本文所提发电侧混合储能与单一类型储能在典型日风电场出力偏差在上边界的极端情况下的配置方案与一体化发电系统的年化收益对比如表2所示。
表2可推知由于超级电容的单位投资成本较高,混合储能较单一储能形式的储能年化投资成本高出31.51%。但混合储能能够满足场站不同频段的功率需求,可提高大规模风电场的友好并网能力实现风电的高效利用,因此混合储能较单一储能形式系统总收益提高5.54%,提高的总收益主要来自于友好并网能力提高后增加的上网收益与风电高效利用后降低的惩罚成本。不同形式下一体化系统的上网电量的情况对比如图7所示。由图7可知,混合储能形式下系统在典型日的上网电量要略多于单一储能形式下的,尤其表现在01:00—06:00时,上述情况与表2分析结果相吻合。
第二阶段选取该风电场在随机日01:00—05:00时的预测与实际出力,如图8所示。为依据进行混合储能系统的运行优化,其中向大工业用户的供电量不变。在上述情况下混合储能中各类型储能单元的调度计划如图9所示。
图9可以看出,EMD与HHT将大规模风电场对混合储能的总体需求,按照IMF的瞬时频率进行功率分配,超级电容与锂电池分别跟随HES的低频分量及高频分量的波动规律。
为进一步说明混合储能对平抑场站上网电量波动的贡献,一体化发电系统的计划上网电量与实际上网电量对比情况如图10所示。
图10可以看出,本文所提第二阶段的一体化发电系统的运行调度模型最大限度地平抑了上网电量的波动。在00:30—01:00,03:00—04:00时段内分别平抑了计划上网电量的6.5%与14.6%,且各时段上网电量均在允许偏差范围内,减缓了对电网的冲击,更进一步提升了大规模新能源场站并网的友好能力。
为提升新能源场站配套储能设施的投资经济性与运行灵活性,提高大规模新能源场站向大用户直供电的稳定性与并网友好性,提出发电侧混合储能两阶段鲁棒配置与优化运行策略,主要结论如下:
1)所提日前尺度的混合储能鲁棒配置方案在极端情况下的配置方案较配置单一类型的储能提高一体化发电系统的总体收益5.54%,其中提高新能源上网收益8.5%、减少惩罚成本11.3%,表明混合储能模式能增加大规模新能源场站的运营收益、提升向工业用户直供电的稳定性。
2)所提日内尺度的一体化发电系统优化运行策略在随机日01:00—04:00的调度计划,可平抑上网电量14.6%,表明该策略可促进大规模新能源发电并网的友好性。
本文的未来工作主要为研究具有间断性发电特征的大规模光伏场站的混合储能选型与优化配置,促进新能源与储能的协同发展。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5419-202040493A-0-0-00)
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2024年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25251
  • 接收时间:2023-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-17
  • 修回日期:2023-08-02
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(5419-202040493A-0-0-00)
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    1.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063
    2.国网电力科学研究院有限公司,江苏 南京 211106

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汪马翔(1981—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源并网控制技术,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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