Article(id=1190325325465748065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325324991791712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679328000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-21, revisedDate=1689264000000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725272765, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725272765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725272765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325324991791712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725272653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272653, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325325671268963, articleId=1190325325465748065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Adaptive Fuzzy Directional Bat Algorithm Based on Directional Overcurrent Relays, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Despite bringing several benefits to modern power systems,distributed generation(DG) and microgrids cause a significant impact on the operation of power distribution networks,especially with regard to the protection system. In this new scenario,the adoption of smart protection systems capable of incorporating advanced control and protection mechanisms is of paramount importance for ensuring the automatic reconfiguration and restoration of the power grid when undesirable phenomena like faults occur. Considering this scenario,a novel metaheuristic called adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm(AFDBA)was proposed,which can calculate the optimal setting of directional overcurrent relays(DOCRs)in the power grid without the need for tuning the initial parameters. The technique was applied to two case studies,that is,the 3-bus and 30-bus test systems. The algorithm performance was compared with that of mayfly optimization algorithm,elephant herding optimization(EHO),bat algorithm(BA),and directional bat algorithm(DBA). The results evidence that the proposed approach has high convergence speed,high robustness,and acceptable computational burden,while providing the proper coordination of protection systems.

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分布式发电(DG)和微电网在现代电力系统中发挥了重要作用,但其对配电网络的保护系统也产生了重大的影响。在这种新情况下,采用能够结合先进控制和保护机制的智能保护系统对于确保在发生故障等不良现象时自动重新配置和恢复电网至关重要。针对这种情况,提出了一种新的元启发式自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法(AFDBA),该算法可以在不需要调整初始参数的情况下,计算电网中定向过流继电器(DOCRs)的最优设置。将该算法应用于3母线、9母线系统,并与蜉蝣算法(MA)、象群算法(EHO)、蝙蝠算法(BA)和定向蝙蝠算法(DBA)进行了性能比较。结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、鲁棒性强、计算量适中,同时可以提高保护系统的合理协调能力。

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周毅(1992—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统保护,Email:

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周毅(1992—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统保护,Email:

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周毅(1992—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统保护,Email:

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Modern Architecture Electric, 2019, 10(7):10-14., articleTitle=Economic evaluation of power quality without interruption of economic activities of user distribution system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190325633478656848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, awardId=52167010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52167010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190325626184762069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325626193150678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, companyId=1190325626184762069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co.,Ltd.Shennongjia Power Supply Company,Shennongjia 424400,Hubei,China), 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articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=3-bus system, figureFileSmall=yhXlXQoOuqGtUENiorOM7Q==, figureFileBig=OnvLlt8IzJSvos/gYw4rLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325629955441439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3母线系统, figureFileSmall=yhXlXQoOuqGtUENiorOM7Q==, figureFileBig=OnvLlt8IzJSvos/gYw4rLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630018356000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Convergence evolution of the assessed algorithms in the 3-bus system, figureFileSmall=N7H4Rf8s7lqyLLmM6HRggA==, figureFileBig=mxqWNCJJCz2SGBD245Vvyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630135796514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同评估算法在3母线系统中的收敛演化, figureFileSmall=N7H4Rf8s7lqyLLmM6HRggA==, figureFileBig=mxqWNCJJCz2SGBD245Vvyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630278402852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Values of CTI for the pairs of relays PR-BR in the 3-bus system, figureFileSmall=FULmC42KpO6HEc7PFjFwwg==, figureFileBig=dEQv/pstCfZAg3lkrESyEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630345511717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3母线系统中继电器对PR-BR的CTI, figureFileSmall=FULmC42KpO6HEc7PFjFwwg==, figureFileBig=dEQv/pstCfZAg3lkrESyEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325630542644007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=9-bus system, figureFileSmall=e+t4FDzAojUe/o1+XevfwQ==, figureFileBig=vTY24U+BfeQg36iJLWgygw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631524111145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图5, caption=9母线系统, figureFileSmall=e+t4FDzAojUe/o1+XevfwQ==, figureFileBig=vTY24U+BfeQg36iJLWgygw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631582831403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Convergence evolution of the assessed algorithms in the 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=ctnubmMPOrXei1IaVPMz/A==, figureFileBig=ukxzAQyPv756wG4vT3FLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631649940269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图6, caption=评估算法在9母线系统中的收敛演化, figureFileSmall=ctnubmMPOrXei1IaVPMz/A==, figureFileBig=ukxzAQyPv756wG4vT3FLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631708660525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Values of CTI for the pairs of relays PR-BR in the 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=fOayhDURxsqUF0/ARIbQAA==, figureFileBig=jkpVw4wrToy6xe/+JN11kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631750603567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=图7, caption=9母线系统中继电器对PR-BR的CTI, figureFileSmall=fOayhDURxsqUF0/ARIbQAA==, figureFileBig=jkpVw4wrToy6xe/+JN11kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190325631834489649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Rule set for FIS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
I D r A wf f
开始
开始
开始 中-低 中-高 中-低 中-高
中间 中-低 中-高 中-低 中-高
中间
中间 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束
), ArticleFig(id=1190325631922570035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FIS的规则集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
I D r A wf f
开始
开始
开始 中-低 中-高 中-低 中-高
中间 中-低 中-高 中-低 中-高
中间
中间 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束 中-高 中-低 中-高 中-低
结束
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632002261813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Short-circuit currents of PR-BR in the 3-bus system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PR BR IPR/A IBR/A
1 5 1 978.9 175
2 4 1 525.7 545
3 1 1 683.9 617.22
4 6 1 815.4 466.17
5 3 1 499.7 384
6 2 1 766.3 145.34
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632073564983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3母线系统中PR-BR的短路电流

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PR BR IPR/A IBR/A
1 5 1 978.9 175
2 4 1 525.7 545
3 1 1 683.9 617.22
4 6 1 815.4 466.17
5 3 1 499.7 384
6 2 1 766.3 145.34
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632132285241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

CTRs of the relays in the 3-bus system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
继电器 CTR
1 300/5
2 200/5
3 200/5
4 300/5
5 200/5
6 400/5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632203588411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3母线系统中继电器的CTRs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
继电器 CTR
1 300/5
2 200/5
3 200/5
4 300/5
5 200/5
6 400/5
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632300057405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The optimal setting of 3-bus system determined by different algorithmic methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
继电器 MA EHO DBA AFDBA
PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS
1 2.73 0.1 2.85 0.1 2.85 0.1 2.85 0.1
2 1.48 0.1 1.34 0.1 1.50 0.1 1.5 0.1
3 2.10 0.1 2.20 0.1 2.47 0.1 2.4 0.1
4 1.52 0.1 2.10 0.1 2.33 0.1 2.33 0.1
5 1.40 0.1 1.78 0.1 1.5 0.1 1.5 0.1
6 1.62 0.1 1.89 0.11 1.71 0.1 1.71 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632438469439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

由不同算法确定的3母线系统的最优设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
继电器 MA EHO DBA AFDBA
PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS
1 2.73 0.1 2.85 0.1 2.85 0.1 2.85 0.1
2 1.48 0.1 1.34 0.1 1.50 0.1 1.5 0.1
3 2.10 0.1 2.20 0.1 2.47 0.1 2.4 0.1
4 1.52 0.1 2.10 0.1 2.33 0.1 2.33 0.1
5 1.40 0.1 1.78 0.1 1.5 0.1 1.5 0.1
6 1.62 0.1 1.89 0.11 1.71 0.1 1.71 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632513966912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Robustness analysis of the algorithms in the 3-bus system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法
MA EHO BA DBA AFDBA
平均值 2.563 3 2.583 2 2.704 0 2.535 6 2.528 7
模式偏差 0.120 3 0.003 5 0.351 6 0.019 3 0.000 3
平均执行时间 1.658 4 1.420 1 1.992 9 1.884 3 1.575 8
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632576881474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

3母线系统中算法的鲁棒性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法
MA EHO BA DBA AFDBA
平均值 2.563 3 2.583 2 2.704 0 2.535 6 2.528 7
模式偏差 0.120 3 0.003 5 0.351 6 0.019 3 0.000 3
平均执行时间 1.658 4 1.420 1 1.992 9 1.884 3 1.575 8
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632702710596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Short-circuit currents flowing through pairs of relays PR-BR in the 9-bus system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PR BR IPR IBR PR BR IPR IBR
1 15 4 863.6 1 168.3 14 16 4 172.5 1 031.7
1 17 4 863.6 1 293.9 14 19 4 172.5 1 264.1
2 4 1 634.4 1 044.2 15 13 4 172.5 1 031.7
3 1 2 811.4 1 361.6 15 19 4 172.5 1 264.1
4 6 2 610.5 1 226.0 16 2 3 684.5 653.6
5 3 1 778.0 1 124.4 16 17 3 684.5 1 293.9
6 8 4 378.5 711.2 17 0 7 611.2 0
6 23 4 378.5 1 345.5 18 2 2 271.7 653.6
7 5 4 378.5 711.2 18 15 2 271.7 1 168.3
7 23 4 378.5 1 345.5 19 0 7 435.8 0
8 10 1 778.0 1 124.4 20 13 2 624.2 1 031.7
9 7 2 610.5 1 226.0 20 16 2 624.2 1 031.7
10 12 2 811.4 787.2 21 0 7 611.2 0
11 9 1 634.4 1 044.2 22 11 2 271.7 653.6
12 14 2 811.4 1 168.3 22 14 2 271.7 1 168.3
12 21 2 811.4 1 293.9 23 0 7 914.7 0
13 11 3 684.5 653.6 24 5 1 665.5 711.2
13 21 3 684.5 1 293.9 24 8 1 665.5 711.2
), ArticleFig(id=1190325632857899846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

9母线系统中通过PR-BR的短路电流

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PR BR IPR IBR PR BR IPR IBR
1 15 4 863.6 1 168.3 14 16 4 172.5 1 031.7
1 17 4 863.6 1 293.9 14 19 4 172.5 1 264.1
2 4 1 634.4 1 044.2 15 13 4 172.5 1 031.7
3 1 2 811.4 1 361.6 15 19 4 172.5 1 264.1
4 6 2 610.5 1 226.0 16 2 3 684.5 653.6
5 3 1 778.0 1 124.4 16 17 3 684.5 1 293.9
6 8 4 378.5 711.2 17 0 7 611.2 0
6 23 4 378.5 1 345.5 18 2 2 271.7 653.6
7 5 4 378.5 711.2 18 15 2 271.7 1 168.3
7 23 4 378.5 1 345.5 19 0 7 435.8 0
8 10 1 778.0 1 124.4 20 13 2 624.2 1 031.7
9 7 2 610.5 1 226.0 20 16 2 624.2 1 031.7
10 12 2 811.4 787.2 21 0 7 611.2 0
11 9 1 634.4 1 044.2 22 11 2 271.7 653.6
12 14 2 811.4 1 168.3 22 14 2 271.7 1 168.3
12 21 2 811.4 1 293.9 23 0 7 914.7 0
13 11 3 684.5 653.6 24 5 1 665.5 711.2
13 21 3 684.5 1 293.9 24 8 1 665.5 711.2
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633013089096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Robustness analysis of the algorithms in the 9-bus system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 MA EHO BA DBA AFDBA
平均值 7.90 7.19 43.14 9.06 7.34
模式偏差 4.21 3.32 10.95 1.38 1.08
平均执行时间 5.30 5.91 6.707 5 7.46 8.13
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633076003658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

9母线系统中算法的鲁棒性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 MA EHO BA DBA AFDBA
平均值 7.90 7.19 43.14 9.06 7.34
模式偏差 4.21 3.32 10.95 1.38 1.08
平均执行时间 5.30 5.91 6.707 5 7.46 8.13
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633210221388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

The optimal setting of a 9-bus system determined by different algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
继电器 MA EHO DBA AFDBA
PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS
1 0.630 0.130 1.420 0.021 0.702 0.108 0.320 0.130
2 0.250 0.140 0.620 0.024 0.101 0.180 0.100 0.150
3 0.420 0.260 1.210 0.021 0.158 0.188 0.510 0.080
4 0.530 0.021 1.110 0.025 0.101 0.248 0.324 0.130
5 0.720 0.230 0.900 0.014 0.103 0.150 0.338 0.060
6 0.230 0.087 1.400 0.025 0.196 0.230 0.828 0.080
7 0.360 0.130 1.320 0.023 0.870 0.067 1.626 0.026
8 0.210 0.220 0.650 0.021 0.154 0.194 0.101 0.160
9 0.160 0.210 1.390 0.025 0.648 0.077 0.181 0.120
10 0.150 0.230 1.250 0.023 1.463 0.040 0.100 0.230
11 0.510 0.080 0.670 0.024 0.340 0.082 0.596 0.030
12 0.300 0.310 1.010 0.025 0.306 0.099 1.050 0.034
13 1.210 0.030 1.310 0.027 0.686 0.071 1.005 0.032
14 0.510 0.140 1.240 0.021 0.463 0.100 1.265 0.020
15 0.100 0.270 1.430 0.025 0.563 0.098 1.490 0.030
16 0.100 0.300 1.020 0.028 0.104 0.191 0.103 0.130
17 0.810 0.230 1.210 0.021 1.354 0.046 1.117 0.050
18 0.210 0.025 0.768 0.025 0.113 0.104 1.265 0.020
19 1.530 0.060 1.421 0.024 1.422 0.037 1.253 0.030
20 0.100 0.020 0.618 0.025 0.101 0.043 0.112 0.030
21 1.100 0.021 1.513 0.025 1.444 0.036 1.217 0.030
22 0.100 0.340 0.354 0.025 0.102 0.118 0.121 0.050
23 1.280 0.080 1.583 0.025 1.427 0.055 1.364 0.040
24 2.130 0.025 0.100 0.025 0.181 0.030 0.928 0.020
), ArticleFig(id=1190325633319273294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325325465748065, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

由不同算法确定的9母线系统的最优设置

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继电器 MA EHO DBA AFDBA
PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS PS TDS
1 0.630 0.130 1.420 0.021 0.702 0.108 0.320 0.130
2 0.250 0.140 0.620 0.024 0.101 0.180 0.100 0.150
3 0.420 0.260 1.210 0.021 0.158 0.188 0.510 0.080
4 0.530 0.021 1.110 0.025 0.101 0.248 0.324 0.130
5 0.720 0.230 0.900 0.014 0.103 0.150 0.338 0.060
6 0.230 0.087 1.400 0.025 0.196 0.230 0.828 0.080
7 0.360 0.130 1.320 0.023 0.870 0.067 1.626 0.026
8 0.210 0.220 0.650 0.021 0.154 0.194 0.101 0.160
9 0.160 0.210 1.390 0.025 0.648 0.077 0.181 0.120
10 0.150 0.230 1.250 0.023 1.463 0.040 0.100 0.230
11 0.510 0.080 0.670 0.024 0.340 0.082 0.596 0.030
12 0.300 0.310 1.010 0.025 0.306 0.099 1.050 0.034
13 1.210 0.030 1.310 0.027 0.686 0.071 1.005 0.032
14 0.510 0.140 1.240 0.021 0.463 0.100 1.265 0.020
15 0.100 0.270 1.430 0.025 0.563 0.098 1.490 0.030
16 0.100 0.300 1.020 0.028 0.104 0.191 0.103 0.130
17 0.810 0.230 1.210 0.021 1.354 0.046 1.117 0.050
18 0.210 0.025 0.768 0.025 0.113 0.104 1.265 0.020
19 1.530 0.060 1.421 0.024 1.422 0.037 1.253 0.030
20 0.100 0.020 0.618 0.025 0.101 0.043 0.112 0.030
21 1.100 0.021 1.513 0.025 1.444 0.036 1.217 0.030
22 0.100 0.340 0.354 0.025 0.102 0.118 0.121 0.050
23 1.280 0.080 1.583 0.025 1.427 0.055 1.364 0.040
24 2.130 0.025 0.100 0.025 0.181 0.030 0.928 0.020
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基于定向过流继电器的自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法
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周毅 , 方伟 , 宫旻 , 夏雪松 , 陈艳玲 , 韩妮
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(2): 26-33
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(2): 26-33
基于定向过流继电器的自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法
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周毅 , 方伟, 宫旻, 夏雪松, 陈艳玲, 韩妮
作者信息
  • 国网湖北电力有限公司神农架供电公司,湖北 神农架 424400
  • 周毅(1992—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统保护,Email:

Adaptive Fuzzy Directional Bat Algorithm Based on Directional Overcurrent Relays
Yi ZHOU , Wei FANG, Min GONG, Xuesong XIA, Yanling CHEN, Ni HAN
Affiliations
  • State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co.,Ltd.Shennongjia Power Supply Company,Shennongjia 424400,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042
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分布式发电(DG)和微电网在现代电力系统中发挥了重要作用,但其对配电网络的保护系统也产生了重大的影响。在这种新情况下,采用能够结合先进控制和保护机制的智能保护系统对于确保在发生故障等不良现象时自动重新配置和恢复电网至关重要。针对这种情况,提出了一种新的元启发式自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法(AFDBA),该算法可以在不需要调整初始参数的情况下,计算电网中定向过流继电器(DOCRs)的最优设置。将该算法应用于3母线、9母线系统,并与蜉蝣算法(MA)、象群算法(EHO)、蝙蝠算法(BA)和定向蝙蝠算法(DBA)进行了性能比较。结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、鲁棒性强、计算量适中,同时可以提高保护系统的合理协调能力。

分布式发电  /  优化  /  保护系统  /  微电网  /  自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法

Despite bringing several benefits to modern power systems,distributed generation(DG) and microgrids cause a significant impact on the operation of power distribution networks,especially with regard to the protection system. In this new scenario,the adoption of smart protection systems capable of incorporating advanced control and protection mechanisms is of paramount importance for ensuring the automatic reconfiguration and restoration of the power grid when undesirable phenomena like faults occur. Considering this scenario,a novel metaheuristic called adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm(AFDBA)was proposed,which can calculate the optimal setting of directional overcurrent relays(DOCRs)in the power grid without the need for tuning the initial parameters. The technique was applied to two case studies,that is,the 3-bus and 30-bus test systems. The algorithm performance was compared with that of mayfly optimization algorithm,elephant herding optimization(EHO),bat algorithm(BA),and directional bat algorithm(DBA). The results evidence that the proposed approach has high convergence speed,high robustness,and acceptable computational burden,while providing the proper coordination of protection systems.

distributed generation(DG)  /  optimization  /  protections systems  /  microgrids  /  adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm(AFDBA)
周毅, 方伟, 宫旻, 夏雪松, 陈艳玲, 韩妮. 基于定向过流继电器的自适应模糊定向蝙蝠算法. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (2) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042
Yi ZHOU, Wei FANG, Min GONG, Xuesong XIA, Yanling CHEN, Ni HAN. Adaptive Fuzzy Directional Bat Algorithm Based on Directional Overcurrent Relays[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (2) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042
现如今保护系统的主要挑战之一为在孤岛模式下操作继电器的协调问题,解决该问题的主要方案是建立自适应保护系统(adaptive protection system,APS)[1-3]。文献[4]中提出了几种为DOCR提供自动设置的方法,这些方法分为试错、拓扑分析和优化解决方法。然而,这些方法往往在出现几个局部极大值和最小值的非凸问题中具有较高的计算量和对初值的高度依赖性。
BA是文献[5]中提出的一种算法,用于求解具有许多局部极大值和极小值的非凸优化问题。但是,其在很多情况下存在着过早收敛和多样化能力弱的问题。为了解决这个问题,研究人员为BA做出了改进。其中,DBA脱颖而出,因为它在解决方案中提供了新的方向。
BA和DBA都不使用固定的参数,因此依赖于数学函数来更新设置参数。由设计师来定义函数,以便更快或更慢地改变参数。尽管这比使用固定参数得到的结果更好,但这种解决方案并不是最有效的解决方案,因为参数在没有任何反馈作用的情况下发生了变化。而且算法呈现随机性,这可能导致每次执行后产生不同的结果。即使当算法执行时,可以使用独特的更新函数来更改参数,但这在实际应用中是不可行的。在找到最优解决方案之前,需要进行多次迭代,这是一项相当耗时的任务[6-7]
在实际应用中,随着电力系统运行条件的变化,优化问题的特征和相关解决方案也随之变化,因而各优化系统的协调工作具有相当大的复杂性。因此,可能需要进行几次测试才能找到最优的全局解。此外,APS是自主的,在执行前需要初步干预[8-9]
为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种自适应版本的DBA,称为AFDBA,其参数可以由模糊推理系统(fuzzy inference system,FIS)修改。因此,不需要定义执行参数,而且系统操作员也不需要执行任何操作。由于FIS实时更改执行参数,因此与传统的DBA相比,它可以提高性能。
首先考虑的第1个方面是协调约束。备份继电器(backup relay,BR)必须跳闸的延时时间对应协调时间间隔,可由下式得到:
CTI=tjk-tik
式中:CTI为协调时间间隔;tjk为给定故障k时BR的跳闸时间;tik为给定故障k时主继电器(primary relay,PR)的跳闸时间。
可以根据下式定义上述继电器的协调约束:
Δtijk=CTI-CTImin0
式中:Δtijk为继电器ij的CTI值之差;CTImin为设计者定义的CTI的最小可接受值。
第2个约束在于选择动作电流,这取决于继电器和电力系统的操作特性。由于动作电流是继电器必须跳闸的最小电流,因此该参数必须大于继电器测量到的最大电流。否则,可能会导致错误或不合时宜的跳闸。在高阻抗故障或基于并网逆变器的DG机组高穿透的电力系统中,故障电流往往较低,即通常额定为负载电流。从这个意义上说,动作电流不应过高。动作电流应满足下式:
PSminPSiPSmax
其中
PSmin=max(PSmineq, K1ImaxL)
PSmax=min(PSmaxeq, K2IminF)
式中:PSi为继电器i的动作电流;PSminPSmax分别为PSi假设的最小值和最大值;PSmineqPSmaxeq分别为继电器的最小和最大动作电流;ImaxL 为流经继电器的最大负载电流;IminF为在任何故障条件下流过继电器的最小故障电流。
将参数ImaxLIminF分别乘以调节系数K1>1和K2<1以确保动作电流满足所需的约束条件。
时间拨盘设置(time dial setting,TDS)的约束条件如下:
TDSminTDSiTDSmax
式中:TDSminTDSmax分别定义时间拨盘设置的最小值和最大值。
DOCRs的最佳协调包括使整个保护系统的跳闸时间最小化,同时满足规定的约束条件和继电器设置,而关键变量是每个继电器的PSTDS。考虑到二次目标函数OF由下式定义:
OF=k=1Fi=1Nj=1Mi[tik2+tjk2+βΔtijk-|Δtijk|)2]
式中:F为故障数;N为继电器数;Mi为与继电器i相关的BR数;tik为给定故障k时继电器i的跳闸时间;tjk为给定故障k时备份继电器j的跳闸时间。
为了降低复杂度,本文对所有继电器采用相同的时间曲线。
式(7)中总和的第1项表示需要最小化保护系统的总跳闸时间。使用平方项是为了避免采用负动作时间,因为这种情况在实践中是不可能的。求和的第2项对应于惩罚函数,其目的是将协调约束纳入目标函数中。考虑Δtijk>0,即PR和BR配合得当,则上述第2项为零,因为没有惩罚。否则,如果Δtijk<0,则存在配错,第2项等于4βΔtijk2。因此,第2项将是非空的,并与失配时间的平方成正比。试验中采用常数β=100作为惩罚函数的权重。
值得一提的是,惩罚函数本身并不能保证不发生失配,而只是尽可能地减小失配时间。该方法不影响优化问题,允许算法在保持CTI值略小于最小阈值的情况下确定备用设置组(setting groups,SGs),使保护系统更快。这就是为什么所提出的优化算法可以提供精确的设置,以最小化总动作时间,同时保持较低的失配次数。
过早收敛是蝙蝠算法的一个显著缺点,DBA算法在BA算法的基础上做出了4处改进。第1处改进与解决方案空间的多样化有关,其中蝙蝠运动包括朝向最佳蝙蝠和另一个随机个体的运动的随机组合。这一方面提高了算法的分散性,同时避免了算法陷入局部极小值。
如果所选蝙蝠的适应度值比当前蝙蝠更好,则新位置定义为
xit+1=xit+(x*-xit)f1+(xkt-xit)f2
其中
f1=fmin+(fmax-fmin)rand1
f2=fmin+(fmax-fmin)rand2
式中:xkt为位置的蝙蝠随机选择;f1f2分别为蝙蝠向最优和随机选择的蝙蝠发射的信号的常数。
第2处改进是局部搜索,而下式对应的是随机游走:
xit+1=xit+εAtwit
其中
wit=wi0-wi1-tmax(t-tmax)+wi
wi0=UB-LB12
wi=wi0100
式中:wit为一个向量,它定义了迭代过程中局部搜索的规模;wi0wi分别为初始向量和最终向量;tmax为最大迭代次数;UBLB分别为包含PSTDS的上、下界的向量。
值得一提的是,为了更有效地探索局部搜索空间,wi在迭代过程中从wi0递减到wi
第3处改进是指响度和脉冲率,如下式:
Ait=A0-A1-tmax(t-tmax)+A
rit=r0-r1-tmax(t-tmax)+r
式中:下标“0”和“∞”分别表示由数量假设的初始值和最终值。
最后一处改进是针对参数的更新速度和对新方案的接受程度。接受新的解,如果新解优于当前蝙蝠xi*的最佳历史位置,并且生成一个小于a的随机数,则在DBA中更新参数。精英阶段也被修改,以确保每当随机漫步方程提供一个具有更好适应度值的解时,即使它没有被用于更新位置,全局最佳位置也会被更新。
如前所述,涉及DOCR的最佳协调的变量是与继电器相关的PSTDS。所有变量的集合包含一个解向量,它对应于蝙蝠在解空间中的位置。因此,可以用下式表示蝙蝠的数量:
P=PS1,1TDS1,1PS1,nTDS1,nPSm,1TDSm,1TDSm,nTDSm,n
式中:m为蝙蝠的数量,即解的数量;n为继电器的个数。
因此,表示蝙蝠数量的矩阵有m行2n列。矩阵P的每一行i对应于一个定义位置xi的向量。
AFDBA算法的结构与DBA算法类似,但是参数Arwf不再从它们各自的等式中更新。AFDBA算法流程图如图1所示。
变量I对应于根据下式的迭代:
I=iNmax
式中:i为当前迭代次数;Nmax为最大迭代次数。
当算法处于初始迭代和最终迭代时,参数I分别假设值接近0和1。
多样性是一种度量标准,表示一只给定的蝙蝠与其他蝙蝠相比,离最佳蝙蝠的距离。蝙蝠与最佳蝙蝠的距离和与多样性之间的距离分别如下式:
di=xi-x*
Di=di-dmindmax-dmin
式中:di为蝙蝠i与最佳蝙蝠之间的距离;Di为蝙蝠i的多样性;dmindmax分别为蝙蝠之间的最短距离和最长距离。
值得一提的是,Di是一个介于0和1之间的相对归一化值。如果Di接近于0或1,那么蝙蝠i分别是最接近或最远的最佳蝙蝠之一。
FIS的输出为rA,取值范围为0~1。参数wf在本文中为0~500,向量wi的大小定义公式和信号频率更新公式分别如下:
wit=UB-LBwf
fi=Δf× rand
式中:fi为蝙蝠i发射信号的频率;Δf为频率变化;rand为0到1之间的随机数。
值得注意的是,fi始终保持在0和Δf之间。因此,算法的多样化能力与Δf直接相关,由FIS得到的多样化能力在1到2之间变化。
应用于AFDBA算法的整个规则集如下:如果IX1DX2,那么rY1AY2wY3fY4。FIS使用了9条规则,如表1所示。这些规则的安排使得粒子可以从初始迭代的多样化阶段移动到最终迭代的强化阶段。例如,规则1声明“如果迭代在开始,多样性是低的,那么r必须是低的,A必须是高的,w必须是低的,f必须是高的。因此,FIS将在初始迭代过程中增加算法的多样性。
为了验证所提出的算法与其他类似方法相比的优越性能,将其应用于两个参考系统(3母线、9母线)中探究DOCR的最优协调问题。所有系统都以环形拓扑的形式布置,因为该优化问题通常与传输和子传输系统相关。然而,该问题的数学模型与在径向网络和环形网络中使用的数学模型相同。针对每个测试系统分别获得了与BA算法、DBA算法、EHO算法和MA算法相关的参数,以便在DOCR的最佳协调中实现每个元启发式方法的最佳性能。还从收敛性、遵守收敛约束、鲁棒性和计算性方面进行了比较分析。测试在Matlab环境下在PC上进行。
图2所示的3母线系统包括1个同步发电机、3条传输线和6条具有正反向曲线的DOCRs。因此,优化问题涉及12个变量,即PS1,…,PS6TDS1,…,TDS6。继电器采用以下界限:PSmin=1,PSmax=1,TDSmin=0.1和TDSmax=1.1。表2列出了流经给定对PR-BR的短路电流IPRIBR。每个继电器的电流互感器比率(current transformer ratio,CTR)如表3所示。
值得一提的是,在A点、B点和C点测量短路电流。所有算法在300次迭代中以100个个体执行。每个算法的单独参数描述如下:
1)MA算法:蜉蝣群体的速度权重取值为1,雄性蜉蝣的速度公式中α1= l,α2=1.5,雌性蜉蝣的速度公式中α2= 1.5,能见度系数β=2,舞蹈系数d= l,随机游走系数fl= 1,蜉蝣群体的交叉公式中L取[-1,1]之间的随机数,后代数量取20;
2)EHO算法:比例因子φ为0.5,影响因子δ为0.1,加权系数W1W2W3W4分别为0.7,0.1,0.1,0.1;
3)BA算法:A0=1.0,α=0.994,r0=1.0,γ=0.006,fmin=0,fmax=2.0;
4)DBA算法:A0=0.9,A=0.5,r0=0.3,r=0.6,fmin=0,fmax=2.0。
表4总结了通过评估算法计算的最佳设置,而图3显示了收敛演化。突出显示目标函数在前50次迭代期间假设的值,以证明最终结果之间的差异。AFDBA算法在所有算法中表现最佳,同时提供与快速收敛相关的保护系统的最短跳闸时间。
图4给出了考虑到最小值CTImin=0.3 s时继电器对PR-BR的CTI值。最低值仅比CTImin少0.000 19 s(0.63%),表明AFDBA算法表现出良好的协调约束。所有算法执行1 000次以测量目标函数的平均值和模式偏差,以评估鲁棒性。还根据表5所示的结果计算了平均执行时间。
AFDBA算法表现出最高的鲁棒性以及最低的平均值和模式偏差。与其余解相比,后一个参数假设的值较低,表明AFDBA算法对于所获得的解的平均值具有较高的收敛速度。尽管由于FIS的存在,其复杂度较高,但在3母线系统中,算法执行时间之间的差异并不显著,AFDBA算法的平均执行时间仅高于EHO算法。
图5所示的9母线系统由额定功率为100 MV·A,额定电压33 kV、阻抗为j0.1(标幺值)的同步发电机供电。该系统包括12条阻抗为j0.1(标幺值)的传输线,以及24条具有正反向曲线的DOCRs。假设所有继电器的CTI值为500/1。系统的更详细描述见文献[10]。
考虑到文献[10]中可用的基准数据,继电器设置采用了以下约束条件:PSmin=max(1.5,1.25ImaxL),PSmax=min(2.5,2IminF/3),TDSmin=0.025,TDSmax=1.2。表6列出了A点和L点故障的短路电流。
所有算法在300次迭代期间以240个个体的初始群体执行,从而可以评估收敛性。同样,为了避免随机性,采用了相同的随机数序列。每个算法的各个参数描述如下:
1)MA算法:蜉蝣群体的速度权重取值为1,雄性蜉蝣的速度公式中α1=l,α2=1.5,雌性蜉蝣的速度公式中α2=1.5,能见度系数β=2,舞蹈系数d=l,随机游走系数fl=1,蜉蝣群体的交叉公式中L取[-1,1]之间的随机数,后代数量取20;
2)EHO算法:比例因子φ为0.5,影响因子δ为0.1,加权系数W1W2W3W4分别为0.7,0.1,0.1,0.1;
3)BA算法:A0=1.0,α=0.992,r0=1.0,γ=0.006,fmin=0,fmax=1.0;
4)DBA算法:A0=0.9,A=0.5,r0=0.3,r=0.6,fmin=0,fmax=2.0;
表7列出了通过评估算法计算的最佳设置。图6表示了收敛演化,由图6可知AFDBA算法的结果效果仅次于EHO算法。
图7显示了每对继电器PR-BR假定的CTI值。最低失调时间CTImin对应于低于0.005 s(2.95%),因此证明AFDBA算法符合协调限制。
所有算法执行1 000次来评估鲁棒性,同时计算了目标函数收集样本的平均值和模式偏差。还测量了平均执行时间,结果如表8所示。AFDBA算法的平均值仅略高于EHO算法。它在所有算法中也呈现出最低的模式偏差。正如预期的那样,其平均执行时间是最长的,因为与其他算法相比,AFDBA算法复杂性较高。
在所有评估的情况下,AFDBA算法给出了收敛时间和目标函数最小化之间的最佳权衡。总的来说,MA算法和EHO算法都收敛于局部极小值。在收敛方面,DBA算法的性能与AFDBA算法非常相似。改进后的算法具有自适应的特点,提高了算法的性能。EHO算法在所有测试中也获得了良好的结果,在9母线系统中也实现了较低的目标函数值。
AFDBA算法也表现出较好的协调约束符合性,而CTI得到的最低值为1.983 1 s,仅比CTImin低0.884 5%。此外,这可以被认为是一个保守的标准,因为CTI可以选择在0.2 s和0.5 s之间。
与分析计算过程不同,CTI的低值选择使优化问题更加复杂,因为这导致更短的跳闸时间。AFDBA算法在所有测试中也表现出良好的鲁棒性,在3母线系统中达到了最低的目标函数均值和模式偏差。在9母线系统中也获得了第二低的平均值,仅略高于EHO算法的最佳结果,同时在本例中也表现出了最低的模式偏差。因此,可以说AFDBA算法是一种鲁棒算法,其随机性对所得到的结果影响较小。这一特性是非常重要的,特别是对APS来说,因为它为算法提供了确定良好继电器设置的能力。在执行时间方面,AFDBA算法的响应速度较评估方案慢。总的来说,这方面与DOCR的数量密切相关。例如,考虑与自动恢复方案相关联的APS,AFDBA算法的执行时间仅相当于恢复供电所需总时间的8.42%。即使在实践中最终需要其他解决方案[11],引入的算法的快速收敛可以确保其执行将提供比本工作中评估的其他方法更好的结果。
虽然9母线测试系统中AFDBA算法平均执行时间分别为8.13 s,但对于实际应用而言,这样的时间间隔是合理的,同时考虑到配电系统的短暂中断通常可能持续180 s,若超过180 s,公用事业公司可能会受到处罚。例如,考虑将自适应保护方案纳入自动恢复系统,其中保护系统必须首先隔离故障并调整继电设置以便以后重新给负载通电[12-13],执行时间仅占所需总时间的8.42%。
本文在考虑APS最终实现的基础上,为非径向系统中DOCRs的优化协调提出了一种新的元启发式算法。所提出的AFDBA算法能够处理非凸优化问题,并在合理的时间框架内获得良好的性能,从而使其成为实际应用的可行解决方案。采用的FIS技术具有自适应特性,允许自动调整设置,而不需要初始参数,这与其他典型算法不同。
通过仿真验证,AFDBA算法具有比MA算法、EHO算法、BA算法和DBA算法等优化方法更优的性能,且收敛速度快、错配率低、鲁棒性好。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52167010)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25042
  • 接收时间:2023-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-21
  • 修回日期:2023-07-14
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国家自然科学基金(52167010)
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    国网湖北电力有限公司神农架供电公司,湖北 神农架 424400
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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