Article(id=1190325327009251954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1190325324991791712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678723200000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-14, revisedDate=1684339200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761725273133, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761725273133, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761725273133, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725273133, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190325324991791712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2025', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761725272653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761725272653, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190325327202189939, articleId=1190325327009251954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Interactive Coupling and Stability Analysis of Energy Storage Power Station, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When multiple energy storage units are connected to an energy storage station by the power electronic converter,the interaction and coupling effect bring challenges to the stable operation of the system. The small-signal model of the parallel storage system was established. The stability analysis was carried out based on the dominant modes and participating factors of the system. According to the relationship between DC bus voltage and current,a new rule was found:when the load power was constant,the increase in the number of power stations will produce an impedance multiplier effect,which can improve the system stability margin. Moreover,the improved participation factor method was proposed to verify the regularity of the effect. Finally,the experimental results verify the correctness of the above analysis.

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多储能单元通过电力电子变换器接入储能电站时,产生的交互耦合作用给系统稳定运行带来挑战。建立了储能并联的系统小信号模型,基于系统的主导模态以及参与因子进行稳定性分析。根据直流母线的电压和电流变化关系,发现了全新的规律:当负荷功率恒定时,电源台数增多会产生阻抗分增效应,该效应能改善系统稳定裕度。并且,提出改进的参与因子法加以验证该效应的规律。最后,实验结果验证了上述分析的正确性。

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董立志(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

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董立志(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

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High Voltage Engineering, 2023, 49(11):4632-4641., articleTitle=Optimal stability analysis of DC microgrid based on crisscross optimization algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190325768367472784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325327009251954, awardId=DG83-21-011, language=CN, fundingSource=中国电力科学研究院长线攻关项目(多类型储能与可调节负荷的选型、运行建模及经济性能评估技术研究)(DG83-21-011), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190325761824358491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325327009251954, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190325761832747100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325327009251954, companyId=1190325761824358491, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Grid-integration (China Electric Power Research Institute),Beijing 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System parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
储能单元
n=1,2,3)
ubn 120 V Qn 2 000 A·h
Rbn 0.001 Ω Cvirbn 0.05
Lbn 500 μH kdroopn 1
Csn 0.005 5 F kpn 0.000 5
T 0.05 kin 0.1
直流输电
线路
uDC 800 V CDC 0.005 5 F
Rs1 0.003/2 Ω Rs3 0.003/6 Ω
Ls1 20/2 μH Ls3 20/6 μH
Rs2 0.003/3 Ω RF 0.3/2 Ω
Ls2 20/3 μH LF 2/2 mH
恒功率负荷 uL 400 V CL 0.001 F
RL 0.1 Ω CF 0.005 5 F
LL 2 mH PL 30 kW
), ArticleFig(id=1190325768245837967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1190325327009251954, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
储能单元
n=1,2,3)
ubn 120 V Qn 2 000 A·h
Rbn 0.001 Ω Cvirbn 0.05
Lbn 500 μH kdroopn 1
Csn 0.005 5 F kpn 0.000 5
T 0.05 kin 0.1
直流输电
线路
uDC 800 V CDC 0.005 5 F
Rs1 0.003/2 Ω Rs3 0.003/6 Ω
Ls1 20/2 μH Ls3 20/6 μH
Rs2 0.003/3 Ω RF 0.3/2 Ω
Ls2 20/3 μH LF 2/2 mH
恒功率负荷 uL 400 V CL 0.001 F
RL 0.1 Ω CF 0.005 5 F
LL 2 mH PL 30 kW
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储能电站动态交互作用及稳定性分析
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董立志 , 翟冰聪 , 王凯丰 , 贾学翠
电气传动 | 电力电子 2025,55(2): 13-19
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2025, 55(2): 13-19
储能电站动态交互作用及稳定性分析
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董立志 , 翟冰聪, 王凯丰, 贾学翠
作者信息
  • 可再生能源并网全国重点实验室(中国电力科学研究院有限公司),北京 100192
  • 董立志(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大规模储能运行控制技术研究,Email:

Interactive Coupling and Stability Analysis of Energy Storage Power Station
Lizhi DONG , Bingcong ZHAI, Kaifeng WANG, Xuecui JIA
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Grid-integration (China Electric Power Research Institute),Beijing 100192,China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25027
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多储能单元通过电力电子变换器接入储能电站时,产生的交互耦合作用给系统稳定运行带来挑战。建立了储能并联的系统小信号模型,基于系统的主导模态以及参与因子进行稳定性分析。根据直流母线的电压和电流变化关系,发现了全新的规律:当负荷功率恒定时,电源台数增多会产生阻抗分增效应,该效应能改善系统稳定裕度。并且,提出改进的参与因子法加以验证该效应的规律。最后,实验结果验证了上述分析的正确性。

储能电站  /  小信号模型  /  交互耦合  /  稳定性分析

When multiple energy storage units are connected to an energy storage station by the power electronic converter,the interaction and coupling effect bring challenges to the stable operation of the system. The small-signal model of the parallel storage system was established. The stability analysis was carried out based on the dominant modes and participating factors of the system. According to the relationship between DC bus voltage and current,a new rule was found:when the load power was constant,the increase in the number of power stations will produce an impedance multiplier effect,which can improve the system stability margin. Moreover,the improved participation factor method was proposed to verify the regularity of the effect. Finally,the experimental results verify the correctness of the above analysis.

energy storage power station  /  small-signal model  /  interactive coupling  /  stability analysis
董立志, 翟冰聪, 王凯丰, 贾学翠. 储能电站动态交互作用及稳定性分析. 电气传动, 2025 , 55 (2) : 13 -19 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25027
Lizhi DONG, Bingcong ZHAI, Kaifeng WANG, Xuecui JIA. Interactive Coupling and Stability Analysis of Energy Storage Power Station[J]. Electric Drive, 2025 , 55 (2) : 13 -19 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25027
随着储能电池性能的提升和成本的降低,以及辅助政策的大力支持,储能电站在电力系统中的作用也逐步被开发出来。根据不同的需求和功能,储能电站有离网和并网两种工作模式,并网运行时储能电站进行负荷削峰填谷和增加电网调峰能力,离网运行时储能电站可调频调压来支撑系统[1-2]
目前电池储能的功率等级要求逐步上升,导致储能电站中往往不止一个储能单元。由于储能单元通过电力电子变换器直接完成充放电,多个储能单元之间存在交互耦合作用,容易衍生出多种稳定性问题。此外,存在许多通过电力电子接口电路接入系统的负荷,该类负荷呈现出恒功率的形式,其负阻抗特性同样会影响整个系统的稳定性[3-4]
当前系统稳定性的研究以小干扰稳定性分析为主,其中用于小干扰稳定性分析的特征值分析法是一种常见且易于理解的方法。特征值分析法基于连续状态空间模型,可以表征出系统动态稳定的关键信息(如振荡分布、振荡产生的原因和振荡对状态变量的影响程度等),上述这些信息为系统的整体优化提供参考方向。因此,特征值分析法是分析系统小干扰稳定性的有效手段[5-6]
目前研究储能单元对系统小干扰稳定性影响有以下几个方面:频率[7]、储能容量[8]、控制方法[9]和并联数量[10-12]。针对储能单元并联数量方面的研究情况如下:文献[10]推导了多变流器接入个数对纹波谐振影响的关系,发现了随着接入个数的增加,纹波谐振的频率降低,但该文献没有直接说明变流器接入个数对系统稳定性的好坏影响;文献[11]提出了一种降阶计算方法以满足系统小干扰稳定性分析的要求,探讨了相同储能单元聚合接入时数量变化带来的失稳风险,但没有解释电源接入数量变化时系统高频振荡的原因;文献[12]通过辨识雅可比矩阵的特征值,将其转化为二次特征值问题进行稳定性分析,得到了增加电源数量可以增强系统稳定性的结论,该方法虽然可直观地获得稳定性的参数域,但难以分析出增加数量过程中电源之间产生的交互耦合关系。
综上所述,在小干扰稳定性分析的基础上,鲜有文献涉及研究储能并联产生的交互耦合作用对系统的影响。因此,本文建立了储能并联系统的小信号模型,通过特征值分析电源接入数量变化与系统稳定性的关系,开展了系统交互耦合作用下的稳定性研究,最后搭建实验平台对理论分析进行验证。
本文选用的储能并联系统结构图如图1所示,主要由3台储能单元、直流输电线路和恒功率负荷构成,结构为常规的辐射式,下标为1,2,3区分不同的储能单元。
图1所示储能单元采用双向DC/DC变换器,控制方式为虚拟惯性控制和下垂控制,其中虚拟惯性控制的目的是提高系统的惯性和改善直流母线电压的动态特性,下垂控制实现多个储能单元之间的输出功率分配。
储能单元的状态空间模型如下式:
Lbdibdt=ub-(1-d)uo-RbibSu=1Ts+1(uoN2-uo2)sdSudt=1T(uoN2-uo2-Su)ibref=kdroopuoub(uoN-uo)+Cvirb2ubT(uoN2-uo2-Su)dSidt=ibref-ibd=(kp+kis)(ibref-ib)=kp(ibref-ib)+kiSi
式中:d为升压变流器的占空比;ubib分别为储能单元变换前电压和电流;ibrefib的参考值;uoio分别为变换后出口电压和电流;uoNuo的额定值;Cs为储能单元的支撑电容;SuuoNuo的平方差经一阶惯性环节作用后的输出值;Si为PI电流环的积分过程;T为时间常数;Cvirb为虚拟惯性系数;kdroop为下垂系数。
将式(1)在稳态值附近进行线性化,可得到储能单元的小信号模型如下式所示:
dxbdt=Abxb+Bbuo
其中

xb=[Δib ΔSu ΔSi]T

uo=[Δuo]T

Ab=-Rb+kpuo0Lb-kpCvirbuo02LbubTkiuo0Lb0-1T0-1-Cvirb2ubT0

Bb=1Lbd0-1+kpkdroopuoNuo0ub-2kpkdroopuo02ub-kpCvirbuo02ubT-2uo0TkdroopuoNub-2kdroopuo0ub-Cvirbuo0ubT

式中:AbBb为储能单元的系数矩阵。
图1所示恒功率负荷采用Buck电路进行降压处理,采用双闭环控制策略,恒功率负荷的控制框图和状态空间模型参考文献[13],其小信号模型如下式所示:
dxLdt=ALxL+BLuF
其中

xL=[ΔiL ΔuL ΔSuL ΔSiL]T

uF=[ΔuF]T

AL=-kpiLuF0+RLLL-kpiLkpuLuF0+1LLkpiLkiuLuF0LLkiiLuF0LL1CLPLCLuL02000-100-1-kpuLkiuL0

BL=[g0/LL000]T

式中:iL为恒功率负荷的电流;uL为恒功率负荷的实际电压;SuL为PI电压外环的积分过程;SiL为PI电流内环的积分过程;ALBL为恒功率负荷的系数矩阵。
图1所示源荷之间为直流输电线路的等效模型。直流输电线路的状态空间模型和其小信号模型分别如下式所示:
Csduo/dt=(1-d)ib-ioCDCduDC/dt=io-idcCFduF/dt=idc-giLLsdio/dt=uo-uDC-RsioLFdidc/dt=uDC-uF-RFidc
dxddt=Ddxd
其中

xd=[Δuo ΔuDC ΔuF Δio Δidc]T

式中:uDC为汇聚母线的电压;CDC为汇聚母线的支撑电容;Rs+jωLs为源侧线路的等效阻抗;RF+jωLF为荷侧线路的等效阻抗;uF为负荷变换前进口电压;idc为负荷变换前电流;CF为荷侧的支撑电容。
总结1.1节~1.3节,系统的小信号模型如下:
dxsysdt=Asysnxsys
其中

xsysn=[xbn xL xd123]T

xdn=[Δuon ΔuDC ΔuF Δion Δidc]T

Asys1=Ab10Bb10ALBLCb1CLDd1

Asys2=Ab100Bb10Ab20Bb200ALBLCb1Cb2CLDd2

Asys3=Ab1000Bb10Ab200Bb200Ab30Bb3000ALBLCb1Cb2Cb3CLDd3

Cb=kpib0+1-d0CskpCvirbib02CsubT-kiib0Cs

CL=kpiLiL0-g0CFkpiLkpuLiL0CF-kpiLkiuLiL0CF-kiiLiL0CF

Db1=2kp1kdroop1uo0ib0Cs1ub1+kp1Cvirb1uo0ib0Cs1ub1T-kp1kdroop1uoNib0Cs1ub1

Db2=2kp2kdroop2uo0ib0Cs2ub2+kp2Cvirb2uo0ib0Cs2ub2T-kp2kdroop2uoNib0Cs2ub2

Db3=2kp3kdroop3uo0ib0Cs3ub3+kp3Cvirb3uo0ib0Cs3ub3T-kp3kdroop3uoNib0Cs3ub3

Dd1=Db100-1Cs100001CDC-1CDC00001CF1Ls1-1Ls10-Rs1Ls1001LF-1LF0-RFLF

Dd2=Db1000-1Cs1000Db2000-1Cs2000001CDC1CDC-1CDC0000001CF1Ls10-1Ls10-Rs1Ls10001Ls2-1Ls200-Rs2Ls20001LF-1LF00-RFLF

Dd3=Db10000-1Cs10000Db20000-1Cs20000Db30000-1Cs30000001CDC1CDC1CDC-1CDC000000001CF1Ls100-1Ls10-Rs1Ls100001Ls20-1Ls200-Rs2Ls200001Ls3-1Ls3000-Rs3Ls300001LF-1LF000-RFLF

式中:xbn为3台储能单元的状态变量;xL为恒功率负荷的状态变量;xdn为直流输电线路的状态变量;Asysnn=1,2,3)为系统的状态矩阵,n为不同数量的储能单元接入;公式中状态变量下标为0指代稳态值。
将储能并联系统的参数代入Asys1Asys2Asys3求解系统的特征值,特征值的分布如图2所示。由图2a可知,振荡模态λ1_1的特征值实部为正,其他振荡模态的特征值实部始终保持为负,说明振荡模态λ1_1为1台储能单元接入系统时的主导模态。而图2b图2c可知,2台或3台储能单元接入系统时振荡模态λ2_1λ2_2λ3_1λ3_2λ3_3的特征值实部为负,但上述振荡模态均可能出现特征值实部为正的情况,说明这些振荡模态也为所研究算例系统的主导模态,所以都需要重点关注。
对系统的主导模态进行参与因子分析的结果如图3所示。可知,不同的储能单元接入系统时,对应的主导模态是与源侧线路电压的状态变量Δuon、电流的状态变量Δion和汇聚母线电压的状态变量ΔuDC相关,也从侧面验证了图2中的振荡模态为所研究算例系统的主导模态。
在时域分析中,以实部最大的振荡模态与虚轴的距离来表示系统的稳定裕度。保持负荷接入总功率不变前提下,每台电源在相同的理想情况,即元件参数、控制参数(除了虚拟惯性系数和下垂系数外)均相同时,多源接入稳定裕度随第1台电源的虚拟惯性系数和下垂系数变化如图4所示,随着电源接入增加,出现系统稳定裕度增大的现象。解释如下:
假设1台电源接入后源侧等效总阻抗为Δuoio,当有N台电源接入后源侧等效总阻抗为Δuo'/Δio'N台电源的电流近似均分后减小变为Δio'/N,使得Δuo'因下垂控制特性有小幅度上升,即Δuo'uo,由于负荷总功率不变,有Δio'io,故有Δuo'/Δio'uoio,显然多源接入后源侧阻抗增加,将上述称为阻抗分增效应。阻抗分增效应定义为:随着电源接入数量的增加,每台电源分流后由于下垂特性使直流母线电压总体上升,导致了等效总阻抗增加的现象。“分”体现电源内部的分流,这是前因,“增”体现总体阻抗的增加,这是后果。
从主导模态的参与因子分析,根据图3假设了输出阻抗的状态变量Δronuonion,多源接入后输出总阻抗的参与度为状态变量Δron的并联形式,即Δrro1//…//Δron,当有多个主导模态时,输出总阻抗的参与度ΔRi为多个主导模态的Δr之和,i为主导模态的个数。图5所示为不同数量电源接入的输出总阻抗参与度的大小,可看出ΔR1R2R3,这也从侧面印证了阻抗分增效应的结果。
多储能接入后导致源侧阻抗增加而产生的阻抗分增效应使系统主导模态远离虚轴,储能并联的交互耦合作用增大系统阻尼,改善系统稳定性,而且从图4可看出当电源之间的内部参数不同时,该效应同样成立。
在基于RT-LAB实时仿真系统和DSP F28335控制器的硬件在环实验平台上搭建了图1的储能并联系统,实验参数如表1所示,实验平台如图6所示,进行了理论分析的正确性验证。
工况1为1台电源接入,工况2为2台电源接入,系统初始接入负荷总功率为9 kW,在t=2 s时,功率突增到30 kW,工况1和工况2下直流母线电压和功率的实验波形如图7所示。在功率突增后,工况1的母线电压和功率波形发生了振荡,主振荡频率在880 Hz附近,振荡幅值为0.9 V,母线电压跌落至746 V,已不满足电压偏差5%的要求。
相对于工况1而言,工况2在功率突增后母线电压是稳定的,母线电压跌落到778 V,跌落较小,在880 Hz附近的母线电压振荡幅值从0.9 V下降到几乎为零。原因如下:由于工况1的源侧输出阻抗值746/40.2=18.6小于工况2的源侧输出阻抗值778/38.5=20.2,其中40.2 A和38.5 A为两种工况的母线电流,导致了工况1的系统阻尼小于工况2,使工况2容易引起系统振荡。
紧接着,工况3和工况4分别代表2台电源接入和3台电源接入,系统初始接入负荷总功率为15 kW,在t=2 s时,功率突增到36 kW,工况3和工况4的直流母线电压和功率的实验波形如图8所示。
图8可知,工况3下系统失稳,在730 Hz附近的振荡幅值为0.85 V。工况4的母线电压和功率稳定,在730 Hz附近的振荡幅值下降至0.1 V。原因在于工况3的母线电压稳态值为775 V,小于工况4下的783 V,此时两种工况的母线电流分别为46.4 A和45.9 A,由于电源台数增加,母线电压因下垂特性产生小幅度上升,负荷总功率不变,导致母线电流小幅度下降。故前者输出阻抗小于后者,导致前者系统阻尼降低,容易发生振荡现象。上述实验结果表明随着储能台数的增多,源侧输出阻抗变大,产生阻抗分增效应,能使系统更稳定,与图9特征值分析一致,共同验证理论分析的正确性。
当各电源下垂系数不同时,代表着电源之间输出功率不同,分别取kdroop1=0.8,kdroop2=1,kdroop3=1.2,以此作为不同电源参数的条件。工况5和工况6除了电源下垂系数不同外,其他参数与工况1和工况2一致,工况5和工况6的直流母线电压和功率的实验波形如图10a所示,在功率突增后,工况5的母线电压和功率波形发生了振荡,而工况6的母线电压和功率波形是稳定的。同理可得,工况7和工况8除了电源下垂系数不同外,其他参数与工况3和工况4一致,工况7和工况8的直流母线电压和功率的实验波形如图10b所示,可知工况7下系统失稳,工况8下系统稳定。上述实验共同验证了当电源之间的内部参数不同时,阻抗分增效应的作用效果同样成立。
本文建立了储能并联系统的全阶小信号模型,从主导模态和参与因子的角度进行稳定性分析,探究了电源接入数量变化对系统稳定运行的影响,研究了系统交互耦合作用对稳定性的影响规律。本文主要工作和研究结果如下:
1)系统在不同数量储能接入时的主导模态可以由特征值与参与因子结合分析确定,并且当储能数量增多时,主导模态也会增多。
2)当负荷功率恒定时,发现多储能接入后导致源侧阻抗增加而产生的阻抗分增效应能改善系统稳定裕度,并且当储能之间参数不同时,该效应同样成立。
3)从主导模态的参与因子分析,根据输出总阻抗的参与度解释了阻抗分增效应的作用规律。
此外,本文仅考虑了储能并联系统离网的情况,后续将进一步研究不同类型的储能同时接入电网的情况,为系统稳定运行提供理论支撑。
  • 中国电力科学研究院长线攻关项目(多类型储能与可调节负荷的选型、运行建模及经济性能评估技术研究)(DG83-21-011)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25027
  • 接收时间:2023-03-14
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-14
  • 修回日期:2023-05-18
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中国电力科学研究院长线攻关项目(多类型储能与可调节负荷的选型、运行建模及经济性能评估技术研究)(DG83-21-011)
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    可再生能源并网全国重点实验室(中国电力科学研究院有限公司),北京 100192
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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