Article(id=1194957533149381174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678032000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-06, revisedDate=1679587200000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762829677140, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762829677140, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762829677140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762829677140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194957528560812573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762829676042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762830003292, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194958901230678091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1194957528560812573, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194957533304570423, articleId=1194957533149381174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Control Strategy for Suppressing Transient Overvoltage in Wind Farm Caused by HVDC Faults, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of transient overvoltage at the sending end of the wind farm caused by faults in conventional high-voltage direct current systems system,the impact mechanism of DC faults on transient voltage changes at the sending end was analyzed. It was discovered that the reactive power surplus of the AC system after the fault was the root cause of the sudden voltage rise. To address this,a reactive power coordination control strategy based on distributed synchronous condensers and doubly fed induction generators(DFIG) was proposed. A distributed synchronous condenser was installed at the grid-connected bus of the wind farm to stabilize the grid-connected voltage and improve the low-voltage or high-voltage ride-through capability of the wind farm using its unique reactive power regulation characteristics. During various severe fault scenarios in the DC system,the DFIG participated in reactive power regulation by changing the reactive power reference value,and improved system voltage during the fault period with the distributed synchronous condenser. The DFIG wind farm was controlled to exit reactive power regulation during steady-state after the fault,to ensure economic operation after fault recovery. Simulation results using PSCAD software demonstrate that the proposed reactive power coordination control strategy effectively suppress transient voltage variations of the wind farm after faults,improving the reliability and economy of the wind farm,particularly during commutation failure and direct current blocking in the system.

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针对高压直流系统故障时引起送端风电场暂态过电压问题,分析了直流故障对送端暂态电压变化的影响机理,发现故障后交流系统无功盈余是造成电压骤升的根本原因。提出了一种基于分布式调相机和双馈风机(DFIG)无功电压协调控制策略,在风电场并网母线处配置新能源分布式调相机,利用其独特的无功调节特性稳定风电场并网电压,提高风电场的低压或高压穿越能力;在直流系统发生换相失败和直流闭锁严重故障时,DFIG通过改变网侧和转子侧变流器无功参考参与系统无功调节,配合分布式调相机改善故障期间系统电压,并在故障后稳态期间控制DFIG风电场退出无功调节,确保故障恢复后风电场的经济运行。通过PSCAD软件仿真结果表明:在系统发生换相失败和直流闭锁故障后,提出的无功协调控制策略可有效抑制故障后风电场暂态电压变化,提升了风机运行可靠性和经济性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董新胜(1972—),男,教授级高工,主要研究方向为高压电气设备试验及电气设备状态评价,Email:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gCR0ivfEgaTHrTodWm8osQ==, magXml=CIBckWVWhcOizyQ9IWlIoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=q2pBxJRaE/pIHUiY6JTBMg==, pdfFileSize=1910706, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NNvHLtjoLPhuhR3WXsAS0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sGWickClvkAMefL9Zm1lmQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王奇(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为风力发电控制与并网技术,Email:

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王奇(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为风力发电控制与并网技术,Email:

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王奇(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为风力发电控制与并网技术,Email:

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Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194957798619464378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, awardId=XJEDU2021I010, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区高校科研计划项目(XJEDU2021I010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194957798736904891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, awardId=2022D04029, language=CN, fundingSource=自治区重点实验室开放课题(2022D04029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194957798896288444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, awardId=2022B01003-3, language=CN, fundingSource=自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B01003-3), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194957799001146045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, awardId=51767024, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51767024), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194957794274165381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194957794303525510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, companyId=1194957794274165381, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Main parameters of synchronous condenser

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参数 50 Mvar
调相机
300 Mvar
调相机
额定电压/kV 10.5 20
d轴同步电抗 X d/% 100.320 136.44
q轴同步电抗 X q/% 100.320 128.53
d轴暂态电抗 X d '/% 10.600 14.6
q轴暂态电抗 X q '/% 22.160 24.74
d轴次暂态电抗 X d /% 8.370 10.58
q轴次暂态电抗 X q /% 8.370 10.58
d轴暂态开路时间 T d 0 '/s 7.383 7.37
q轴暂态开路时间 T q 0 '/s 0.820 0.819
d轴次暂态开路时间 T d 0 /s 0.044 0.046
q轴次暂态开路时间 T q 0 /s 0.092 0.078
), ArticleFig(id=1194957798493635257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1194957533149381174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调相机主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 50 Mvar
调相机
300 Mvar
调相机
额定电压/kV 10.5 20
d轴同步电抗 X d/% 100.320 136.44
q轴同步电抗 X q/% 100.320 128.53
d轴暂态电抗 X d '/% 10.600 14.6
q轴暂态电抗 X q '/% 22.160 24.74
d轴次暂态电抗 X d /% 8.370 10.58
q轴次暂态电抗 X q /% 8.370 10.58
d轴暂态开路时间 T d 0 '/s 7.383 7.37
q轴暂态开路时间 T q 0 '/s 0.820 0.819
d轴次暂态开路时间 T d 0 /s 0.044 0.046
q轴次暂态开路时间 T q 0 /s 0.092 0.078
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抑制高压直流故障引起风电场暂态过电压控制策略
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王奇 1 , 董新胜 2 , 何山 1, 3
电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024,54(10): 76-82
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电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024, 54(10): 76-82
抑制高压直流故障引起风电场暂态过电压控制策略
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王奇1 , 董新胜2 , 何山1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.国网新疆电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 3.可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 王奇(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为风力发电控制与并网技术,Email:

通讯作者:

董新胜(1972—),男,教授级高工,主要研究方向为高压电气设备试验及电气设备状态评价,Email:
Control Strategy for Suppressing Transient Overvoltage in Wind Farm Caused by HVDC Faults
Qi WANG1 , Xinsheng DONG2 , Shan HE1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical Engineering,Xinjiang University,Urumqi 830017,Xinjiang,China
  • 2. State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Research Institute,Urumqi 830011,Xinjiang,China
  • 3. Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Renewable Energy Power Generation and Grid Connection Control, Urumqi 830017,Xinjiang,China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25012
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针对高压直流系统故障时引起送端风电场暂态过电压问题,分析了直流故障对送端暂态电压变化的影响机理,发现故障后交流系统无功盈余是造成电压骤升的根本原因。提出了一种基于分布式调相机和双馈风机(DFIG)无功电压协调控制策略,在风电场并网母线处配置新能源分布式调相机,利用其独特的无功调节特性稳定风电场并网电压,提高风电场的低压或高压穿越能力;在直流系统发生换相失败和直流闭锁严重故障时,DFIG通过改变网侧和转子侧变流器无功参考参与系统无功调节,配合分布式调相机改善故障期间系统电压,并在故障后稳态期间控制DFIG风电场退出无功调节,确保故障恢复后风电场的经济运行。通过PSCAD软件仿真结果表明:在系统发生换相失败和直流闭锁故障后,提出的无功协调控制策略可有效抑制故障后风电场暂态电压变化,提升了风机运行可靠性和经济性。

高压直流输电  /  风电场  /  分布式调相机  /  无功补偿  /  协调控制

To address the issue of transient overvoltage at the sending end of the wind farm caused by faults in conventional high-voltage direct current systems system,the impact mechanism of DC faults on transient voltage changes at the sending end was analyzed. It was discovered that the reactive power surplus of the AC system after the fault was the root cause of the sudden voltage rise. To address this,a reactive power coordination control strategy based on distributed synchronous condensers and doubly fed induction generators(DFIG) was proposed. A distributed synchronous condenser was installed at the grid-connected bus of the wind farm to stabilize the grid-connected voltage and improve the low-voltage or high-voltage ride-through capability of the wind farm using its unique reactive power regulation characteristics. During various severe fault scenarios in the DC system,the DFIG participated in reactive power regulation by changing the reactive power reference value,and improved system voltage during the fault period with the distributed synchronous condenser. The DFIG wind farm was controlled to exit reactive power regulation during steady-state after the fault,to ensure economic operation after fault recovery. Simulation results using PSCAD software demonstrate that the proposed reactive power coordination control strategy effectively suppress transient voltage variations of the wind farm after faults,improving the reliability and economy of the wind farm,particularly during commutation failure and direct current blocking in the system.

high-voltage direct current(HVDC)  /  wind farm  /  distributed synchronous condenser  /  reactive power compensation  /  coordination control
王奇, 董新胜, 何山. 抑制高压直流故障引起风电场暂态过电压控制策略. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (10) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25012
Qi WANG, Xinsheng DONG, Shan HE. Control Strategy for Suppressing Transient Overvoltage in Wind Farm Caused by HVDC Faults[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (10) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25012
发展风光等可再生能源已成为能源发展的重要途径,我国西北地区可再生能源丰富,高压直流输电成为能源输送的重要方式,但距离中心负荷地区远,输送距离长,系统故障容易引发风电场暂态过电压问题[1-2]
基于电网换相换流器的高压直流(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统运行时需要消耗无功功率,容量一般为系统输送容量的40%~60%,通常由交流滤波器提供。直流系统发生换相失败等故障时换流站将发生大量的无功交换,送端系统出现暂态过电压,严重时可能引发直流近区风电机组连锁脱网。尽管故障后双馈感应电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)可以提供一定的无功功率,但无功补偿能力有限,因此,在大规模新能源外送系统中需要配置动态无功补偿设备,进行快速、准确、及时的无功功率补偿或切除。动态无功补偿设备主要有静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)、静止无功发生器(static var generator,SVG)和同步调相机[3-5]。近年来,新型大容量调相机在换流站已经投入使用,工程实践证明动态无功调节能力优异,电压改善效果明显[6-7]。在2021年底,青海、海南地区已有21台新能源分布式调相机投入生产,为高比例新能源地区提供了无功电压支撑,大幅提升新能源送出水平[8]
为抑制直流系统故障引起的风电场站暂态过电压问题。文献[9-10]分别采用SVC,SVG与风电机组协调的方式来防止风电机组在故障时期脱网。但有学者指出由于电压穿越频繁、深度大,安装在新能源场站并网点的SVC,SVG大量损坏,经济损失严重[11]。文献[12]对直流换相失败引起暂态过电压进行机理分析,通过对换流站定电流控制环节PI参数进行优化,提高换流器消耗无功功率,进而抑制暂态过电压,但对于薄弱的新能源电网改变直流参数对缓解送端电压效果有限。文献[13]研究了动态无功补偿设备对系统短路比的影响,得出新能源场站安装分布式调相机对电压改善效果优于SVC和SVG。文献[14]为解决新能源集中送出面临的暂态过电压问题,研究得出在新能源站35 kV或110 kV汇集站通过三绕组变压器接入分布式调相机具有更好的无功补偿效果。以上文献均提出了较为优秀的抑制风电场暂态过电压措施,并指出调相机在改善系统电压方面发挥了重要作用,但均未发挥DFIG的无功调节能力,尚缺乏通过DFIG与分布式调相机协调控制来抑制风电场暂态过电压研究。
本文首先针对直流故障时无功盈余造成送端风电场电压波动问题,分析了DFIG和分布式调相机的无功调节能力;然后提出分布式调相机作为风电场端无功补偿设备,稳态时优先考虑调相机进行无功补偿,在紧急状况下通过优化DFIG换流器无功参考参与系统无功调节;最后仿真验证直流系统在换相失败和直流闭锁故障后该策略抑制送端交流系统暂态电压的可行性。
高压直流输电系统在稳定运行时,换流站通常由交流滤波器提供无功功率,送端换流站无功功率交换如图1所示。图中, Q d c为直流系统整流侧消耗的无功功率; Q a c为除风电以外的交流系统无功功率; Q c为无功补偿装置提供的无功功率; Q W F为风电场无功功率; U为换流母线电压; U p c c为风电场并网母线电压; I d U d为整流侧直流电流和直流电压。
换流站无功功率平衡关系可以表示为
Q d c = Q a c + Q c + Q W F
直流系统故障时,换流站无功功率不平衡,换流母线电压变化可表示为
Δ U = Δ Q S a c
式中: Δ Q为换流站与送端交流系统无功差值; S a c为换流母线短路容量。
以国际大电网会议(international council on large electric systems,CIGRE)标准模型为例,系统整流站采用定电流控制策略,逆变站采用定关断角控制,系统稳定运行时有:
U d = U d o r c o s α - R c r I d
风电场端电压骤升的原因主要有:1)直流系统发生换相失败故障时,直流电压迅速减小,由式(3)、式(4)可知,直流电流随之增大,直流系统通过定电流控制增大触发角抑制电流,换流站无功消耗激增,造成送端交流母线暂态低电压。随着触发角持续增大,直流电流随之减小,而交流滤波器仍发出无功功率,造成无功盈余;2)系统发生直流闭锁后,直流系统有功输送容量将为零,换流站无功消耗减少,而交流滤波器无法及时切除(极控系统存在延时约200 ms),导致换流站无功大量盈余,交流系统电压可能超过1.3(标幺值),严重影响风电场安全运行。
DFIG风电机组的定子与电网直接相连,转子则通过背靠背变流器与电网相连[15],DFIG功率关系如图2所示。为了保障风电场的经济运行,通常DFIG风机采用恒功率因数控制策略,当系统电压突变时,通过无功外环控制使DFIG风电机组发出或吸收部分无功功率,来维持机端电压恒定。
图2中, P s Q s分别为DFIG定子侧有功和无功功率; P r Q r分别为转子变流器(rotor-side converter,RSC)输出的有功和无功功率; P g Q g分别为电网输入到网侧变流器(grid-side converter,GSC)的有功和无功功率; P w Q w分别为DFIG输出到电网的有功和无功功率。
DFIG机组输出的无功功率包括电网侧变流器输出和DFIG定子侧输出两部分[16]。DFIG定子侧功率在d-q坐标变换下可表示为
P s = 3 / 2 U s i s d Q s = - 3 / 2 U s i s q
式中: U s为DIFG定子电压峰值; i s d i s q分别为定子d轴和q轴电流。
DFIG定子侧的无功功率主要受转子绕组和转子电流影响,其中转子励磁电流起主要作用,当有功功率给定时,定子侧无功调节范围为
Q s m i n = - 3 U s 2 2 X s - ( 3 2 X m X s U s I r m a x ) 2 - P s 2 Q s m a x = - 3 U s 2 2 X s + ( 3 2 X m X s U s I r m a x ) 2 - P s 2
式中: Q s m i n Q s m a x分别为DFIG定子侧吸收和发出的无功极限; X s为定子电抗; X m为激磁电抗; I r m a x为转子换流器最大电流。
GSC容量按照DFIG最大转差有功功率设计,其中无功调节容量主要受变流器容量限制,无功功率调节范围为
Q g m i n = - P g m a x 2 - P r 2 Q g m a x = P g m a x 2 - P r 2
式中: Q g m i n Q g m a x分别为DFIG网侧变流器吸收和发出的无功极限; P g m a x为GSC的最大功率。
根据式(6)、式(7),得到DFIG机组吸收和发出至电网的无功功率极限 Q w m i n Q w m a x
Q w m i n = Q s m i n + Q g m i n Q w m a x = Q s m a x + Q g m a x
风电机组的RSC和GSC均可控制DFIG的无功输出。当利用GSC提供无功时,会导致风机有功功率发生波动,且GSC无功调节能力比定子无功调节能力小,因此在进行DFIG无功补偿时,优先采用RSC控制定子无功功率。
调相机是一种不带机械负载或原动机的同步电机,作为动态无功补偿设备并联于电网,保障系统电压稳定,仅吸收少量有功功率用于自身损耗,功率因数接近于零。当系统发生严重故障时交流母线电压大幅波动,SVC和SVG这类基于电力电子技术的无功补偿设备受系统故障电压和过流能力的限制,在严重故障时难以提供足够的无功支撑。而同步调相机无功调节能力几乎不受系统电压影响,且瞬时无功支撑和短时过载能力突出,在动态无功补偿方面具有一定优势。
调相机正常运行时,消耗有功功率可以忽略,功角 δ 0,所以调相机机端电压d轴分量 U t d 0q轴分量 U t q U t,调相机发出的无功功率 Q s c
Q s c = U t q I d - U t d I q U t I d
式中: I d I q分别为调相机定子d轴和q轴电流。
根据调相机自身运行方式,系统故障后其无功出力可分为3个阶段。
1)次暂态无功出力阶段。系统发生故障时,调相机机端电压由 U t 0突变为 U t,由于调相机内电势无法突变,次暂态过程中定子电流发生改变,调相机瞬时发出/吸收大量无功来支撑电网电压。次暂态过程中调相机定子电流增量为
Δ I d = ( E q - U t ) / X d
式中: E q 为调相机q轴次暂态内电势; X d 为调相机d轴次暂态电抗。
次暂态期间调相机向系统提供的瞬时无功增量 Δ Q s c
Δ Q s c = Δ U t I d 0 - U t 0 Δ I d
式中: Δ U t为故障前后机端电压变化值; I d 0d轴电流初始值。
由式(11)可知,当机端电压方式变化时,调相机可瞬间发出或消耗无功功率,且与自身参数d轴次暂态电抗和机端电压变化程度有关。
2)暂态无功出力阶段。调相机通过励磁系统短时(ms级)发出额定容量两倍以上的无功功率,在系统发生严重故障时,提供无功电压支撑,此阶段调相机发出的无功功率 Δ Q s c '可表示为
Δ Q s c ' = Δ U t I d 0 - [ K B ( K A + 1 ) - 1 ] U Δ U t ( X d ' + x k ) K B T d 0 ' + 1 - U Δ U t X d ' + x k
其中
K B = X d ' + x k X d + x k + K A x k
式中: K A为调相机励磁放大倍数; X dd轴同步电抗; X d 'd轴暂态电抗; x k为调相机并网变压器短路电抗; T d 0 'd轴暂态开路时间常数。
由式(12)和式(13)可知,次暂态阶段调相机无功出力取决于调相机暂态参数 X d ' T d 0 '和变压器短路电抗 x k,以及机端电压变化量 Δ U t
3)稳态无功出力阶段。当系统故障未清除时,调相机持续出力系统达到新的稳定状态。此阶段无功出力 Q s c
Q s c = U t ( E 0 - U t ) X d
式中: E 0为调相机内电势。
系统稳定运行时,调相机无功出力与稳态参数 X d和机端电压 U t相关,机端电压越高时,无功出力越大。
我国已投入使用的主要有300 Mvar集中式和50 Mvar分布式调相机,集中式调相机主要装设于特高压直流送、受端换流站,而分布式调相机装设于新能源场站,且无功特性相关参数得到进一步优化,无功响应更快,对于新能源场站可以提供更好的无功电压支撑。分布式和集中式调相机的主要参数对比如表1所示[17]
根据上述分析,分布式调相机可以很好地实现无功及电压控制,但大规模风电经高压直流外送系统发生直流故障造成无功补偿容量较大时,考虑DFIG具有一定的无功补偿能力,所以有必要采取DFIG与分布式调相机进行无功协调控制。
以新疆某DFIG风电场为例,并网电压在0.9(标幺值)~1.1(标幺值)时风机可保持正常运行,将分布式调相机作为优先无功补偿设备,DFIG作为备用补偿设备,通过检测并网点电压进行不同无功补偿方式切换。为了使并网点电压不超过1.1(标幺值),须保留一定电压裕度,因此设置当并网点电压在0.95(标幺值)~1.05(标幺值)以内时可由分布式调相机单独动作提供,在0.95(标幺值)~1.05(标幺值)以外时DFIG协同调相机参与无功调节控制电压。DFIG风电机组参与调节时优先控制RSC,当风机定子无功达到满载,仍无法满足无功需求时控制GSC参与无功调节。具体无功功率协调控制框图和流程图如图3图4所示。
DFIG风电场无功协调控制流程如下:
步骤1:实时检测风电场并网母线电压 U p c c,与并网电压参考值 U p c c r e f进行比较,计算电压偏差 Δ U p c c = U p c c - U p c c r e f
步骤2:判断电压偏差 Δ U p c c是否等于0,当 Δ U p c c = 0时,DFIG与分布式调相机均不参与无功调节,反之,进行步骤3;
步骤3:判断电压偏差是否小于0.05,当小于0.05时,为了保障风电场的经济运行,优先利用分布式调相机进行无功补偿,协调控制信号置0,DFIG无功参考为零,工作于最大功率因数控制模式,并返回步骤1,反之,进行步骤4;
步骤4:电压偏差大于0.05时,需要保障风电场的安全运行,分布式调相机和DIFG均参与无功补偿,协调控制信号S置-1或1(取决于电压降落或升高),DFIG相应发出或吸收无功功率,优先考虑定子侧进行无功补偿,当DFIG所需无功补偿功率大于定子侧无功极限时,再进行网侧变流器无功补偿。
本文采用PSCAD/EMTDC软件进行仿真分析,高压直流系统采用CIGRE标准模型,系统额定功率1 000 MW,直流电压等级为500 kV,整流站交流母线电压345 kV。送端DFIG风电场采用单机等效模型,单机容量2.5 MW,总装机容量500 MW,分布式调相机装设于风电场出口35 kV交流母线处(参数见表1),机端额定电压10.5 kV,仿真系统结构如图5所示。
设置t=5 s时逆变侧交流母线发生单相接地短路故障,引发系统发生换相失败,送端交流电压呈现“先低后高”变化,风电机组承受低压和高压穿越风险。
直流系统发生换相失败时,风电场并网点电压变化情况如图6a所示,调相机和风电场无功功率变化如图6b所示,在电压跌落阶段,分布式调相机在30 ms内发出接近2倍额定无功功率(约91.4 Mvar)以改善电压,当检测到并网点电压低于0.95(标幺值)时,协调控制发出信号,DFIG风电机组在故障发生约10 ms后发出无功功率,阻止电压持续跌落;在电压上升阶段,当检测到并网点电压大于0.95(标幺值)时风电场无功参考变为0,防止因无功延时助增暂态过电压,当电压大于1.05(标幺值)时风电场吸收无功功率;同时分布式调相机进相运行,最大吸收无功约27.8 Mvar,有效抑制了暂态过电压;采用协调控制策略后风电场并网电压最高为1.08(标幺值),约37.8 kV,最低为0.87(标幺值),约30.45 kV,相较无补偿方案分别提升了12%和19%,较仅分布式调相机补偿提升了7%和9%。
设置t=5 s时直流系统发生闭锁故障,故障发生后直流线路输送有功功率瞬时降低至零,换流站交流滤波器提供的无功功率在送端出现大量无功盈余,约为500 Mvar,使送端交流母线电压迅速抬升,无补偿时换流站和风电场并网点电压最高为1.35(标幺值),严重威胁系统安全运行,为了使风电场电压控制在1.1(标幺值)以下,考虑以下4种无功补偿对比方案。
方案一:DIFG风电场和调相机均不参与无功补偿;
方案二:仅换流站采用集中式调相机补偿,容量为500 Mvar;
方案三:仅风电场采用分布式调相机补偿,容量为500 Mvar;
方案四:换流站采用集中式调相机补偿,容量为300 Mvar,同时风电场采用分布式调相机补偿,容量为200 Mvar。
方案二、方案三、方案四均采用风电场无功协调控制策略,图7a为直流闭锁后换流站母线电压,图7b为风电场并网点电压。采用方案三时,虽然风电场并网点暂态过电压最低,但换流站暂态过电压达到1.23(标幺值)。相较于方案四,换流站和并网点电压均低于1.1(标幺值),更好保障系统的安全运行。图7c为采用方案四时直流闭锁期间DFIG风电场和调相机吸收的无功功率,故障发生约10 ms后并网点电压超过1.05(标幺值),风电场进行紧急无功控制以改善系统电压。通过不同补偿方案对比,直流系统发生闭锁故障后,在风电场并网点配置一定容量分布式调相机有利于风电场并网点电压恢复,提高了风电场高压穿越能力,降低了风机脱网风险。
对比方案二、方案三、方案四仿真结果,方案二更适用于传统机组电网,方案三更适用于分布范围广的新能源配电网。但方案二和方案三在大规模新能源经高压直流外送系统都存在一定局限性。随着电力系统中新能源装机容量占比不断升高,要求系统无功补偿速度更快、更加灵活、可靠,方案二通过在换流站配置大容量集中式调相机和新能源场端配置小容量分布式调相机的无功补偿方式,可以更好地解决弱送端暂态过电压的问题。
随着新能源机组逐渐取代传统机组,风电经高压直流外送系统故障时弱送端暂态过电压问题严重。为了保障风电场稳定运行,提出了分布式调相机与DFIG风电机组无功协调控制策略,并通过仿真验证,可得出如下结论:
1)大规模新能源经高压直流外送系统中发生换相失败、直流闭锁故障后,送端无功功率不平衡是造成风机脱网的主要因素之一,新型分布式调相机作为风电场的无功补偿设备,具有优异的无功特性,能有效缓解故障后系统电压变化;
2)直流系统发生换相失败时,电压下降阶段分布式调相机瞬间发出接近2倍容量无功功率抑制电压跌落,所提策略有效降低风电场并网电压波动,加快送端系统电压稳定恢复;
3)直流闭锁故障期间,换流站配置集中式调相机可有效抑制换流站母线过电压,但对风电场并网点暂态过电压抑制效果有限,在风电场并网点配置部分容量的分布式调相机,可以有效抑制暂态过电压问题。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区高校科研计划项目(XJEDU2021I010)
  • 自治区重点实验室开放课题(2022D04029)
  • 自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B01003-3)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51767024)
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2024年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25012
  • 接收时间:2023-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-06
  • 修回日期:2023-03-24
基金
新疆维吾尔自治区高校科研计划项目(XJEDU2021I010)
自治区重点实验室开放课题(2022D04029)
自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B01003-3)
国家自然科学基金(51767024)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学 电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.国网新疆电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    3.可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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董新胜(1972—),男,教授级高工,主要研究方向为高压电气设备试验及电气设备状态评价,Email:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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