Article(id=1241784309577744590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, issueId=1241784304989175988, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6052/1672-6553-2025-039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740758400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-01, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994050639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994050639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994050639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994050639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241784304989175988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, year='2025', volume='23', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994049546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994239413, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241785101412012589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, issueId=1241784304989175988, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241785101412012590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, issueId=1241784304989175988, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241784311158997202, articleId=1241784309577744590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, language=EN, title=Model Predictive Inverse Kinematics for Joint Limit Avoidance in Redundant Manipulators, columnId=1241784307421872311, journalTitle=Journal of Dynamics and Control, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators must avoid joint limits to ensure solutions comply with the actual physical constraints. Conventional based on differential kinematicsbased methods typically consider only local instantaneous states and cannot guarantee that the joints remain within the physical limits throughout continuous motion. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse kinematics method for redundant manipulators based on model predictive control. By combining the null space parameterization of the Jacobian matrix, the proposed method effectively accounts for the future evolution of the system’s kinematic states and constraints. The constraints and optimization objective functions are designed to handle joint limits. The inverse kinematics problem is transformed into a constrained optimization problem, where redundancy is fully exploited to avoid joint limits. Furthermore, to ensure the feasibility of the optimization problem, a task scaling method is introduced to handle violations of constraints by the end-effector velocity. Simulation results on a 7-DOF redundant manipulator demonstrate that, compared with benchmark methods, the proposed method can predict and avoid potential joint limit violations while accurately tracking the target trajectory of the end-effector.

, correspAuthors=Hanwen Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haoxiang Sun, Xiao Wang, Hanwen Song), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241784325172167189, articleId=1241784309577744590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, language=CN, title=基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学关节极限规避, columnId=1241784307690307771, journalTitle=动力学与控制学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

冗余机械臂逆运动学求解需要规避关节极限,以确保解符合机械臂的实际物理限制.当前基于微分运动学的求解方法通常仅考虑局部瞬时状态,无法保证关节在连续运动过程中始终远离物理极限.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学求解方法.通过结合雅可比矩阵零空间的参数化形式,有效地考虑了系统运动状态及约束的未来演变.针对关节物理限制,设计了约束条件与优化目标,进而将逆运动学求解转化为约束优化问题,充分利用冗余自由度实现关节极限规避.此外,为确保优化问题的可行性,采用任务缩放方法对末端速度违反约束的情况进行处理.基于七自由度冗余机械臂的仿真实验结果表明,相较于基准方法,所提方法能够预测并规避潜在的关节极限违反,同时准确跟踪末端目标轨迹.

, correspAuthors=宋汉文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters20183(1):281-288., articleTitle=Joint position and velocity bounds in discrete-time acceleration/torque control of robot manipulators, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241784333405586111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, awardId=12272266; U2441202; 12402003, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(12272266; U2441202; 12402003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241784333502055107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, awardId=12272266; U2441202; 12402003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272266; U2441202; 12402003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241784325394465305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241784325402853914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=CN, label=图4, caption=固定关节位置极限求解结果:关节轨迹与最危险关节位置与极限比值.左图虚线为第4、6关节位置极限,虚线上方为极限违反区域, figureFileSmall=ao0cVibuRLZKea1vqFJqow==, figureFileBig=DdF/CNXYtj9LZzBBTmrIZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784330922558113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fixed joint position limits:Joint velocities,joint torques and end-effector position errors obtained by our method, figureFileSmall=+yWxYk84WY1+/qipFbigiQ==, figureFileBig=A5P8EbeAei8/rKUNx3HzFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331027415717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=CN, label=图5, caption=固定关节位置极限:本文方法的关节速度、关节力矩和末端位置误差求解结果, figureFileSmall=+yWxYk84WY1+/qipFbigiQ==, figureFileBig=A5P8EbeAei8/rKUNx3HzFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331102913192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Dynamic joint position limits:Joint trajectories and ratios of the most critical joint position to the limit.Dashed lines in the left plot are limits for joints 4 and 6,with the area above indicating violations, figureFileSmall=WbUuhbkxS1GnTaVDW7B4aw==, figureFileBig=++o+S+gAKs3jjPr/K4sYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331249713835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=CN, label=图6, caption=动态关节位置极限求解结果:关节轨迹与最危险关节位置极限的比值.左图虚线为第4、6关节位置极限,虚线上方为极限违反区域, figureFileSmall=WbUuhbkxS1GnTaVDW7B4aw==, figureFileBig=++o+S+gAKs3jjPr/K4sYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331341988525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Dynamic joint position limits:Joint velocities,joint torques and end-effector position errors obtained by our method, figureFileSmall=CP+r88AyRD7WgnKvAJIdUg==, figureFileBig=+gVUzU3ZhfaVYXOcIT/3rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331526537904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=CN, label=图7, caption=动态关节位置极限:本文方法的关节速度、关节力矩和末端位置误差计算结果, figureFileSmall=CP+r88AyRD7WgnKvAJIdUg==, figureFileBig=+gVUzU3ZhfaVYXOcIT/3rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241784331623006900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

D-H parameters and joint bounds of KUKA LBR iiwa manipulator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Joint i1234567
αi/rad-π/2π/2π/2-π/2-π/2π/2 0
ai/m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
di/m 0.375 0 0.400 0 0.400 0 0.126
θi/radθ1θ2θ3θ4θ5θ6θ7
qmax,i/rad 2.967 2.094 2.967 2.094 2.967 2.094 3.054
vmax,i/(rad/s)1.710 1.710 1.745 1.745 2.269 3.142 3.142
amax,i/(rad/s215 10 10 10 15 20 20
τmax,i/(N·m)1761761001001004040
), ArticleFig(id=1241784331706892983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241715181215068175, articleId=1241784309577744590, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

KUKA LBR iiwa机械臂D-H参数及关节极限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Joint i1234567
αi/rad-π/2π/2π/2-π/2-π/2π/2 0
ai/m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
di/m 0.375 0 0.400 0 0.400 0 0.126
θi/radθ1θ2θ3θ4θ5θ6θ7
qmax,i/rad 2.967 2.094 2.967 2.094 2.967 2.094 3.054
vmax,i/(rad/s)1.710 1.710 1.745 1.745 2.269 3.142 3.142
amax,i/(rad/s215 10 10 10 15 20 20
τmax,i/(N·m)1761761001001004040
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基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学关节极限规避
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孙浩翔 , 王笑 , 宋汉文
动力学与控制学报 | 研究论文 2025,23(10): 45-52
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动力学与控制学报 | 研究论文 2025, 23(10): 45-52
基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学关节极限规避
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孙浩翔, 王笑, 宋汉文
作者信息
  • 同济大学 航空航天与力学学院,上海 200092

通讯作者:

Model Predictive Inverse Kinematics for Joint Limit Avoidance in Redundant Manipulators
Haoxiang Sun, Xiao Wang, Hanwen Song
Affiliations
  • School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.6052/1672-6553-2025-039
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冗余机械臂逆运动学求解需要规避关节极限,以确保解符合机械臂的实际物理限制.当前基于微分运动学的求解方法通常仅考虑局部瞬时状态,无法保证关节在连续运动过程中始终远离物理极限.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学求解方法.通过结合雅可比矩阵零空间的参数化形式,有效地考虑了系统运动状态及约束的未来演变.针对关节物理限制,设计了约束条件与优化目标,进而将逆运动学求解转化为约束优化问题,充分利用冗余自由度实现关节极限规避.此外,为确保优化问题的可行性,采用任务缩放方法对末端速度违反约束的情况进行处理.基于七自由度冗余机械臂的仿真实验结果表明,相较于基准方法,所提方法能够预测并规避潜在的关节极限违反,同时准确跟踪末端目标轨迹.

冗余机械臂  /  逆运动学  /  模型预测控制  /  关节极限

The inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators must avoid joint limits to ensure solutions comply with the actual physical constraints. Conventional based on differential kinematicsbased methods typically consider only local instantaneous states and cannot guarantee that the joints remain within the physical limits throughout continuous motion. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse kinematics method for redundant manipulators based on model predictive control. By combining the null space parameterization of the Jacobian matrix, the proposed method effectively accounts for the future evolution of the system’s kinematic states and constraints. The constraints and optimization objective functions are designed to handle joint limits. The inverse kinematics problem is transformed into a constrained optimization problem, where redundancy is fully exploited to avoid joint limits. Furthermore, to ensure the feasibility of the optimization problem, a task scaling method is introduced to handle violations of constraints by the end-effector velocity. Simulation results on a 7-DOF redundant manipulator demonstrate that, compared with benchmark methods, the proposed method can predict and avoid potential joint limit violations while accurately tracking the target trajectory of the end-effector.

redundant manipulator  /  inverse kinematics  /  model predictive control  /  joint limits
孙浩翔, 王笑, 宋汉文. 基于模型预测的冗余机械臂逆运动学关节极限规避. 动力学与控制学报, 2025 , 23 (10) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.6052/1672-6553-2025-039
Haoxiang Sun, Xiao Wang, Hanwen Song. Model Predictive Inverse Kinematics for Joint Limit Avoidance in Redundant Manipulators[J]. Journal of Dynamics and Control, 2025 , 23 (10) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.6052/1672-6553-2025-039
随着工业化生产对协作能力、灵活性及安全性的需求不断增长,冗余机械臂已成为机器人领域研究与应用的热点[1].其核心特性是具备运动学冗余,即机械臂的关节自由度数超过实现末端执行任务所需的最小自由度数.冗余机械臂能够在满足末端位姿控制要求的基础上,实现例如避障[2]、关节极限避免[3,4]、奇异位形避免[5]等附加任务需求.
逆运动学问题是冗余机械臂控制的关键基础,其核心在于利用机械臂的冗余特性,在满足末端执行器运动学约束的高维解空间中求解最优关节轨迹.目前,基于微分运动学的数值方法被广泛用于解决冗余机械臂的逆运动学问题[6,7].此类方法通过末端速度与关节速度之间的线性映射关系,计算机械臂末端最小广义速度范数的特解,并进一步在雅可比矩阵的零空间中优化附加性能指标以筛选出唯一解[8].
在冗余机械臂的逆运动学求解中,关节轨迹的物理可行性至关重要.机械臂的关节位置、关节速度以及关节力矩在运动过程中违反极限约束将使得末端运动偏离目标轨迹,甚至导致机械结构的物理损坏.早期研究尝试将关节限位指标函数的梯度投影到雅可比矩阵的零空间中[9],或者采用加权最小范数法[10]限制零空间中的关节运动幅度.然而这些方法通常依赖于精准调整的参数,难以严格保证关节位置极限的规避.
为严格满足机械臂的关节运动极限,逆运动学问题求解可以被建模为约束优化问题[11,12].近年来,基于二次规划的方法因其对约束的显式处理能力而备受关注.此类方法通过将关节运动限制直接定义为优化问题中的不等式约束,确保解空间严格限定于物理限制界定的可行域内.曹鹏飞等[13]基于二次规划框架提出了一种关节受限逆运动学求解方法,利用冗余自由度优化了机械臂的能量效率与重复运动指标.Kanoun和Escande等[14,15]研究了分层二次规划框架,通过优先级策略协调冗余系统的多层级等式与不等式运动约束.然而,基于二次规划的方法被称为局部方法,因为它们仅考虑当前时刻的关节状态与运动约束进行求解.这种局部优化策略在处理关节极限规避问题时会收敛至全局次优解.当机械臂接近或达到关节极限时,局部方法可能无法找到满足运动约束的可行解[16].因此,拓宽局部方法的优化视野以增强解的全局最优性,是当前逆运动学研究领域的一个重要方向.
为克服局部方法的缺点,研究人员致力于改进逆运动学方法以更好地解决冗余机械臂的关节极限问题.Ayusawa等[17]提出了一种基于隐式时间积分和近似雅可比矩阵的逆运动学方法,用于优化未来时域中关节轨迹的加速度分布.Schuetz等[18]结合庞特里亚金最小值原理设计了一种逆运动学求解方法,用于抑制关节速度的过高峰值.Faroni等[19]提出了一种基于线性预测模型的局部逆运动学方法,旨在处理关节位置极限问题.然而,现有研究大多缺乏对解可行性的考虑,这可能导致末端目标任务与运动约束条件之间的冲突.为避免此类冲突,Cao等[20]研究了冗余和欠驱动系统的预测阻尼逆运动学,提出将末端任务轨迹的跟踪设定为优化目标函数中的“软约束”,但会因此使得逆运动学的末端位姿求解精度难以得到严格保证.
根据上述问题,本文基于模型预测控制框架,通过零空间参数化方法构建系统状态预测模型,进而将冗余机械臂的逆运动学问题转化为包含未来状态信息的约束优化问题.同时,充分考虑机械臂物理限制和优化问题的可行性,结合任务缩放方法建立约束条件与优化目标.最后,针对不同的关节位置极限条件,对七自由度冗余机械臂进行了仿真分析,数值结果验证了所提方法的有效性.
考虑一个n自由度的机械臂系统,其末端执行器在操作空间中的位姿向量为,对于冗余机械臂,满足m<n.末端位姿向量与关节位置向量之间的运动学映射关系表示为:
式中,非线性函数定义了正运动学映射关系.通过对正运动学模型的局部线性化[21],可以得到机械臂的微分运动学方程为:
式中,为机械臂的雅可比矩阵.由于存在运动学冗余,对于给定的末端广义速度,微分运动学方程的逆映射通常具有无穷多组解.因此,必须采用有效的方法来正确处理冗余度,从而获得唯一解.基于二次规划的方法为冗余机械臂的逆运动学问题求解提供了一种标准方案[22],其基本优化问题形式为:
式中,为实正定对称矩阵,r∈ℝn为线性目标向量.为给定的末端目标速度.Ω为关节逆运动学解的可行域,由一组线性不等式约束来表示机械臂的物理极限.基于二次规划的方法作为典型的局部逆运动学方法,将在本文的仿真分析中作为基准方法进行对比.
为了考虑系统运动状态及约束的未来演变,本文基于模型预测控制的思想构建逆运动学求解的优化问题.在该优化框架中,利用系统状态预测模型对未来有限时域内的系统性能进行预测,并基于预测信息进行滚动优化以计算最优解.冗余机械臂的状态预测模型由微分逆运动学方程表示,首先推导该方程的具体形式.为处理冗余自由度,本文采用零空间参数化方法[23],利用雅可比矩阵零空间的参数化形式,可以将式(2)的通解表示为:
式中,J=J TJJ T-1为雅可比矩阵Moore-Penrose伪逆,ω为无量纲的权重向量,Nq)为零空间基向量矩阵.Nq)可以通过对雅可比矩阵进行奇异值分解计算得到:
式中,零空间基向量矩阵Nq)由右奇异矩阵V中与零奇异值所对应的列构成.若rank[Jq)]=r,则此时Σ存在r个不为零的奇异值,Nq)将包含n-r个线性独立的零空间基向量,对应零空间权重向量ω的维数为n-r.
基于零空间参数化的逆运动学求解结构如图1所示.首先计算满足微分运动学方程的最小范数解,然后通过求解优化问题来确定零空间基向量的最优线性组合,从而得到解的齐次项.该方法的优势在于,使用零空间基向量所张成的空间表示逆解的优化空间,本质上提供局部最优解.在此基础上,与直接使用关节变量进行优化相比,所选取的优化变量维数更低,从而有效减小了计算复杂度.
由于系统动态模型(4)为连续时间系统,其对应的优化问题难以直接求解.因此,采用前向欧拉法对式(4)进行离散化处理,将其转换为有限维优化问题,并在离散时间框架下进行求解.离散化后的状态预测方程可表示为:
式中,下标k表示在有限时域内的离散预测采样时刻tk.其中,为该时刻对应的末端目标速度,Δtm,k为时刻tk的预测时间步长.
本文在冗余机械臂逆运动学求解过程中,严格执行关节位置、关节速度以及关节力矩的极限约束,避免实际作业中因超出限位而导致末端运动偏离目标轨迹、机械结构损伤或电机过载等问题.上述关节状态量的约束关系可表示为以下不等式:
式中,为关节力矩,qmaxqmin分别为关节位置的上界和下界.假设机械臂的关节速度和关节力矩的极限边界对称分布,vmaxτmax分别表示最大关节速度矢量和最大关节力矩矢量.在关节力矩的计算中,忽略摩擦力的影响,利用拉格朗日方法得到机械臂的动力学方程为:
式中,为质量矩阵,为向心力和科氏力矩阵,为重力矢量.由于本文所考虑的一阶微分运动学方程中没有显式包含关节加速度项,因此在求解过程中,将关节加速度近似为:. 其中,Δtc为系统的控制采样时间,th表示离散时刻.
除了上述约束外,为了严格确保逆运动学解的物理可行性,还需要针对关节速度引入一组额外的约束条件,以确保关节能够在不超过最大加速度的情况下停止在位置容许范围内[24].考虑关节位置接近上界的情况,在t∈[thth+1]内,机械臂以最大加速度进行减速,关节的位置与速度可表示为:
式中,amax为最大关节加速度矢量.临界情况为在时刻t=t *,当机械臂停止运动时,关节位置刚好到达关节极限qt *=qmax.代入式(9)可以推导得到以下对关节速度的可行性约束[24]
式中,关节i的上限为,下限为.
对于机械臂的关节位置,除了施加严格的不等式约束以防止其超出关节极限外,还应确保关节尽可能地远离极限位置,从而避免机械臂可用自由度的丢失或陷入奇异构型.本文通过构造以下优化目标函数实现关节位置的极限规避:
式中,qi表示第i关节的位置,为第i关节的位置范围中心.目标函数h1q)用于度量关节位置偏离范围中心的程度,最小化该目标函数将抑制关节位置向极限边界的移动趋势.
逆运动学优化问题解的存在性取决于机械臂末端的运动学约束与关节约束条件是否相容.具体来说,当某一时刻给定的末端目标速度过高时,通过微分运动学方程计算得到的关节速度将超出物理极限,导致优化问题无解.为确保逆运动学优化问题始终存在可行解,本文采用任务缩放方法[11],在有限预测时域内适度调整违反约束的末端速度,进而调整运动轨迹的时间分布,以保证求解结果能够严格遵循笛卡尔空间中设定的末端目标轨迹.为此,在优化问题中引入缩放变量s∈[0,1],并将式(6)改写为:
将缩放变量s作为优化变量,同时在优化目标中构造相应的成本函数:
在优化求解过程中,缩放变量s的初值设置为1,当末端速度指令违反机械臂物理极限时,s将在[0,1)区间内取值以确保可行解存在.此外,通过最小化成本函数h2s),优化问题会选取尽可能大的s,以求最大程度地保留原始末端目标速度.
基于上述约束条件与优化目标函数,在每个控制采样时刻,将冗余机械臂的逆运动学问题求解转化为以下约束优化问题:
式中,q1为机械臂当前关节位置,为前一控制采样时刻求解得到的关节速度,H为预测步数,p1p2为平衡优化目标的权重参数.考虑到状态预测模型存在的误差累积,在优化问题求解时应合理设定预测时间步长,避免过度细化远期目标.为此,本文采用变步长预测区间策略,预测时间步长的分布遵循如下公式:
式中,T为预测时域长度.式(15)基于指数函数的非线性分布规律,使得预测采样点在有限时域内呈现先密集后稀疏的趋势.参数η用于控制时间步长
分布,其大小与步长分布的均匀性呈负相关.
对于本文所构造的逆运动学优化问题,在每个系统采样步长内的求解过程分为以下三个步骤:
步骤1 输入机械臂的末端目标位姿与速度,结合约束条件与优化目标,求解最优变量序列ω1:Hs1:H.
步骤2 选取最优变量序列的首项ω1计算关节速度,通过前向积分更新机械臂的关节位置.
步骤3 更新系统状态并返回步骤1,重复滚动优化直至逆运动学问题求解完毕.
本文通过对七自由度冗余机械臂KUKA LBR iiwa的仿真研究,验证了所提方法的可行性.该型号机械臂的标准D-H坐标系如图2所示,对应的运动学参数及关节极限如表1所示.
仿真场景设置如下:机械臂的初始关节位置为q0=[-0.2,0.5,0,1.2,0.2,-0.2,0]T rad,末端初始位置为x0=[x0y0z0]T=[-0.16,0.03,1.11]T m.末端目标轨迹定义为螺旋线轨迹,具体表达式为:
其中,角度θt)和沿z轴的高度pzt)通过五次多项式进行规划,以确保在起始和终止时刻的末端速度和加速度均为零.螺旋半径设置为r=0.15 m,螺旋高度为0.4 m,螺旋运动圈数为2.规划出的参考轨迹位置、速度曲线和加速度曲线如图3所示.
在仿真中,仅要求机械臂的末端执行器跟踪目标位置,而未对其姿态施加任何约束,因此系统的冗余度为4.为验证本文所提方法的性能,本文对以下几种方法进行了对比:
(1)伪逆方法.通过雅可比矩阵的Moore-Penrose伪逆,计算微分运动学方程(2)的最小范数解.
(2)二次规划方法.基于约束条件(7)、(10)和优化目标函数(11),构建二次规划问题,并使用MATLAB中的quadprog函数进行求解.
(3)本文方法.采用MATLAB中的fmincon函数,使用内点法求解器求解优化问题(14).
为全面评估对比方法,设计了两组仿真算例:固定关节位置极限与动态关节位置极限.仿真过程中,采样时间步长Δtc=8 ms.本文方法的预测时域长度T=2 s,预测步数H=10,其余参数设置为:η=1×10-3p1=1,p2=100.需要说明的是,若优化问题无法找到满足约束条件的可行解,则允许关节位置突破极限,以直观反映算法的失效情况.
首先考虑固定关节位置极限的情形.KUKA LBRiiwa机械臂的关节位置、关节速度以及关节力矩极限约束与表1所示一致,均为对称分布.
逆运动学的求解结果如图4所示.结果表明,伪逆方法由于未考虑关节极限的规避,求解出的关节轨迹在约4.9 s时超出了关节位置极限边界.二次规划方法的计算结果如图4(b)所示.机械臂的第四关节在约5.0 s时达到位置极限边界,并保持在该极限位置.在随后的运动过程中,机械臂通过调整其余关节的运动来维持对末端目标任务的可控性,这得益于运动学冗余的优势,从而确保了在部分关节受限的情况下机械臂仍能完成末端目标任务.然而,关节达到位置极限通常并非期望的结果,因为这将导致部分关节被锁定,进而减少系统的有效自由度,甚至可能导致机械臂进入奇异构型.相比之下,本文所提方法的逆运动学求解结果优于其他基准方法.在求解得到的完整关节轨迹中,所有关节均未触及位置极限边界.
本文所提方法求解得到的关节速度与关节力矩曲线如图5(a)图5(b)所示,结果表明关节运动在整个过程中始终满足预设的物理约束条件.为评估逆运动学问题求解的精度,计算了机械臂末端执行器的实际运动轨迹与目标轨迹之间的位置误差e=[exeyez]T,误差随时间的变化趋势如图5(c)所示.最大误差不超过1×10-4 m,表明本文方法能够生成物理可行的关节轨迹,并且具有较高的计算精度,能够实现机械臂对目标轨迹的准确跟踪.
在冗余机械臂的协同作业中,为适应不同工作空间的大小变化,需要动态调整关节位置边界.这一需求对逆运动学求解的关节极限规避性能提出了更高的要求.本节将分析动态关节位置极限的情景,假定关节速度、关节加速度与关节力矩约束保持不变,对所有关节设置以下动态位置极限:
逆运动学求解结果如图6所示.通过与图4的对比可以发现,伪逆方法在未考虑关节限位的情况下求解得到的关节轨迹不变,同样超出了位置极限范围.使用二次规划方法求解时,关节轨迹在约4.5 s时达到位置极限后,出现了约束条件不相容的情况.在解除关节位置约束后,关节轨迹明显超出了位置极限.这一结果表明,局部方法在逆运动学求解过程中可能导致机械臂运动到相对于约束条件不利的关节构型.由于位置极限边界在求解过程中发生动态变化,导致关节约束条件的收紧,从而使得优化问题无法找到可行解.
相比之下,本文所提方法能够有效地处理关节位置极限的动态变化.如图6(c)所示,求解得到的关节轨迹在整个运动过程中均未触及位置极限边界.此外,在任务缩放方法的影响下,执行完整轨迹的所需时间增加了0.28 s,但因此保证了优化问题的可行性以及机械臂末端任务的几何准确性.本文方法计算得到的关节速度与关节力矩曲线分别如图7(a)图7(b)所示,其数值范围严格满足预设的物理约束.机械臂末端位置误差曲线如图7(c)所示,末端精度始终保持在允许误差范围内.
本文针对冗余机械臂的逆运动学问题,提出了一种基于模型预测控制与零空间参数化的方法,用于规避关节极限.该方法能够预测机械臂系统的未来状态,综合考虑关节运动学与动力学极限,最终将逆运动学问题转化为带约束的优化问题进行求解.仿真结果表明,与传统的伪逆方法以及基于二次规划的局部逆运动学方法相比,本文所提方法避免了关节物理极限的潜在违反,并能够适应关节极限边界的动态变化,确保求解结果符合机械臂的实际物理限制.本研究为求解物理约束下的冗余机械臂逆运动学问题提供了一种行之有效的解决方案,适用于提高机械臂在复杂动态环境中的安全性.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272266; U2441202; 12402003)
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2025年第23卷第10期
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doi: 10.6052/1672-6553-2025-039
  • 接收时间:2025-03-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-01
  • 修回日期:2025-04-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12272266; U2441202; 12402003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272266; U2441202; 12402003)
作者信息
    同济大学 航空航天与力学学院,上海 200092

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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