Article(id=1195437524538671371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240772, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1721145600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762944116004, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762944116004, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762944116004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762944116004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195437520126260033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='10', pageStart='3013', pageEnd='3338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762944114953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237254519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200861340710596791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200861340710596792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3315, endPage=3325, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195437524853244174, articleId=1195437524538671371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Transient Temperature Rise Simulation and Load Capacity Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Transformer Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The dynamic transformer rating (DTR) and thermal life loss of oil-immersed transformers under on-site variable load operation conditions are closely related to the transient temperature rise of the equipment. However, as an implicit solution method, the traditional finite element analysis and finite volume method need to be iteratively solved in each sub-step of transient thermal analysis, which has many computational resources and is time consuming. It is challenging to meet the requirements of fast calculation. The rapid and accurate solution of the temperature field (especially the hot spot temperature rise) of the oil-immersed transformer in field operation is the premise to realize the digital operation and maintenance of the transformer and the DTR evaluation. Therefore, this paper proposes a lattice Boltzmann (LBM) physical in the loop simulation model for coupled electrical networks. The real time evaluation of DTR under electrical network constraints is realized through the rapid solution of the transformer temperature field.
Firstly, the D2Q9 model is used to solve the fluid flow and thermal lattice Boltzmann equations (LBEs) to capture the transient oil flow and temperature rise process inside the transformer. In the Simulink environment, the equivalent current source model is used to construct the electrical network constraints of multi-level load scenarios, and the established transformer LBM model is used as a component for numerical encapsulation to complete the construction of the physical-in-the-loop simulation model. Secondly, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the finite volume method (FVM) is used to simulate the same oil-immersed transformer model. The grid independence test determines the optimal number of grids. The number of grids is 1 250×420 for LBM modeling and simulation, and the number of units is 43 654 for FVM meshing. Compared with the constructed LBM-Simulink model with the FVM model, LBM still has the advantages of speed and memory occupation when the number of lattices is higher than the number of FVM units. If commercial software is used, this advantage will be further expanded. Thirdly, the steady state solution results of the hot spot temperature rise of the established LBM model are compared with the FVM solution, and the error is 2.60%. According to the load curve given in the transformer guidelines, it is used as input to solve the transient temperature rise of the established LBM and FVM simulation models. Finally, the results show that the LBM and FVM calculations are better than the transformer guide calculation. The maximum error between the hot spot temperature calculated by LBM and FVM is 6.44%. Moreover, the hot spot temperature rise trend of LBM is consistent with the transformer load guidelines, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Based on the constructed LBM model, the load capacity of oil-immersed transformers under constant 25℃ and typical ambient temperature changes in summer and winter are evaluated at 6~18 hours during the day. The results show that under the premise that the relative insulation life loss of oil-immersed transformers is less than 1. The maximum load capacity coefficients are 1.20, 1.10, and 1.60 under the constant ambient temperature of 25℃, typical temperature changes in summer, and typical temperature changes in winter. The simulation model based on the proposed LBM provides an effective method for real-time monitoring of temperature rise, load capacity evaluation, and dynamic capacity increase of oil-immersed transformers.
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现场变负荷运行条件下的油浸式变压器动态载荷(DTR)和热寿命损失与设备的瞬态温升密切相关。该文提出了一种耦合电网络的格子玻耳兹曼(LBM)物理在环仿真模型,实现对电网络约束下的DTR实时评估。采用D2Q9模型对流体流动和热格子玻耳兹曼方程(LBEs)进行求解捕获变压器内部瞬态的油流和温升过程;在Simulink环境中采用等价电流源模型构建多级负载的电网络约束,并将建立的变压器LBM模型作为元件进行数值封装完成物理在环的仿真模型构建。与有限体积法(FVM)相比,所建立的模型热点温升的稳态和瞬态求解结果的误差分别为2.60%和6.44%,热点温升变化趋势与变压器负载导则吻合,验证了所提方法的有效性。基于该模型对恒定25℃、夏季和冬季典型环境温度变化下的油浸式变压器负载能力进行了评估,结果显示在相对绝缘寿命损失小于1的前提下,环境温度恒定25℃、夏季典型变化温度和冬季典型变化温度下最大的负载系数分别为1.20、1.10和1.60。所提出的基于LBM的仿真模型对油浸式变压器温升的实时监测、负载能力评估和动态增容提供了一种有效方法。
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于文旭 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电气设备在线监测技术。E-mail: wenxuyu0919@qq.com
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于文旭 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电气设备在线监测技术。E-mail: wenxuyu0919@qq.com
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Simulation model based on LBM-Simulink, figureFileSmall=j92cA0JaHzFYkuhGalvkeA==, figureFileBig=s5qKDxJR31OpmQcrC7edLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881536716464666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
基于LBM-Simulink的仿真模型, figureFileSmall=j92cA0JaHzFYkuhGalvkeA==, figureFileBig=s5qKDxJR31OpmQcrC7edLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537026843174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Transformer simplified model, figureFileSmall=ZfF4iWiqcN/Bn7mOfPy6ZA==, figureFileBig=I/vdkn0ek9kwM5Kk9YxgrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537140089386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
变压器简化模型, figureFileSmall=ZfF4iWiqcN/Bn7mOfPy6ZA==, figureFileBig=I/vdkn0ek9kwM5Kk9YxgrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537249141299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
LBM calculation process, figureFileSmall=vJEKCZDGCQMCrUO6SGAW9w==, figureFileBig=g9ax4ILfkpHIDZi8YkVOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537374970424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
LBM计算流程, figureFileSmall=vJEKCZDGCQMCrUO6SGAW9w==, figureFileBig=g9ax4ILfkpHIDZi8YkVOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537668571725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
D2Q9 lattice model, figureFileSmall=5drCuku/5Gfek4xnKnaqWg==, figureFileBig=dyYHceSD1ra33ZoJWJkd+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881537878286934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
D2Q9晶格模型, figureFileSmall=5drCuku/5Gfek4xnKnaqWg==, figureFileBig=dyYHceSD1ra33ZoJWJkd+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538058642012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
The velocity-temperature field distribution by LBM calculation, figureFileSmall=7WYrKED1QYrE7Q7GKlveOw==, figureFileBig=Sv7x+EZIiWpnG0i21RQH3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538205442660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
LBM计算下的速度-温度场分布, figureFileSmall=7WYrKED1QYrE7Q7GKlveOw==, figureFileBig=Sv7x+EZIiWpnG0i21RQH3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538306105965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Velocity-temperature field distribution by FVM calculation, figureFileSmall=4oVZDD3lda2VdjD90ciPLQ==, figureFileBig=85bvVYRLn2Sggx0MfQ5QBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538410963572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
FVM计算下的速度-温度场分布, figureFileSmall=4oVZDD3lda2VdjD90ciPLQ==, figureFileBig=85bvVYRLn2Sggx0MfQ5QBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538499043962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The hot spot temperature value of the winding core when the load coefficient changes step by step, figureFileSmall=V8cCN8c2TU/KFc33+7g8mw==, figureFileBig=XSV8Yi9/aM3r6b702hZSRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538616484478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
负载系数按级变化时绕组铁心热点温度值, figureFileSmall=V8cCN8c2TU/KFc33+7g8mw==, figureFileBig=XSV8Yi9/aM3r6b702hZSRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881538809422466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
The temperature field characteristics of each point when the load coefficient changes step by step, figureFileSmall=C8F67SI0m7br17xSfzyraw==, figureFileBig=ZllQLd1d6scich8C3Z4bTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881539002360461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
负载系数按级变化时各点温度场特性, figureFileSmall=C8F67SI0m7br17xSfzyraw==, figureFileBig=ZllQLd1d6scich8C3Z4bTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881539098829460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Typical seasonal temperature curves, figureFileSmall=Jqr8squd8w0/EokzLLrSdQ==, figureFileBig=UwE+VJNwO2Xw8bY11yeK4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881539207881371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
典型季节温度曲线, figureFileSmall=Jqr8squd8w0/EokzLLrSdQ==, figureFileBig=UwE+VJNwO2Xw8bY11yeK4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881539291767456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Insulating oil parameters[8]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 物性参数 | 拟合公式 |
| 比定压热容cp/[J/(kg·K)] | 807.163+3.58T |
| 导热系数k/[W/(m·K)] | 0.159-7.101×10-5T |
| 动力黏度μ/(Pa·s) | 0.08467-0.0004T+5×10-7T2 |
| 密度ρ/(kg/m3) | 1098.72-0.712T |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881539455345319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
绝缘油的物性参数[8]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 物性参数 | 拟合公式 |
| 比定压热容cp/[J/(kg·K)] | 807.163+3.58T |
| 导热系数k/[W/(m·K)] | 0.159-7.101×10-5T |
| 动力黏度μ/(Pa·s) | 0.08467-0.0004T+5×10-7T2 |
| 密度ρ/(kg/m3) | 1098.72-0.712T |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881539589563057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Equivalent parameters of heat source
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 热导率k/[W/(m·K)] | 等效损耗/W |
| 铁心 | 21 | 3 800 |
| 低压绕组 | 368 | 55 000 |
| 高压绕组 | 368 | 43 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881539866387131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
等效热源参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 热导率k/[W/(m·K)] | 等效损耗/W |
| 铁心 | 21 | 3 800 |
| 低压绕组 | 368 | 55 000 |
| 高压绕组 | 368 | 43 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881540998849223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Grid independence test results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| LBM | | FVM |
| 格子数 | 热点温度/℃ | | 单元数 | 热点温度/℃ |
| 416×140 | 74.24 | | 11 073 | 97.61 |
| 625×210 | 90.78 | | 17 646 | 101.36 |
| 833×280 | 98.26 | | 22 443 | 107.51 |
| 1 000×336 | 105.57 | | 29 898 | 109.02 |
| 1 250×420 | 106.40 | | 43 654 | 109.17 |
| 2 000×672 | 106.38 | | 68 216 | 109.32 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881541162427090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
网格无关性检验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| LBM | | FVM |
| 格子数 | 热点温度/℃ | | 单元数 | 热点温度/℃ |
| 416×140 | 74.24 | | 11 073 | 97.61 |
| 625×210 | 90.78 | | 17 646 | 101.36 |
| 833×280 | 98.26 | | 22 443 | 107.51 |
| 1 000×336 | 105.57 | | 29 898 | 109.02 |
| 1 250×420 | 106.40 | | 43 654 | 109.17 |
| 2 000×672 | 106.38 | | 68 216 | 109.32 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881541300839134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Comparison of LBM and FVM calculated temperature results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | LBM计算 | FVM计算 | 相对误差(%) |
| 顶层油温T1/℃ | 71.82 | 71.79 | 0.04 |
| 热点温度T2/℃ | 106.40 | 109.17 | 2.60 |
| 边界温度T3/℃ | 94.26 | 75.50 | 19.90 |
| 边界温度T4/℃ | 94.72 | 83.54 | 11.80 |
| 边界温度T5/℃ | 69.71 | 54.04 | 22.48 |
| 底层油温T6/℃ | 48.19 | 49.43 | 2.57 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881541426668265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
LBM与FVM计算温度结果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | LBM计算 | FVM计算 | 相对误差(%) |
| 顶层油温T1/℃ | 71.82 | 71.79 | 0.04 |
| 热点温度T2/℃ | 106.40 | 109.17 | 2.60 |
| 边界温度T3/℃ | 94.26 | 75.50 | 19.90 |
| 边界温度T4/℃ | 94.72 | 83.54 | 11.80 |
| 边界温度T5/℃ | 69.71 | 54.04 | 22.48 |
| 底层油温T6/℃ | 48.19 | 49.43 | 2.57 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881541586051830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437524538671371, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Comparison of the results of hot spot temperature calculated by different methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 时刻 | 温度/℃ | | 误差(%) |
| LBM | FVM | 导则 | 测量 | | Er1 | Er2 | Er3 | Er4 |
| A | 75.6 | 76.1 | 83.8 | 82.2 | | 8.03 | 7.42 | 1.95 | 0.66 |
| B | 60.4 | 59.4 | 54.9 | 58.6 | | 3.07 | 1.37 | 6.31 | 1.66 |
| C | 126.4 | 118.9 | 127.5 | 119.2 | | 5.70 | 0.25 | 6.96 | 5.93 |
| D | 59.0 | 59.4 | 39.5 | 49.8 | | 18.47 | 19.28 | 20.68 | 0.68 |
| E | 138.1 | 137.5 | 138.2 | 140.7 | | 1.85 | 2.27 | 1.78 | 0.43 |
| F | 91.6 | 85.7 | 59.5 | 82.4 | | 11.17 | 4.00 | 27.79 | 6.44 |
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不同方法计算热点温度的结果对比
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| 时刻 | 温度/℃ | | 误差(%) |
| LBM | FVM | 导则 | 测量 | | Er1 | Er2 | Er3 | Er4 |
| A | 75.6 | 76.1 | 83.8 | 82.2 | | 8.03 | 7.42 | 1.95 | 0.66 |
| B | 60.4 | 59.4 | 54.9 | 58.6 | | 3.07 | 1.37 | 6.31 | 1.66 |
| C | 126.4 | 118.9 | 127.5 | 119.2 | | 5.70 | 0.25 | 6.96 | 5.93 |
| D | 59.0 | 59.4 | 39.5 | 49.8 | | 18.47 | 19.28 | 20.68 | 0.68 |
| E | 138.1 | 137.5 | 138.2 | 140.7 | | 1.85 | 2.27 | 1.78 | 0.43 |
| F | 91.6 | 85.7 | 59.5 | 82.4 | | 11.17 | 4.00 | 27.79 | 6.44 |
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Simulation results at ambient temperature of 25℃
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 71.817 6 | 106.403 6 | 0.222 8 |
| 1.10 | 77.316 1 | 110.727 7 | 0.463 9 |
| 1.20 | 87.798 2 | 116.225 2 | 0.854 6 |
| 1.21 | 83.636 1 | 118.394 6 | 1.015 4 |
| 1.50 | 81.440 5 | 133.727 3 | 4.049 7 |
| 2.00 | 95.243 5 | 155.349 1 | 34.054 8 |
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环境温度25℃下仿真结果
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 71.817 6 | 106.403 6 | 0.222 8 |
| 1.10 | 77.316 1 | 110.727 7 | 0.463 9 |
| 1.20 | 87.798 2 | 116.225 2 | 0.854 6 |
| 1.21 | 83.636 1 | 118.394 6 | 1.015 4 |
| 1.50 | 81.440 5 | 133.727 3 | 4.049 7 |
| 2.00 | 95.243 5 | 155.349 1 | 34.054 8 |
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Simulation results under typical summer ambient temperature
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 70.028 2 | 117.004 0 | 0.532 1 |
| 1.06 | 82.171 1 | 121.436 4 | 0.867 3 |
| 1.10 | 86.808 7 | 121.649 3 | 1.118 1 |
| 1.20 | 85.529 5 | 129.032 2 | 2.030 8 |
| 1.50 | 98.761 6 | 144.812 7 | 9.478 2 |
| 2.00 | 111.819 7 | 171.648 2 | 95.857 0 |
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典型夏季环境温度下仿真结果
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 70.028 2 | 117.004 0 | 0.532 1 |
| 1.06 | 82.171 1 | 121.436 4 | 0.867 3 |
| 1.10 | 86.808 7 | 121.649 3 | 1.118 1 |
| 1.20 | 85.529 5 | 129.032 2 | 2.030 8 |
| 1.50 | 98.761 6 | 144.812 7 | 9.478 2 |
| 2.00 | 111.819 7 | 171.648 2 | 95.857 0 |
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Simulation results under typical winter ambient temperature
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 50.772 9 | 88.531 2 | 0.025 1 |
| 1.20 | 56.949 9 | 97.804 1 | 0.126 2 |
| 1.50 | 59.664 3 | 115.002 3 | 0.606 8 |
| 1.60 | 62.699 0 | 120.694 7 | 0.999 1 |
| 1.70 | 71.035 2 | 126.797 4 | 1.596 3 |
| 2.00 | 79.534 4 | 144.461 0 | 6.669 4 |
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典型冬季环境温度下仿真结果
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| 负载系数 | 顶层油温/℃ | 热点温度/℃ | 相对寿命损失 |
| 1.00 | 50.772 9 | 88.531 2 | 0.025 1 |
| 1.20 | 56.949 9 | 97.804 1 | 0.126 2 |
| 1.50 | 59.664 3 | 115.002 3 | 0.606 8 |
| 1.60 | 62.699 0 | 120.694 7 | 0.999 1 |
| 1.70 | 71.035 2 | 126.797 4 | 1.596 3 |
| 2.00 | 79.534 4 | 144.461 0 | 6.669 4 |
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