Article(id=1195437521283887942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.L11050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1725120000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762944115227, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762944115227, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762944115227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762944115227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195437520126260033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='10', pageStart='3013', pageEnd='3338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762944114953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237254519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200861340710596791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200861340710596792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1195437520126260033, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3056, endPage=3070, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195437521548129097, articleId=1195437521283887942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Research on Electromagnetic Energy Flow and Coupling Characteristics of Wireless Power Transmission System Based on Poynting’s Theorem, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
This paper analyzes the electromagnetic energy flow and coupling characteristics in wireless power transmission (WPT) systems. Addressing the complexities in accurately depicting the electromagnetic energy transformation within WPT systems, the research overcomes challenges associated with the intricate mathematical methods and the absence of models capable of characterizing spatial energy flow distribution.
A model for electromagnetic energy flow in WPT under sinusoidal excitation is established based on Poynting’s theorem. A reduced-order mathematical model is developed by analyzing common electromagnetic energy flow characteristics of basic electrical components. This model qualitatively explores the energy coupling in the transmission space. The coexistence of inductive and capacitive coupling in WPT systems is discussed, emphasizing the significance of enhancing near-field electromagnetic coupling for overall system performance. The working mode of WPT in the electromagnetic near-field region is presented from the perspective of the energy flow mechanism. An experimental platform is constructed to verify the inductive and the capacitive coupling methods.
The electromagnetic energy flow characteristics of conductors, transformers, and capacitors are analyzed, facilitating power transmission through the electromagnetic fields in their vicinity rather than by themselves. The electromagnetic energy flow characteristics of WPT systems are discussed as a combination of multiple RLC circuits. It is found that electromagnetic power is partly stored in the electromagnetic fields of individual circuits (self-energy) and partly in the fields between circuits (mutual energy). The analysis is simplified by considering a system with two RLC series circuits, revealing that WPT relies on mutual coupling between the primary and secondary sides for contactless power transfer.
The paper also discusses typical magnetic resonant WPT systems using the image method to analyze the field strength distribution in the coupling space. The symmetry between inductive and capacitive coupling characteristics is revealed, offering guidance for practical engineering design. Experiments are conducted to verify the coexistence of inductive and capacitive couplings and to analyze their frequency characteristics. Results indicate that as the operating frequency increases, the ratio of capacitive coupling to inductive coupling increases, which is significant for understanding WPT technology.
In conclusion, the paper analyzes the electromagnetic energy flow and coupling characteristics in WPT systems, offering valuable insights for the theoretical research and practical application of WPT technology. It highlights the importance of understanding the coexistence of inductive and capacitive couplings and their frequency characteristics to enhance the performance of WPT systems.
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无线电能传输是以电磁理论为核心的多学科强交叉的新兴研究领域,为描述无线电能传输系统耦合空间内电磁能量变换过程,并针对目前电磁能流研究由于采用复杂高阶数学手段导致其难以通过实验验证、缺乏合理的模型和分析手段描述空间能流分布特性问题,该文通过分析基础电气元件电磁能流的共性特点,基于坡印廷定理搭建了正弦激励下无线电能传输电磁能流模型,采用降阶数学模型定性探索无线电能传输空间能量耦合本质,从能量流动机理的角度划清了与其他电磁变换技术的界限。讨论了无线电能传输系统中电感耦合与电容耦合的共存现象,表明增强近区电磁场耦合是提升系统整体性能的关键,通过电磁能流的观点统一表述了电磁近场区域内无线电能传输的工作模式。最终搭建实验平台对其电感耦合方式与电容耦合方式进行了原理验证。
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Electromagnetic energy flow of single conductor, figureFileSmall=SYqx1zWGcRC4Ss/1Vs63VQ==, figureFileBig=d96e0FR2TQo+WOFJLMh+JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881638969401779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
单导线电磁能流特性分析, figureFileSmall=SYqx1zWGcRC4Ss/1Vs63VQ==, figureFileBig=d96e0FR2TQo+WOFJLMh+JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640114446772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Electromagnetic energy flow of transformers, figureFileSmall=/JPrZaBmbAHwPaq6O9uULg==, figureFileBig=ZgUqvjRGrDLsfxQtQ5gtWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640177361333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
变压器电磁能流特性分析, figureFileSmall=/JPrZaBmbAHwPaq6O9uULg==, figureFileBig=ZgUqvjRGrDLsfxQtQ5gtWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640240275894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Electromagnetic energy flow of capacitors, figureFileSmall=44sUAPWnan1SfI/MgFeevg==, figureFileBig=5c1OxOGPiJnrkMBOCqLJFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640303190455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
电容耦合电路的电磁能流特性分析, figureFileSmall=44sUAPWnan1SfI/MgFeevg==, figureFileBig=5c1OxOGPiJnrkMBOCqLJFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640366105016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Energy of general wireless power transfer system, figureFileSmall=Z7li0nGZXJoOktehZ3tDCg==, figureFileBig=BnNHhbvOp5jG+E7ly2ev8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640441602489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
一般性无线电能传输系统能量, figureFileSmall=Z7li0nGZXJoOktehZ3tDCg==, figureFileBig=BnNHhbvOp5jG+E7ly2ev8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640517099962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Electromagnetic energy flow of general wireless power transfer systems, figureFileSmall=LDJTJ97t/DqJgJvdCSMFag==, figureFileBig=YvLOAnh7UTAXwnLz7/N2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640630346171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
一般性无线电能传输电磁能流特性分析, figureFileSmall=LDJTJ97t/DqJgJvdCSMFag==, figureFileBig=YvLOAnh7UTAXwnLz7/N2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640710037948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Mirror method of wireless power transfer system, figureFileSmall=9OLIgO8PW7ArUnVvnpN4Og==, figureFileBig=UShBWeoADwWeGYW+mXlpvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640781341117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
无线电能传输镜像法分析, figureFileSmall=9OLIgO8PW7ArUnVvnpN4Og==, figureFileBig=UShBWeoADwWeGYW+mXlpvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640848449982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Infinitely long two conductor wireless power transfer system with shielding, figureFileSmall=igH5xSLni9r2/sd4TyLnGA==, figureFileBig=asiG3hnMPmDBalHhDoIkNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640915558847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
无限长带屏蔽的双导线无线电能传输系统, figureFileSmall=igH5xSLni9r2/sd4TyLnGA==, figureFileBig=asiG3hnMPmDBalHhDoIkNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881640991056320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Inductively coupled wireless power transfer, figureFileSmall=A+x87RzdTh+AM8KvRmO26Q==, figureFileBig=0s/N7L1P2tbBcOOGetV5sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641058165185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
电感耦合无线电能传输, figureFileSmall=A+x87RzdTh+AM8KvRmO26Q==, figureFileBig=0s/N7L1P2tbBcOOGetV5sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641133662658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Capacitively coupled wireless power transfer, figureFileSmall=Tc7YNbMZVJLAudn8wdU2kA==, figureFileBig=LtoJFu1ymEc2HAV7udbA2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641217548739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
电容耦合无线电能传输, figureFileSmall=Tc7YNbMZVJLAudn8wdU2kA==, figureFileBig=LtoJFu1ymEc2HAV7udbA2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641288851908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Verification of coupling characteristics of wireless power transfer systems, figureFileSmall=r1HnsSGTDPNfGz68eHX96Q==, figureFileBig=qudSW/P97LJO+CA+cwxdGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641355960773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
无线电能传输系统耦合特性验证, figureFileSmall=r1HnsSGTDPNfGz68eHX96Q==, figureFileBig=qudSW/P97LJO+CA+cwxdGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641431458246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Pairwise verification experimental results (f =100 kHz), figureFileSmall=6VSuT7J784ZYIM2g9qN0vw==, figureFileBig=pwOjZhra2UilZhu5MODwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641540510151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
对偶验证实验结果(f =100 kHz), figureFileSmall=6VSuT7J784ZYIM2g9qN0vw==, figureFileBig=pwOjZhra2UilZhu5MODwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641607619016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Two types of coupling action characteristics at different frequencies, figureFileSmall=xidjLnj5dZOWjEL9nYflEw==, figureFileBig=+CrjZueagO7JmWSUvOL2XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641687310793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
不同频率下两类耦合作用特性, figureFileSmall=xidjLnj5dZOWjEL9nYflEw==, figureFileBig=+CrjZueagO7JmWSUvOL2XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641783779786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Verification of frequency characteristics of wireless power transfer systems, figureFileSmall=3zAbSJFShiIuf3ScF2aNaA==, figureFileBig=ifFoV5F9ARloVurTx4L1KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641859277259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
无线电能传输系统频率特性验证, figureFileSmall=3zAbSJFShiIuf3ScF2aNaA==, figureFileBig=ifFoV5F9ARloVurTx4L1KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200881641930580428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of typical wireless power transfer
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 传输方式 | 基本原理 | 特性 | 范围 |
| 磁场感应耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 20~300 kHz[8-9] |
| 传输功率 | 1 kW~1 MW[9,24] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[9,24] |
| 传输距离 | 0.5~200 cm[9,25] |
| 距径比 | <0.7[10] |
| 传输效率 | 94%[9-10] |
| 直观称谓 | 短距离传输 |
| 磁场谐振耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 60 kHz~30 MHz[15] |
| 传输功率 | 10 W~100 kW[16-17] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[16-17] |
| 传输距离 | 30 cm~5 m[18-19] |
| 距径比 | 0.3~5[15,17] |
| 传输效率 | 91%[18] |
| 直观称谓 | 中距离传输 |
| 电场感应耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 200 kHz~14 MHz[12,26] |
| 传输功率 | 10~100 W[12-13] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[12-13] |
| 传输距离 | <15 cm[12,27] |
| 距径比 | <0.45[26] |
| 传输效率 | 95%[26-27] |
| 直观称谓 | 短距离传输 |
| 电磁辐射 |  | 工作频率 | >1 GHz[20] |
| 传输功率 | >1 MW[20] |
| 利用区域 | MW级[20] |
| 传输距离 | >1 km[21] |
| 距径比 | >5[22] |
| 传输效率 | 40%[21] |
| 直观称谓 | 远距离传输 |
| 激光传输 |  | 工作频率 | 20~400 THz[28-29] |
| 传输功率 | 100 W~20 kW[23] |
| 利用区域 | 102~103W级[23] |
| 传输距离 | 1 m~1 km[23] |
| 距径比 | >10[23] |
| 传输效率 | 30%[28-29] |
| 直观称谓 | 远距离传输 |
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典型无线电能传输技术对比
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| 传输方式 | 基本原理 | 特性 | 范围 |
| 磁场感应耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 20~300 kHz[8-9] |
| 传输功率 | 1 kW~1 MW[9,24] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[9,24] |
| 传输距离 | 0.5~200 cm[9,25] |
| 距径比 | <0.7[10] |
| 传输效率 | 94%[9-10] |
| 直观称谓 | 短距离传输 |
| 磁场谐振耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 60 kHz~30 MHz[15] |
| 传输功率 | 10 W~100 kW[16-17] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[16-17] |
| 传输距离 | 30 cm~5 m[18-19] |
| 距径比 | 0.3~5[15,17] |
| 传输效率 | 91%[18] |
| 直观称谓 | 中距离传输 |
| 电场感应耦合 |  | 工作频率 | 200 kHz~14 MHz[12,26] |
| 传输功率 | 10~100 W[12-13] |
| 利用区域 | W~kW级[12-13] |
| 传输距离 | <15 cm[12,27] |
| 距径比 | <0.45[26] |
| 传输效率 | 95%[26-27] |
| 直观称谓 | 短距离传输 |
| 电磁辐射 |  | 工作频率 | >1 GHz[20] |
| 传输功率 | >1 MW[20] |
| 利用区域 | MW级[20] |
| 传输距离 | >1 km[21] |
| 距径比 | >5[22] |
| 传输效率 | 40%[21] |
| 直观称谓 | 远距离传输 |
| 激光传输 |  | 工作频率 | 20~400 THz[28-29] |
| 传输功率 | 100 W~20 kW[23] |
| 利用区域 | 102~103W级[23] |
| 传输距离 | 1 m~1 km[23] |
| 距径比 | >10[23] |
| 传输效率 | 30%[28-29] |
| 直观称谓 | 远距离传输 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200881642157072846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1195437521283887942, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Experimental parameters of WPT system
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| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 线圈外径dout/mm | 150 |
| 线圈半径rc/mm | 0.15 |
| 线圈匝数N | 25 |
| 传输距离d/mm | 75 |
| 发射线圈自感LP/μH | 71.3 |
| 接收线圈自感LS/μH | 73.5 |
| 线圈之间的互感M/μH | 8.5 |
| 线圈之间的互电容CM/pF | 6.3 |
| 负载电阻RL/Ω | 10 |
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无线电能传输系统实验参数
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| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 线圈外径dout/mm | 150 |
| 线圈半径rc/mm | 0.15 |
| 线圈匝数N | 25 |
| 传输距离d/mm | 75 |
| 发射线圈自感LP/μH | 71.3 |
| 接收线圈自感LS/μH | 73.5 |
| 线圈之间的互感M/μH | 8.5 |
| 线圈之间的互电容CM/pF | 6.3 |
| 负载电阻RL/Ω | 10 |
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