Article(id=1193220114184106174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240795, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1719763200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762415444178, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762415444178, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762415444178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762415444178, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193220111252287672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='11', pageStart='3339', pageEnd='3690', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762415443479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417281749, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193227821549056568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193227821549056569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3667, endPage=3679, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193220114393821375, articleId=1193220114184106174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Diagnosis and Interpretability Study of Wind Turbine Blade Icing under Consideration of Sample Imbalance Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The low temperature and high humidity environment in winter can easily cause wind turbine blades to freeze, seriously affecting the actual power output and safe operation of wind turbines. To avoid problems such as increased fatigue load and vibration of unit components caused by icing, wind farms need to implement shutdown strategies in a timely manner based on the icing situation of the blades. Therefore, accurate identification of blade icing status has become one of the key points in maintaining the safe operation of winter wind turbines. However, current ice diagnosis methods rely on a large amount of time series data for modeling and prediction. In practical work, due to equipment and working conditions, it is difficult to collect sufficient ice sample monitoring data, which leads to the widespread problem of data imbalance and has a continuous impact on the improvement of ice diagnosis accuracy. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a fusion diagnostic model based on conditional generative adversarial network (CTGAN) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), aiming to achieve high-performance wind turbine blade ice diagnosis using a small number of training samples.
Firstly, based on the sliding window algorithm, new mixed features are further constructed on the basis of the original features. Secondly, the CTGAN model is used to learn the data distribution of real samples, and Nash equilibrium is achieved through adversarial training with generators and discriminators, generating new samples that are similar to real samples. Then, the synthesized samples are input into LightGBM to extract effective features and diagnose icing, and the LightGBM model is modified by introducing a focus loss function to improve its ability to distinguish confusing samples. Finally, the attribution theory based on shapley additive explanetions (SHAP) was used to analyze the factors affecting icing.
The simulation results on actual wind farm data show that the diagnostic accuracy of all algorithms has a certain improvement effect after using mixed features, and the average diagnostic accuracy of each model can reach 0.979. Due to the introduction of sample expansion algorithms, the accuracy of each model has improved to varying degrees compared to when data is lacking. When the sample imbalance rate is 30%, the accuracy of the traditional Logistic regression classification model is improved by 11.02%. At the same time, the accuracy of LightGBM (Focal Loss) is 0.982, which is close to the accuracy when the sample is sufficient. As the sample imbalance rate decreases and the actual number of ice-covered samples further decreases, the advantages of the sample expansion algorithm gradually become apparent. When the sample imbalance rate is 10%, compared to the unexpanded samples, the accuracy of Logistic regression model is improved by 13.55%. When the sample imbalance rate is 5% and the actual number of ice-covered samples is only 15, compared to the unexpanded samples, the accuracy of Logistic regression, KNN, XGBoost, and LightGBM models has improved by 35.85%, 4.52%, 9.32%, and 9.18%, respectively. This indicates that CTGAN has good sample generation ability and can effectively learn the distribution of real samples even when the sample data is small.
From the simulation analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The mixed features constructed based on the sliding window algorithm in this paper can significantly improve the classification ability of each model. At the same time, the LightGBM model combined with mixed feature information has obvious advantages compared to other models. (2) The sample generation model CTGAN can effectively learn the distribution of real samples, and compared to other data augmentation methods, it can generate new samples that are more similar to real samples. (3) By using the Focal loss function to modify the LightGBM model, the model's ability to distinguish easily confused samples has been increased. In addition, based on the SHAP attribution theory, the importance of each icing factor was analyzed, and the quantitative impact of key features on the diagnostic results was quantified, improving the credibility of the model's diagnostic results.
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目前基于机器学习的覆冰诊断方法需要依赖大量的时间序列数据进行建模预测,在实际工作过程中,由于受到设备和工作条件的影响,收集足够多的覆冰样本监测数据非常困难,这导致数据不平衡的问题普遍存在。因此,该文提出了一种融合诊断模型,该模型结合条件表格生成对抗网络(CTGAN)和轻量梯度提升网络(LightGBM),用于生成合成样本并进行覆冰诊断。首先,基于滑动窗口算法在原有特征的基础上,进一步构建新的混合特征;其次,利用CTGAN模型学习真实样本的数据分布,通过生成器和判别器对抗训练达到纳什平衡,生成与真实样本相似的新样本;再次,将合成样本输入LightGBM中以提取有效特征进行覆冰诊断,并通过引入焦点损失函数修正LightGBM模型,提高模型区分混淆样本的能力;然后,利用沙普利加性解释(SHAP)归因理论对覆冰影响因素进行分析;最后,基于真实风机数据集设计了多组不平衡样本实验,结果表明:该文所提出的融合诊断模型即使在训练样本数量较少的情况下,其诊断准确率依然保持在0.942,优于现有多种分类诊断模型,可为提高风机安全性和运维效率提供重要的技术支持。
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吕云龙 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为风力发电机覆冰及防护。E-mail:lvyunlongcqu@163.com
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吕云龙 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为风力发电机覆冰及防护。E-mail:lvyunlongcqu@163.com
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41(21): 7496-7507., articleTitle=Fault diagnosis method of wind turbine planetary gearbox based on improved generative adversarial network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1193220675079991687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, awardId=2023CDJYXTD-005, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(2023CDJYXTD-005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1193220675260346760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, awardId=GZC20242120, language=CN, fundingSource=国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20242120), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193220669916803401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193220669920997706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, companyId=1193220669916803401, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193220669929386315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, companyId=1193220669916803401, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆大学雪峰山能源装备安全国家野外科学观测研究站 重庆 400044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193220672336916847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
The histogram algorithm, figureFileSmall=nqSP3oSS58IoEk/Zum5mIQ==, figureFileBig=vLugM5/+vzrl4GWp5MZdjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220672450163056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
直方图算法, figureFileSmall=nqSP3oSS58IoEk/Zum5mIQ==, figureFileBig=vLugM5/+vzrl4GWp5MZdjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220672815067505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic growth strategy, figureFileSmall=kQyBNWLvPm7SOZru9RWddg==, figureFileBig=EbbS7YYGzpCCbGDD+fn7JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220672886370674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
生长策略示意图, figureFileSmall=kQyBNWLvPm7SOZru9RWddg==, figureFileBig=EbbS7YYGzpCCbGDD+fn7JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673012199795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Diagnosis process for icing on wind turbine blades, figureFileSmall=Q8N/dYUTXc+sOr/NO+nKDg==, figureFileBig=3xQvIJxJQs7t3iDpBHatIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673112863092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
风机叶片覆冰诊断流程, figureFileSmall=Q8N/dYUTXc+sOr/NO+nKDg==, figureFileBig=3xQvIJxJQs7t3iDpBHatIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673234497909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparison results of ice diagnosis between original and hybrid features, figureFileSmall=efv7ggf9e7cArmiivM0nIQ==, figureFileBig=vfsH9/2nDd7CptLV8oRCdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673297412470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
原始特征和混合特征覆冰诊断对比结果, figureFileSmall=efv7ggf9e7cArmiivM0nIQ==, figureFileBig=vfsH9/2nDd7CptLV8oRCdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673368715639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Box plots of statistical indicators, figureFileSmall=GyDWe4AqfYEctGIuKb/jqg==, figureFileBig=1b7CDN88tXT8Qz2rqtwWfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673448407416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
评价指标箱线图, figureFileSmall=GyDWe4AqfYEctGIuKb/jqg==, figureFileBig=1b7CDN88tXT8Qz2rqtwWfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673536487801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
t-SNE dimensionality reduction results of generated data and raw data, figureFileSmall=XtOdtltrq8bgdGCJTIrAJQ==, figureFileBig=6jfXD+9rwt25583gVhBftQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673616179578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
生成数据与原始数据的t-SNE降维结果, figureFileSmall=XtOdtltrq8bgdGCJTIrAJQ==, figureFileBig=6jfXD+9rwt25583gVhBftQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673683288443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Summary of Shapley values for icing characteristics, figureFileSmall=7Zb2nE2/jdwx0PhzhNPbDg==, figureFileBig=+QMTPkKRSsoVtV9qE9R29A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673750397308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
覆冰特征SHAP值, figureFileSmall=7Zb2nE2/jdwx0PhzhNPbDg==, figureFileBig=+QMTPkKRSsoVtV9qE9R29A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673842671997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
SHAP feature force diagram of iced and non-iced samples, figureFileSmall=RHUwHM2d9IalTKCy3AyrXQ==, figureFileBig=P1SFBlriqPptYca91sm2yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673939140990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
覆冰样本和非覆冰样本的SHAP特征力图, figureFileSmall=RHUwHM2d9IalTKCy3AyrXQ==, figureFileBig=P1SFBlriqPptYca91sm2yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220673993666943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Ratio of faulty samples to normal samples
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 不平衡率(%) | 覆冰样本:正常样本 |
| 训练集 | 测试集 |
| 5~10 | 15:300 | 300:300 |
| 20:300 | 300:300 |
| 25:300 | 300:300 |
| 10~15 | 30:300 | 300:300 |
| 35:300 | 300:300 |
| 40:300 | 300:300 |
| 45:300 | 300:300 |
| 20 | 60:300 | 300:300 |
| 25 | 75:300 | 300:300 |
| 30 | 90:300 | 300:300 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220674060775808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
覆冰样本与正常样本比例
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 不平衡率(%) | 覆冰样本:正常样本 |
| 训练集 | 测试集 |
| 5~10 | 15:300 | 300:300 |
| 20:300 | 300:300 |
| 25:300 | 300:300 |
| 10~15 | 30:300 | 300:300 |
| 35:300 | 300:300 |
| 40:300 | 300:300 |
| 45:300 | 300:300 |
| 20 | 60:300 | 300:300 |
| 25 | 75:300 | 300:300 |
| 30 | 90:300 | 300:300 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220674270491009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of classification accuracy of each models without added synthetic samples
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 15:300 | 20:300 | 25:300 | 30:300 | 35:300 | 40:300 | 45:300 | 60:300 | 75:300 | 90:300 |
| Logistic regression | 0.650 | 0.705 | 0.760 | 0.797 | 0.825 | 0.835 | 0.840 | 0.853 | 0.858 | 0.862 |
| KNN | 0.840 | 0.848 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.863 | 0.873 | 0.883 | 0.897 | 0.920 |
| SVM | 0.828 | 0.835 | 0.847 | 0.848 | 0.850 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.857 | 0.857 | 0.915 |
| GBDT | 0.837 | 0.850 | 0.863 | 0.883 | 0.883 | 0.933 | 0.957 | 0.955 | 0.953 | 0.952 |
| XGBoost | 0.848 | 0.863 | 0.878 | 0.900 | 0.918 | 0.930 | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0.957 | 0.962 |
| LightGBM | 0.850 | 0.868 | 0.882 | 0.903 | 0.933 | 0.938 | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.965 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.902 | 0.905 | 0.907 | 0.943 | 0.952 | 0.957 | 0.962 | 0.963 | 0.965 | 0.977 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220674387931522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
未添加合成样本各模型的分类准确率对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 15:300 | 20:300 | 25:300 | 30:300 | 35:300 | 40:300 | 45:300 | 60:300 | 75:300 | 90:300 |
| Logistic regression | 0.650 | 0.705 | 0.760 | 0.797 | 0.825 | 0.835 | 0.840 | 0.853 | 0.858 | 0.862 |
| KNN | 0.840 | 0.848 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.863 | 0.873 | 0.883 | 0.897 | 0.920 |
| SVM | 0.828 | 0.835 | 0.847 | 0.848 | 0.850 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.857 | 0.857 | 0.915 |
| GBDT | 0.837 | 0.850 | 0.863 | 0.883 | 0.883 | 0.933 | 0.957 | 0.955 | 0.953 | 0.952 |
| XGBoost | 0.848 | 0.863 | 0.878 | 0.900 | 0.918 | 0.930 | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0.957 | 0.962 |
| LightGBM | 0.850 | 0.868 | 0.882 | 0.903 | 0.933 | 0.938 | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.965 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.902 | 0.905 | 0.907 | 0.943 | 0.952 | 0.957 | 0.962 | 0.963 | 0.965 | 0.977 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220674597646723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Comparison of classification accuracy of each models with added synthetic samples
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 15:300 | 20:300 | 25:300 | 30:300 | 35:300 | 40:300 | 45:300 | 60:300 | 75:300 | 90:300 |
| Logistic regression | 0.883 | 0.890 | 0.892 | 0.905 | 0.923 | 0.943 | 0.945 | 0.952 | 0.955 | 0.957 |
| KNN | 0.878 | 0.880 | 0.880 | 0.898 | 0.900 | 0.908 | 0.910 | 0.912 | 0.925 | 0.948 |
| SVM | 0.875 | 0.877 | 0.883 | 0.888 | 0.933 | 0.935 | 0.937 | 0.952 | 0.952 | 0.962 |
| GBDT | 0.918 | 0.925 | 0.932 | 0.947 | 0.953 | 0.960 | 0.970 | 0.970 | 0.975 | 0.977 |
| XGBoost | 0.927 | 0.932 | 0.935 | 0.955 | 0.963 | 0.963 | 0.972 | 0.975 | 0.977 | 0.978 |
| LightGBM | 0.928 | 0.942 | 0.942 | 0.955 | 0.963 | 0.965 | 0.973 | 0.975 | 0.978 | 0.978 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.945 | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.968 | 0.975 | 0.977 | 0.980 | 0.982 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220674731864452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220114184106174, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
添加合成样本各模型的分类准确率对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 15:300 | 20:300 | 25:300 | 30:300 | 35:300 | 40:300 | 45:300 | 60:300 | 75:300 | 90:300 |
| Logistic regression | 0.883 | 0.890 | 0.892 | 0.905 | 0.923 | 0.943 | 0.945 | 0.952 | 0.955 | 0.957 |
| KNN | 0.878 | 0.880 | 0.880 | 0.898 | 0.900 | 0.908 | 0.910 | 0.912 | 0.925 | 0.948 |
| SVM | 0.875 | 0.877 | 0.883 | 0.888 | 0.933 | 0.935 | 0.937 | 0.952 | 0.952 | 0.962 |
| GBDT | 0.918 | 0.925 | 0.932 | 0.947 | 0.953 | 0.960 | 0.970 | 0.970 | 0.975 | 0.977 |
| XGBoost | 0.927 | 0.932 | 0.935 | 0.955 | 0.963 | 0.963 | 0.972 | 0.975 | 0.977 | 0.978 |
| LightGBM | 0.928 | 0.942 | 0.942 | 0.955 | 0.963 | 0.965 | 0.973 | 0.975 | 0.978 | 0.978 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.945 | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.968 | 0.975 | 0.977 | 0.980 | 0.982 |
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Comparison of time consumption between different models
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| 模型 | 样本生成时间/s | 模型运行时间/s |
| Logistic regression | 252 | 0.004 |
| KNN | 0.014 |
| SVM | 0.005 |
| GBDT | 0.541 |
| XGBoost | 0.026 |
| LightGBM | 0.031 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.082 |
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不同模型耗时对比
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| 模型 | 样本生成时间/s | 模型运行时间/s |
| Logistic regression | 252 | 0.004 |
| KNN | 0.014 |
| SVM | 0.005 |
| GBDT | 0.541 |
| XGBoost | 0.026 |
| LightGBM | 0.031 |
| LightGBM (Focal Loss) | 0.082 |
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