Article(id=1193220113533993105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240756, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=1723651200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762415443991, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762415443991, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762415443991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762415443991, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193220111252287672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='11', pageStart='3339', pageEnd='3690', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762415443479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417281749, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193227821549056568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193227821549056569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1193220111252287672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3572, endPage=3590, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193220113777262739, articleId=1193220113533993105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Nudging Users and Charging Optimization for Electric Car-Sharing System Scheduling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Electric car-sharing (ECS), as a component of the sharing economy, is of great significance in alleviating urban traffic congestion and reducing carbon emissions. Electric car-sharing system (ECSS) involves multiple entities such as users, operators and power grids. At present, one-way network operation mode is mostly adopted. Users can pick up and return vehicles at any network specified by the operator, and the operator arranges for vehicles in the network to connect to the power grid for charging. The optimal scheduling of urban electric car-sharing system is needed to solve the increasingly prominent problems such as imbalance between user demand and station cars supply, and mismatch between cars charging and grid operation status. Current strategies for vehicle scheduling are high-cost and coercive, while charging scheduling only ensures vehicle availability, lacking consideration of the impact of vehicle charging on the grid. Addressing these issues, the application of low-cost, non-coercive nudging methods from behavioral economics in the field of ECSS was explored and a coordinated user nudging and charging optimization scheduling method for urban shared electric vehicles was proposed.
Firstly, at the level of vehicle scheduling with supply and demand balance, nudging was used to guide user dispatch. Based on actual surveys, the main factors influencing users' choice of return points were identified, and nudging schemes for strong and weak scenarios were designed based on a framework of motivational and cognitive nudges. The revealed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (r-FCEM) was used to evaluate the user responsiveness to the nudging schemes, determining the probability of users participating in vehicle dispatch, thereby relocating vehicles from surplus supply points to stations with high demand, and improving operators' rental service income. And then we tested the feasibility of the nudging scheme and found that the design of the nudging scheme for users' choice of return stations can effectively improve user responsiveness and has a certain degree of feasibility.
Secondly, for the charging scheduling problem, nudge guided users to return vehicles to low-cost, low-carbon stations, and charging optimization model considering economic and low-carbon factors was designed. Based on deep Q network (DQN), an ECSS operating environment was constructed to simulate the interactions among users, operators, and the grid. After training process, coordinated solutions for nudging and charging optimization were obtained. This resulted in a dispatch plan for vehicle scheduling and a charging schedule for charging optimization.
The research first examined the number of vehicles and the travel and arrival volumes at typical stations under nudged and non-nudged scenarios, demonstrating the impact of nudging on supply-demand imbalance and charging optimization issues. It was found that user nudging can alleviate phenomena of under-supply and surplus, guiding vehicles to low-cost, low-carbon stations. Then, four scenarios were set up, revealing that single vehicle scheduling and charging scheduling alone offer limited improvement to the economic benefits of ECSS. It is necessary to solve nudging and charging scheduling in a coordinated manner to enhance user responsiveness through non-coercive strategies, reduce grid load fluctuations, and comprehensively improve the economic efficiency of operators while addressing vehicle scheduling and charging optimization problems.
Future work on nudging will expand the scope and number of questionnaire surveys to further validate the feasibility and effectiveness of practical applications. Algorithmically, future research will focus on refined modeling for large-scale ECSS operations and seek better algorithms to adapt to large-scale scenarios.
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城市区域共享型电动汽车(ECSS)优化调度需要解决越发突出的用户用车需求与网点车辆供需不平衡、网点车辆充电与电网运行状态不匹配等问题。该文提出面向共享电动汽车的用户助推方案与充电优化的协同调度方法。首先,设计融合了认知和动机助推策略框架的面向强、弱助推场景的用户助推方案,并采用披露-模糊综合评价方法(r-FCEM)评估助推方案的用户响应度,通过助推引导用户还车至理想网点以解决车辆平衡调度问题;然后,基于计及经济性和低碳性的共享电动汽车充电优化模型,设计助推和充电优化协同调度下的ECSS环境,与深度Q网络(DQN)智能体交互,通过模拟用户-运营商-电网三者交互,对车辆的助推方案和充电优化策略进行协同求解,以解决充电匹配问题;最后,通过调研和算例,验证了所提方法能在满足用户选择自由权的基础上以非强制策略提高用户响应度,提升了运营商经济效益,降低了电网负荷波动。
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万玲玲 女,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电动汽车与能源互联网智能互动。E-mail:seu_ee_wll@163.com
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万玲玲 女,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电动汽车与能源互联网智能互动。E-mail:seu_ee_wll@163.com
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The range of the walking distance of selected stations under each situation, figureFileSmall=EHeig6lFOhz88CwoSFL/tw==, figureFileBig=oJnQKZ5KofNOn6j0boWULQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925433807545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
各情景待选网点步行距离取值范围, figureFileSmall=EHeig6lFOhz88CwoSFL/tw==, figureFileBig=oJnQKZ5KofNOn6j0boWULQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925614162623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Flow chart of nudging scheme design, figureFileSmall=14OWHvZPsySQJW9mVVqPrQ==, figureFileBig=PyzQIEbTUseS57VndhtZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925681271491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
助推方案设计流程, figureFileSmall=14OWHvZPsySQJW9mVVqPrQ==, figureFileBig=PyzQIEbTUseS57VndhtZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925798712005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Distribution of operating station and vehicle scheduling diagram, figureFileSmall=o0WIHU5OhPTL94iP8zP4Cw==, figureFileBig=vpADgId8qR5Xutw8/RTk9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925878403783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
运营网点及助推车辆调度示意图, figureFileSmall=o0WIHU5OhPTL94iP8zP4Cw==, figureFileBig=vpADgId8qR5Xutw8/RTk9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220925958095561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Flow chart of nudging and charging optimization collaborative scheduling solution process, figureFileSmall=pUD3UvMvFiR97xNX+F9EVw==, figureFileBig=geKNrmPFWtdJICx5fcT+Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926054564555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
助推和充电优化协同调度求解流程, figureFileSmall=pUD3UvMvFiR97xNX+F9EVw==, figureFileBig=geKNrmPFWtdJICx5fcT+Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926113284812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Electric car-sharing return outlet selection questionnaire display interface (situation 1), figureFileSmall=7nI2F4Osi82TFcBslry0kw==, figureFileBig=g+KsOmh25TY3oPXRpadWDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926188782285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
还车网点选择问卷展示界面(情景1), figureFileSmall=7nI2F4Osi82TFcBslry0kw==, figureFileBig=g+KsOmh25TY3oPXRpadWDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926255891151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Mapping between nudging schemes and user responsiveness of the selected station, figureFileSmall=eN0skZPn42sDCfNU0JuDNg==, figureFileBig=cgy5txlU0uehKNKmcazG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926331388625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
助推方案与用户对待选网点的响应度对应关系, figureFileSmall=eN0skZPn42sDCfNU0JuDNg==, figureFileBig=cgy5txlU0uehKNKmcazG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926385914579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
User nudging and charging optimization results, figureFileSmall=+aRIQaAcXgrwRtp4v1+Nzg==, figureFileBig=JSbLJ/ZOKBL4VVa9UjVDcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926473994965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
用户助推与充电优化结果展示, figureFileSmall=+aRIQaAcXgrwRtp4v1+Nzg==, figureFileBig=JSbLJ/ZOKBL4VVa9UjVDcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926545298134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=App.Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of the network to be selected (L1<L2<L3<L4)
, figureFileSmall=w8Yi0pjbNMPuasjNKkJp4w==, figureFileBig=HTQesMiZ0nT6XuQS4nTQ3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926612406999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=附图1, caption=
待选网点示意图(L1<L2<L3<L4), figureFileSmall=w8Yi0pjbNMPuasjNKkJp4w==, figureFileBig=HTQesMiZ0nT6XuQS4nTQ3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926683710169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=App.Fig.2, caption=
ECS return outlet selection questionnaire display interface (situation 2)
, figureFileSmall=kKx8IGmg4zsCNGZEwCqtOQ==, figureFileBig=SMiIieqDp9urg8S62FMghA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926788567771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=附图2, caption=
ECS还车网点选择问卷展示界面(情景2), figureFileSmall=kKx8IGmg4zsCNGZEwCqtOQ==, figureFileBig=SMiIieqDp9urg8S62FMghA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926843093724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=App.Fig.3, caption=
ECS return outlet selection questionnaire display interface (situation 3)
, figureFileSmall=vn7FxVk12jbFaicUnpRtjw==, figureFileBig=z/NBCzlWD+UpHfc1mi6ZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926922785502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=附图3, caption=
ECS还车网点选择问卷展示界面(情景3), figureFileSmall=vn7FxVk12jbFaicUnpRtjw==, figureFileBig=z/NBCzlWD+UpHfc1mi6ZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220926994088672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=App.Fig.4, caption=
Base load and time-of-use price and photovoltaic power for all areas
, figureFileSmall=MPV408WPhes9x8HT5zBb/g==, figureFileBig=UAGqrOhqvfBV2TFj+KfGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220927052808930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=附图4, caption=
各区域基础负荷与分时电价及光伏出力, figureFileSmall=MPV408WPhes9x8HT5zBb/g==, figureFileBig=UAGqrOhqvfBV2TFj+KfGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220927128306404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=App.Fig.5, caption=
App.Fig.5 Curves of a photovoltaic power
, figureFileSmall=JAbyLlE0jYrqB7ZtKjDW3Q==, figureFileBig=ZJsmnygyh713yX2KRtpb7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220928231408359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=附图5, caption=
光伏出力曲线, figureFileSmall=JAbyLlE0jYrqB7ZtKjDW3Q==, figureFileBig=ZJsmnygyh713yX2KRtpb7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193220928306905833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Design of user nudging scheme
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
助推 框架 | 助推框架下 的策略 | 涉及的影响 因素指标 | 助推方案表达 |
弱助推 (理想D1) | 强助推 (理想D2) |
| 认知 | 默认选项 | — | 推荐D1 | 推荐D2 |
| 示范性 | 助人系数(u1) | u1 (D1)=1 | u1 (D2)=1 |
| 网点评价(u2) | u2(D1) | u2(D2) |
| 动机 | 环保 | 低碳积分(u3) | u3 (D1)=ag | u3 (D2)= ag |
| 经济获益 | 折扣优惠(u4) | u4 (D1)= ap | u4 (D2)= ap |
| 认知 | 信息型 | — | 默认u1 | 默认u1、u3 |
| 全披露u1、u2、u3、u4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928374014699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
用户助推方案设计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
助推 框架 | 助推框架下 的策略 | 涉及的影响 因素指标 | 助推方案表达 |
弱助推 (理想D1) | 强助推 (理想D2) |
| 认知 | 默认选项 | — | 推荐D1 | 推荐D2 |
| 示范性 | 助人系数(u1) | u1 (D1)=1 | u1 (D2)=1 |
| 网点评价(u2) | u2(D1) | u2(D2) |
| 动机 | 环保 | 低碳积分(u3) | u3 (D1)=ag | u3 (D2)= ag |
| 经济获益 | 折扣优惠(u4) | u4 (D1)= ap | u4 (D2)= ap |
| 认知 | 信息型 | — | 默认u1 | 默认u1、u3 |
| 全披露u1、u2、u3、u4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928449512173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Return station chosen by user
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 情景 | 下车后步行 距离/km | 不同场景下用户选择概率(%) |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 1 | D1 | 1 | 87.80 | 73.17 | 46.34 | 36.59 | 39.02 | 34.15 |
| D2 | 1.5 | 12.2 | 26.83 | 53.66 | 63.41 | 60.98 | 65.85 |
| 2 | D1 | 0.75 | 86.33 | 72.66 | 53.42 | 38.52 | 41.22 | 36.87 |
| D2 | 2 | 13.67 | 27.34 | 46.58 | 61.48 | 58.78 | 63.13 |
| 3 | D1 | 0.5 | 95.52 | 76.63 | 71.51 | 69.19 | 59.56 | 47.38 |
| D2 | 2.75 | 4.48 | 23.37 | 28.49 | 30.81 | 40.44 | 52.62 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928541786863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
用户还车网点选择
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 情景 | 下车后步行 距离/km | 不同场景下用户选择概率(%) |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 1 | D1 | 1 | 87.80 | 73.17 | 46.34 | 36.59 | 39.02 | 34.15 |
| D2 | 1.5 | 12.2 | 26.83 | 53.66 | 63.41 | 60.98 | 65.85 |
| 2 | D1 | 0.75 | 86.33 | 72.66 | 53.42 | 38.52 | 41.22 | 36.87 |
| D2 | 2 | 13.67 | 27.34 | 46.58 | 61.48 | 58.78 | 63.13 |
| 3 | D1 | 0.5 | 95.52 | 76.63 | 71.51 | 69.19 | 59.56 | 47.38 |
| D2 | 2.75 | 4.48 | 23.37 | 28.49 | 30.81 | 40.44 | 52.62 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928625672945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Basic parameters of operation system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 基础服务费b/元 | 5 |
| 里程费用α/(元/km) | 3 |
| 最短行程限制LT/km | 5 |
| 电动汽车容量Qev/(kW·h) | 40 |
| 充电功率上下限[Pmin,Pmax]/(kW/h) | [0,11] |
| SOC上下限[gmin,gmax](%) | [10,90] |
| 里程焦虑平均阈值ga(%) | 30 |
| 充电效率η | 0.9 |
| 车辆能耗ξ/[kW·h/(100km)] | 20 |
| 光伏平均成本fpv/[元/(kW·h)] | 0.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928684393203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
运营系统基本参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 基础服务费b/元 | 5 |
| 里程费用α/(元/km) | 3 |
| 最短行程限制LT/km | 5 |
| 电动汽车容量Qev/(kW·h) | 40 |
| 充电功率上下限[Pmin,Pmax]/(kW/h) | [0,11] |
| SOC上下限[gmin,gmax](%) | [10,90] |
| 里程焦虑平均阈值ga(%) | 30 |
| 充电效率η | 0.9 |
| 车辆能耗ξ/[kW·h/(100km)] | 20 |
| 光伏平均成本fpv/[元/(kW·h)] | 0.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928755696373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Order transaction under nudge and no nudge
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 时段/h | 助推 | 无助推 | | 助推 | 无助推 | | 电网电价/ [元/(kW·h)] | | 助推 | | 无助推 | | 光伏发电量/ (kW·h) | | 助推 | | 无助推 |
| C13 | C24 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 |
| 1 | 27 | 27 | 21 | 21 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 1.26×10-12 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 12 |
| 2 | 29 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 2.04×10-10 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 13 |
| 3 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 2.14×10-8 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 13 |
| 4 | 35 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 1.43×10-6 | 0 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 13 |
| 5 | 40 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 6.14×10-5 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 12 |
| 6 | 42 | 28 | 20 | 21 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 0.001 67 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 11 |
| 7 | 42 | 24 | 17 | 19 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 20 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 0.028 91 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 |
| 8 | 39 | 17 | 13 | 15 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 19 | 39 | 23 | 19 | 0.313 60 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 20 |
| 时段/h | 助推 | 无助推 | | 助推 | 无助推 | | 电网电价/ [元/(kW·h)] | | 助推 | | 无助推 | | 光伏发电量/ (kW·h) | | 助推 | | 无助推 |
| C13 | C24 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 |
| 9 | 39 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 17 | 36 | 22 | 18 | 2.113 83 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 21 | 23 |
| 10 | 37 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 10 | 38 | 18 | 14 | 8.719 40 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 26 | 23 |
| 11 | 42 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 11 | 36 | 18 | 10 | 21.559 85 | 0 | 8 | 6 | 26 | 23 |
| 12 | 44 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 8 | 38 | 18 | 14 | 31.385 37 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 22 |
| 13 | 39 | 11 | 0 | 13 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 40 | 20 | 13 | 28.362 61 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 18 | 23 |
| 14 | 50 | 8 | 28 | 12 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 24 | 19 | 9 | 23.197 69 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 21 |
| 15 | 50 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2 | 34 | 15 | 8 | 25.074 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 22 | 19 |
| 16 | 31 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 22.508 69 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 12 |
| 17 | 50 | 23 | 0 | 27 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0 | 50 | 14 | 25 | 12.289 30 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 18 | 8 |
| 18 | 50 | 28 | 42 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 29 | 44 | 13 | 22 | 3.955 525 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 |
| 19 | 50 | 33 | 37 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 17 | 5 | 20 | 0.765 781 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| 20 | 44 | 28 | 36 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 17 | 11 | 4 | 19 | 0.090 97 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 21 | 38 | 23 | 35 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 22 | 0.006 73 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | 33 | 18 | 35 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 22 | 0.000 313 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 23 | 32 | 17 | 34 | 50 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 22 | 9.23×10-6 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 | 31 | 16 | 34 | 50 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 14 | 15 | 3 | 21 | 1.73×10-7 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 出行量/辆 | 174 | 133 | 95 | 97 | — | — | 75 | 174 | 73 | 113 | — | — | 75 | 12 | 65 | 49 |
| 到达量/辆 | 178 | 122 | 108 | 144 | — | — | 67 | 166 | 54 | 111 | — | — | 71 | 2 | 57 | 39 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928847971063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
助推与无助推下典型网点车辆数量变化
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 时段/h | 助推 | 无助推 | | 助推 | 无助推 | | 电网电价/ [元/(kW·h)] | | 助推 | | 无助推 | | 光伏发电量/ (kW·h) | | 助推 | | 无助推 |
| C13 | C24 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 |
| 1 | 27 | 27 | 21 | 21 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 1.26×10-12 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 12 |
| 2 | 29 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 2.04×10-10 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 13 |
| 3 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 2.14×10-8 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 13 |
| 4 | 35 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 1.43×10-6 | 0 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 13 |
| 5 | 40 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 6.14×10-5 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 12 |
| 6 | 42 | 28 | 20 | 21 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 0.001 67 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 11 |
| 7 | 42 | 24 | 17 | 19 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 20 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 0.028 91 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 |
| 8 | 39 | 17 | 13 | 15 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 19 | 39 | 23 | 19 | 0.313 60 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 20 |
| 时段/h | 助推 | 无助推 | | 助推 | 无助推 | | 电网电价/ [元/(kW·h)] | | 助推 | | 无助推 | | 光伏发电量/ (kW·h) | | 助推 | | 无助推 |
| C13 | C24 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C21 | C27 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 | C5 | C6 |
| 9 | 39 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 17 | 36 | 22 | 18 | 2.113 83 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 21 | 23 |
| 10 | 37 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 10 | 38 | 18 | 14 | 8.719 40 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 26 | 23 |
| 11 | 42 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 11 | 36 | 18 | 10 | 21.559 85 | 0 | 8 | 6 | 26 | 23 |
| 12 | 44 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 8 | 38 | 18 | 14 | 31.385 37 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 22 |
| 13 | 39 | 11 | 0 | 13 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 40 | 20 | 13 | 28.362 61 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 18 | 23 |
| 14 | 50 | 8 | 28 | 12 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 24 | 19 | 9 | 23.197 69 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 21 |
| 15 | 50 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2 | 34 | 15 | 8 | 25.074 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 22 | 19 |
| 16 | 31 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 22.508 69 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 12 |
| 17 | 50 | 23 | 0 | 27 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0 | 50 | 14 | 25 | 12.289 30 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 18 | 8 |
| 18 | 50 | 28 | 42 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 29 | 44 | 13 | 22 | 3.955 525 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 |
| 19 | 50 | 33 | 37 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 17 | 5 | 20 | 0.765 781 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| 20 | 44 | 28 | 36 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 17 | 11 | 4 | 19 | 0.090 97 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 21 | 38 | 23 | 35 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 22 | 0.006 73 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | 33 | 18 | 35 | 50 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 22 | 0.000 313 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 23 | 32 | 17 | 34 | 50 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 22 | 9.23×10-6 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 | 31 | 16 | 34 | 50 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 14 | 15 | 3 | 21 | 1.73×10-7 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 出行量/辆 | 174 | 133 | 95 | 97 | — | — | 75 | 174 | 73 | 113 | — | — | 75 | 12 | 65 | 49 |
| 到达量/辆 | 178 | 122 | 108 | 144 | — | — | 67 | 166 | 54 | 111 | — | — | 71 | 2 | 57 | 39 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220928944440057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Operations under nudge and no nudge
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 场景一 | 场景二 | 场景三 | 场景四 |
| 订单成交量 | 2 429 | 2 429 | 2 298 | 2 298 |
| 负荷方差 | 1.286×107 | 1.303×107 | 1.263×107 | 1.275×107 |
| 租赁效益/元 | 99 725.08 | 99 725.08 | 95 920.70 | 95 920.70 |
| 充电效益/元 | -20 017.82 | -20 372.96 | -18 865.72 | -19 206.50 |
| 运营效益/元 | 79 707.26 | 79 352.13 | 77 054.97 | 76 714.20 |
| 求解时间/s | 22 124.97 | 32.43 | 24 846.14 | 16.32 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220929015743227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
各种场景下的运营情况和计算时间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 场景一 | 场景二 | 场景三 | 场景四 |
| 订单成交量 | 2 429 | 2 429 | 2 298 | 2 298 |
| 负荷方差 | 1.286×107 | 1.303×107 | 1.263×107 | 1.275×107 |
| 租赁效益/元 | 99 725.08 | 99 725.08 | 95 920.70 | 95 920.70 |
| 充电效益/元 | -20 017.82 | -20 372.96 | -18 865.72 | -19 206.50 |
| 运营效益/元 | 79 707.26 | 79 352.13 | 77 054.97 | 76 714.20 |
| 求解时间/s | 22 124.97 | 32.43 | 24 846.14 | 16.32 |
), ArticleFig(id=1193220929087046397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1193220113533993105, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Algorithm solution results comparison
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 助推求解方法 | DQN | TD3 | PSO |
| 训练期时间复杂度 | O(Ln2+B) | O(3Ln2+B) | O(NM) |
| 训练期平均计算时间/s | 93.56 | 78.12 | 84.688 |
| 平均求解时间/s | 9.158 | 11.848 | 84.688 |
| 订单成交量/个 | 2 429 | 2 397 | 2 402 |
| 运营效益/元 | 79 707.264 | 77 707.358 | 78 216.023 |
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算法对比结果
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| 助推求解方法 | DQN | TD3 | PSO |
| 训练期时间复杂度 | O(Ln2+B) | O(3Ln2+B) | O(NM) |
| 训练期平均计算时间/s | 93.56 | 78.12 | 84.688 |
| 平均求解时间/s | 9.158 | 11.848 | 84.688 |
| 订单成交量/个 | 2 429 | 2 397 | 2 402 |
| 运营效益/元 | 79 707.264 | 77 707.358 | 78 216.023 |
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Quetionnaires on user′s choice of return stations and its influencing factors
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| 影响因素 | 因素水平 | 问卷题设 |
| 个人特征 | 年龄 | 25以下/25-35/35以上 | 您的年龄为以下哪个范围? |
| 性别 | 男/女 | 您的性别是? |
| 用车频率 | 高(>7)/中 (3~7)/低(0~2) | 您一周内使用共享电动汽车的频率? |
| 出行方案相关 | 步行距离 | 0~1 km/1~2 km/ 2~3 km | 当下车后步行距离为以下不同水平时您是否会认为某个影响因素会是您在选择还车点时的考虑因素? |
| 出行折扣 | 0/0.05/0.15/0.25 | 您对于影响因素...为以下水平时对您在选择还车点时影响程度的评价为:(选项:高、较高、一般、较低、低)? |
| 网点评价 | 高/低 |
| 助人系数 | 高/低 |
| 绿色低碳奖励 | 0/3/5/10 |
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用户出行网点选择及其影响因素调查题设
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| 影响因素 | 因素水平 | 问卷题设 |
| 个人特征 | 年龄 | 25以下/25-35/35以上 | 您的年龄为以下哪个范围? |
| 性别 | 男/女 | 您的性别是? |
| 用车频率 | 高(>7)/中 (3~7)/低(0~2) | 您一周内使用共享电动汽车的频率? |
| 出行方案相关 | 步行距离 | 0~1 km/1~2 km/ 2~3 km | 当下车后步行距离为以下不同水平时您是否会认为某个影响因素会是您在选择还车点时的考虑因素? |
| 出行折扣 | 0/0.05/0.15/0.25 | 您对于影响因素...为以下水平时对您在选择还车点时影响程度的评价为:(选项:高、较高、一般、较低、低)? |
| 网点评价 | 高/低 |
| 助人系数 | 高/低 |
| 绿色低碳奖励 | 0/3/5/10 |
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Membership degree of each influencing factor
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影响 因素 | 下车后 步行距离 | 出行折扣 优惠 | 绿色低碳 积分奖励 | 助人 系数 | 网点 评价 |
| 隶属度 | 0.866 7 | 0.466 7 | 0.366 7 | 0.333 3 | 0.133 3 |
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各影响因素隶属度水平
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影响 因素 | 下车后 步行距离 | 出行折扣 优惠 | 绿色低碳 积分奖励 | 助人 系数 | 网点 评价 |
| 隶属度 | 0.866 7 | 0.466 7 | 0.366 7 | 0.333 3 | 0.133 3 |
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Parameters of r-FCEM
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| A | R |
| U(ui,j) | Ri |
情景1 [0.15 0.05 0.35 0.45] | u1 | 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.05 |
| u 2 | 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.05 |
| u 3,1 | 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.05 |
| A | R |
| U(ui,j) | Ri |
情景2 [0.05 0.05 0.25 0.65] | u 3,2 | 0.75 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 |
| u 3,2 | 0.80 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 |
| u 3,2 | 0.90 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 |
情景3 [0.03 0.02 0.10 0.85] | u 4,1 | 0.65 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.05 |
| u 4,2 | 0.75 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 |
| u 4,3 | 0.80 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 |
| u 4,4 | 0.90 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 |
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各影响因素隶属度水平r-FCEM相关参数
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| A | R |
| U(ui,j) | Ri |
情景1 [0.15 0.05 0.35 0.45] | u1 | 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.05 |
| u 2 | 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.05 |
| u 3,1 | 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.05 |
| A | R |
| U(ui,j) | Ri |
情景2 [0.05 0.05 0.25 0.65] | u 3,2 | 0.75 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 |
| u 3,2 | 0.80 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 |
| u 3,2 | 0.90 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 |
情景3 [0.03 0.02 0.10 0.85] | u 4,1 | 0.65 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.05 |
| u 4,2 | 0.75 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 |
| u 4,3 | 0.80 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 |
| u 4,4 | 0.90 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 |
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Parameters of DQN nudge agent
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| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 神经网络尺寸(Number of Neurons) | 24 |
| 采样时间(Sample Time)/s | 1 |
| 折扣因子(Discount Factor) | 0.99 |
| 学习率(Learn Rate) | 10-3 |
| 经验回放集合尺寸(Experience Buffer Length) | 108 |
| 批量大小(Mini Batch Size) | 64 |
| 目标平滑因子(Target Smooth Factor) | 0.5 |
| 梯度阈值(Gradient Threshold) | 1 |
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DQN助推智能体参数
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| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 神经网络尺寸(Number of Neurons) | 24 |
| 采样时间(Sample Time)/s | 1 |
| 折扣因子(Discount Factor) | 0.99 |
| 学习率(Learn Rate) | 10-3 |
| 经验回放集合尺寸(Experience Buffer Length) | 108 |
| 批量大小(Mini Batch Size) | 64 |
| 目标平滑因子(Target Smooth Factor) | 0.5 |
| 梯度阈值(Gradient Threshold) | 1 |
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