Article(id=1192092482088350384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192092478032462291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240672, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=1720022400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762146595737, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762146595737, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762146595737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762146595737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192092478032462291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='2353', pageEnd='2678', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762146594770, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762148049906, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192098581373928325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192092478032462291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192098581373928326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192092478032462291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2643, endPage=2655, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192092483535385270, articleId=1192092482088350384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Hybrid Mechanism-Data-Driven Diagnosis of Rotating Diode Fault in Multiphase Annular Brushless Excitation Systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The rotating rectifier is the key part of multiphase annular brushless excitation systems. Nevertheless, the rectifiers often experience faults caused by diode failures, which brings security risks in practice. Accurately diagnosing faults in the rotating rectifier is pivotal for ensuring the safe operation of multiphase annular brushless excitation systems. However, the types of rotating rectifier faults are diverse, and the characteristics of different faults are inherently weak. Traditional mechanism-driven diagnostic schemes offer interpretability but often struggle with precise fault diagnosis. New data-driven diagnostic schemes exhibit speed and accuracy but encounter challenges in training and debugging in practical applications. This paper proposes a hybrid mechanism-data-driven diagnostic scheme for rotating rectifier faults.
Based on the fault mechanism, the frequency domain characteristics of the excitation current after the fault are derived, and the fault characteristic patterns are summarized. Then, thresholds of the mechanism diagnosis model are calculated using finite element simulation data. Extracting the frequency domain characteristics of the excitation current allows the fault mechanism to be clearly described, thus providing a solid foundation for subsequent fault diagnosis. The current waveform under normal operation and different fault conditions can be simulated by adjusting the models, which allows for determining thresholds for various operating conditions.
Then, the fast dynamic time warping (Fast-DTW) algorithm is introduced to calculate the similarity of excitation current time-domain waveforms, subsequently forming a data-driven model combined with the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) classifier. The fast-DTW algorithm can align waveforms of different time lengths and start points to capture subtle differences between waveforms. By combining the fast-DTW algorithm with the kNN classifier, the data-driven model can realize the diagnosis of rotating rectifier faults.
Mechanism-driven and data-driven diagnostic schemes are integrated based on ensemble learning principles. Ensemble learning significantly enhances the overall performance of the model by combining the results of multiple learners. Five mechanism-driven and five data-driven models are established to obtain a final diagnostic result based on the absolute majority voting method. The hybrid diagnostic scheme exhibits the advantages of mechanism-driven and data-driven models, effectively overcoming the limitations of a single-driven model.
Finally, the verification of prototype experiments indicates that the hybrid scheme’s diagnostic accuracy reaches 100%, significantly surpassing single-driven models. Establishing diagnostic models requires offline simulation data, reducing training difficulty and improving practicality on-site. The hybrid scheme maintains a reasonable diagnostic speed while ensuring high accuracy.
In conclusion, the proposed hybrid mechanism-data-driven fault diagnosis scheme combines mechanism analysis and data-driven methods to enhance the accuracy and robustness of fault diagnosis, demonstrating excellent test performance in prototype experiments. The diagnostic approach based on the time-frequency characteristics of the excitation current demonstrates excellent interpretability, achieving accurate fault diagnosis solely through training with simulation data.
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旋转整流器故障诊断对多相环形无刷励磁系统的安全运行具有重要意义。而旋转整流器故障种类繁多且故障特征微弱,机理驱动的诊断方案具有较好的可解释性,但难以实现全故障的准确诊断;数据驱动的诊断方案快速准确,但面向应用时训练和调试难度大。因此,提出一种机理与数据混合驱动的旋转整流器故障诊断方案:首先根据故障机理推导故障后励磁电流的频域特征,利用有限元仿真确定机理诊断模型的阈值;然后引入快速动态时间规整(Fast-DTW)算法计算励磁电流时域波形相似度,结合k近邻(kNN)算法分类器得到数据驱动模型;最后利用集成学习的思想,融合机理与数据诊断方案。实验结果表明,混合驱动的诊断方案能够在降低训练难度的情况下,实现旋转整流器故障的准确诊断。
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郝亮亮 男,1985年生,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电力系统主设备故障分析及保护、直流输电控制与保护、励磁 控制。E-mail:
llhao@bjtu.edu.cn, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=NxY75WJzojHT26HtPgc1cw==, magXml=dYbGnwmv2s701XII1diC4Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/s+L4Orqny7t8+WxICo0Xw==, pdfFileSize=3896383, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YWKvx3h0ilLh4tXTIR03RQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eHiawRs83zCR41dgmLBbtg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=
, authorsList=蔡宇昂, 郝亮亮, 周艳真, 段贤稳, 王光)}, authors=[Author(id=1192140405744485196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=20117019@bjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1192140405857731406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, authorId=1192140405744485196, language=EN, stringName=Yuang Cai, firstName=Yuang, middleName=null, lastName=Cai, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1. School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1192140405937423183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, authorId=1192140405744485196, language=CN, stringName=蔡宇昂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1.北京交通大学电气工程学院 北京 100044, bio={"content":"
蔡宇昂 男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相无刷励磁系统故障智能保护、多项无刷励磁机本体分析。E-mail: 20117019@bjtu.edu.cn
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蔡宇昂 男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相无刷励磁系统故障智能保护、多项无刷励磁机本体分析。E-mail: 20117019@bjtu.edu.cn
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Structural diagram of 11-phase annular brushless excitation system, figureFileSmall=R7nbL9oTqIC3vxjjqz/YiA==, figureFileBig=cW9RhBmlVAlvAz5cfddSbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140409708102511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
某11相环形无刷励磁系统结构示意图, figureFileSmall=R7nbL9oTqIC3vxjjqz/YiA==, figureFileBig=cW9RhBmlVAlvAz5cfddSbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140409875874672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
The basic principle of a hybrid physics-driven and data-driven diagnosis method, figureFileSmall=oxzgvVw7bf1VEuvi/k7c0A==, figureFileBig=Zw47G/VYcBU5JsjeO5KrCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140409942983537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
机理与数据混合驱动的诊断方案基本原理, figureFileSmall=oxzgvVw7bf1VEuvi/k7c0A==, figureFileBig=Zw47G/VYcBU5JsjeO5KrCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410005898098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
The mapping of DTW and Euclidean distance, figureFileSmall=e4FTR5WVCSGve2bNrOGVKQ==, figureFileBig=QSMN/KOWDF5cd1zJ7FWpAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410093978483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
DTW与欧式距离的对应关系, figureFileSmall=e4FTR5WVCSGve2bNrOGVKQ==, figureFileBig=QSMN/KOWDF5cd1zJ7FWpAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410152698740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Diagram of Ansys finite element simulation, figureFileSmall=oHFzEQ9Y24nIO/8TN/7aWw==, figureFileBig=S/pnXOBGWBEjoqH7lWRDag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410232390517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Ansys有限元仿真示意图, figureFileSmall=oHFzEQ9Y24nIO/8TN/7aWw==, figureFileBig=S/pnXOBGWBEjoqH7lWRDag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410295305078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Experimental platform, figureFileSmall=avlPzbOZg5TRL986aujFqQ==, figureFileBig=6qsCXcxNUogYnA25SUUTnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410354025335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
实验平台, figureFileSmall=avlPzbOZg5TRL986aujFqQ==, figureFileBig=6qsCXcxNUogYnA25SUUTnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410421134200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Simulation and experimental excitation current waveforms under eight operating conditions, figureFileSmall=bnzbNoOcvRm3xFya+2K9RA==, figureFileBig=11jkdKnwFVsAS34YFX0g2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410530186105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
八种工况下的仿真与实验励磁电流波形, figureFileSmall=bnzbNoOcvRm3xFya+2K9RA==, figureFileBig=11jkdKnwFVsAS34YFX0g2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410601489274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Experimental waveforms of excitation current for phase-A open circuit at different voltage levels, figureFileSmall=JswiSWZJTnAdw5L+3mErmw==, figureFileBig=sf2A1ffwWMOU6gU3kVLSJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410710541179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同电压等级下A相开路的励磁电流实验波形, figureFileSmall=JswiSWZJTnAdw5L+3mErmw==, figureFileBig=sf2A1ffwWMOU6gU3kVLSJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410765067132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Frequency domain distribution under eight operation conditions, figureFileSmall=beKdy+51/LrmeVpi+d4YAQ==, figureFileBig=6kvqaIlM6fgM+OTCXhwHdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410827981693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
八种工况的频域分布, figureFileSmall=beKdy+51/LrmeVpi+d4YAQ==, figureFileBig=6kvqaIlM6fgM+OTCXhwHdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410886701950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Mechanism driven diagnostic logic, figureFileSmall=c/1iQzJIUedMIYg//DtPoQ==, figureFileBig=Zkh4FqY2OWtCB4kbf8kAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140410953810815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
机理驱动的诊断逻辑, figureFileSmall=c/1iQzJIUedMIYg//DtPoQ==, figureFileBig=Zkh4FqY2OWtCB4kbf8kAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140411079639936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Optimization process of Fast DTW kNN, figureFileSmall=g9bP0uYWU2f2UuVAgIYEVQ==, figureFileBig=KVxDX4i8dNa3MpKhbzRU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140411146748801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
Fast-DTW-kNN的寻优过程, figureFileSmall=g9bP0uYWU2f2UuVAgIYEVQ==, figureFileBig=KVxDX4i8dNa3MpKhbzRU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140411205469058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Confusion matrices of data-driven models, figureFileSmall=t9Vgh2TQ8nr+wuefsMeWxQ==, figureFileBig=sDfXky1NLL+UCDGCmZPx7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140411289355139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
数据驱动模型的混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=t9Vgh2TQ8nr+wuefsMeWxQ==, figureFileBig=sDfXky1NLL+UCDGCmZPx7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192140411343881092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Frequency-domain characteristics of excitation current in rotating rectifier faults
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 运行状态 | 励磁电流谐波含量 | 频谱特征(前6次) |
| 正常运行 | 无 | — |
| 一管开路 | 整数次谐波 | 1>2>…>6 |
| 一相开路 | 偶数次谐波 | 2>4>6 |
| AB两相开路 | 2>4>6 |
| AC两相开路 | 2>6>4 |
| AD两相开路 | 2>4>6 |
| AE两相开路 | 4>2>6 |
| AF两相开路 | 2>4 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192140411406795653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
旋转整流器故障的励磁电流频域特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 运行状态 | 励磁电流谐波含量 | 频谱特征(前6次) |
| 正常运行 | 无 | — |
| 一管开路 | 整数次谐波 | 1>2>…>6 |
| 一相开路 | 偶数次谐波 | 2>4>6 |
| AB两相开路 | 2>4>6 |
| AC两相开路 | 2>6>4 |
| AD两相开路 | 2>4>6 |
| AE两相开路 | 4>2>6 |
| AF两相开路 | 2>4 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192140412392457094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192092482088350384, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Parameters of 11-phase brushless exciter
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 额定励磁电压/V | 60.33 |
| 额定视在功率/(kV·A) | 22.3 |
| 功率因数 | 0.9 |
| 额定转速/(r/min) | 960 |
| 定子外径/mm | 327 |
| 转子外径/mm | 227 |
| 线圈节距 | 8 |
| 电枢电阻/Ω | 0.24 |
| 额定励磁电流/A | 12.97 |
| 额定相电压/V | 120 |
| 额定频率/Hz | 80 |
| 定子槽数 | 77 |
| 定子内径/mm | 230 |
| 转子内径/mm | 70 |
| 励磁绕组每极匝数 | 90 |
| 励磁回路电阻/Ω | 4.65 |
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某11相无刷励磁机的参数
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| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 额定励磁电压/V | 60.33 |
| 额定视在功率/(kV·A) | 22.3 |
| 功率因数 | 0.9 |
| 额定转速/(r/min) | 960 |
| 定子外径/mm | 327 |
| 转子外径/mm | 227 |
| 线圈节距 | 8 |
| 电枢电阻/Ω | 0.24 |
| 额定励磁电流/A | 12.97 |
| 额定相电压/V | 120 |
| 额定频率/Hz | 80 |
| 定子槽数 | 77 |
| 定子内径/mm | 230 |
| 转子内径/mm | 70 |
| 励磁绕组每极匝数 | 90 |
| 励磁回路电阻/Ω | 4.65 |
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Sample distribution of simulations and experiments
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| 样本 | 数据来源 | 励磁电压/V | 数量 |
| 训练集1~训练集5 | 有限元仿真 | 20 | 100×8×5=4 000 |
| 验证集1~验证集5 | 有限元仿真 | 20 | 100×8×5=4 000 |
| 测试集 | 样机实验 | 20、22、24、26 | 50×8×4=1 600 |
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仿真与实验数据的样本分布
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| 样本 | 数据来源 | 励磁电压/V | 数量 |
| 训练集1~训练集5 | 有限元仿真 | 20 | 100×8×5=4 000 |
| 验证集1~验证集5 | 有限元仿真 | 20 | 100×8×5=4 000 |
| 测试集 | 样机实验 | 20、22、24、26 | 50×8×4=1 600 |
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Results of five mechanism driven models
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| 机理驱动模型 | 准确率(%) | K | 诊断时长/ms |
| 1 | 95.3 | 0.946 | 0.01 |
| 2 | 95.7 | 0.950 | 0.01 |
| 3 | 95.1 | 0.944 | 0.01 |
| 4 | 94.8 | 0.940 | 0.01 |
| 5 | 95.9 | 0.954 | 0.01 |
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五组机理驱动模型的结果
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| 机理驱动模型 | 准确率(%) | K | 诊断时长/ms |
| 1 | 95.3 | 0.946 | 0.01 |
| 2 | 95.7 | 0.950 | 0.01 |
| 3 | 95.1 | 0.944 | 0.01 |
| 4 | 94.8 | 0.940 | 0.01 |
| 5 | 95.9 | 0.954 | 0.01 |
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The diagnostic results under five training sets
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| 训练集 | DTW-kNN | | Fast-DTW-kNN |
准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ms | | 准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ms |
| 1 | 98.7 | 0.985 | 173 | | 98.7 | 0.985 | 23.1 |
| 2 | 98.8 | 0.986 | 174 | | 98.8 | 0.986 | 23.3 |
| 3 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 173 | | 98.6 | 0.984 | 23.0 |
| 4 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 175 | | 98.6 | 0.984 | 22.9 |
| 5 | 98.7 | 0.985 | 174 | | 98.7 | 0.985 | 23.5 |
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五个训练集下的诊断结果
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| 训练集 | DTW-kNN | | Fast-DTW-kNN |
准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ms | | 准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ms |
| 1 | 98.7 | 0.985 | 173 | | 98.7 | 0.985 | 23.1 |
| 2 | 98.8 | 0.986 | 174 | | 98.8 | 0.986 | 23.3 |
| 3 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 173 | | 98.6 | 0.984 | 23.0 |
| 4 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 175 | | 98.6 | 0.984 | 22.9 |
| 5 | 98.7 | 0.985 | 174 | | 98.7 | 0.985 | 23.5 |
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The diagnostic results of mechanism and data hybrid driving models
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| 分类器模型 | 参数 | 准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ ms |
| 混合驱动 | k=3 | 100 | 1.0 | 117 |
| 决策树 | Default | 92.8 | 0.917 | 0.03 |
| 随机森林 | criterion=“gini”; n_trees=140 | 97.3 | 0.968 | 0.06 |
| k近邻 | k=3 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 0.09 |
| 支持向量机 | C=20; g=0.1 | 98.2 | 0.979 | 0.45 |
| 多层感知机 | 层数为2; 神经元数为16; 迭代次数为2 000 | 98.4 | 0.981 | 0.04 |
| 卷积神经网络 | 核大小为7; 步长为2; 核数量为16; 迭代次数为560 | 97.6 | 0.973 | 0.21 |
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机理与数据混合驱动的诊断结果
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| 分类器模型 | 参数 | 准确率 (%) | K | 诊断 时长/ ms |
| 混合驱动 | k=3 | 100 | 1.0 | 117 |
| 决策树 | Default | 92.8 | 0.917 | 0.03 |
| 随机森林 | criterion=“gini”; n_trees=140 | 97.3 | 0.968 | 0.06 |
| k近邻 | k=3 | 98.6 | 0.984 | 0.09 |
| 支持向量机 | C=20; g=0.1 | 98.2 | 0.979 | 0.45 |
| 多层感知机 | 层数为2; 神经元数为16; 迭代次数为2 000 | 98.4 | 0.981 | 0.04 |
| 卷积神经网络 | 核大小为7; 步长为2; 核数量为16; 迭代次数为560 | 97.6 | 0.973 | 0.21 |
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