Article(id=1192068212591313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=1723046400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762140809437, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762140809437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762140809437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762140809437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192068207398760622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='13', pageStart='4017', pageEnd='4342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762140808200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417113496, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4071, endPage=4084, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192068212759085355, articleId=1192068212591313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Study on Temperature Rise Calculation and Reduced-Order Model of Oil-Immersed Transformer with Field-Circuit Coupling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
As the advancement of Industry 4.0 continues, the power and energy sectors are rapidly undergoing intelligent and digital transformation, leading to the emergence of digital twin technology in the field of electrical equipment. As critical primary equipment, power transformers greatly benefit from the development of digital twin models, which enhance operational reliability, maintenance efficiency, and fault prediction capabilities. However, model-driven digital twin models are often constrained by slow computation speeds. To address this issue, this paper constructs a simplified field-circuit coupled model for oil-immersed power transformers using Modelica, aimed at reducing computational complexity. Additionally, to further enhance computational efficiency, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is applied to the field computation section for order reduction.
Firstly, we investigate the heat generation, heat dissipation mechanisms, and oil flow circulation of a 35 kV, 800 kV·A scaled-down oil-immersed self-cooled (Oil Natural Air Natural, ONAN) converter transformer prototype. Based on this, a simplified method for coupling thermal and circuit calculations and an equivalent modeling approach for the temperature rise of the converter transformer are proposed. Subsequently, the implementation method and encapsulation form of the thermal circuit coupled model using Modelica are discussed. POD is then employed to reduce the order of the field computation section. Finally, temperature rise experiments on the converter transformer are conducted, and the model's computational data is compared with the experimental results.
The comparison between the model’s computational data and the experimental results reveals significant differences in the range of 0.5 to 2 hours, with the maximum discrepancy reaching 9.8 K at the top sampling point. As the operating time increases, the temperature rise difference gradually diminishes, and the temperatures converge in the steady state. Whether the radiator is considered significantly impacts both the magnitude of the winding temperature rise and the hotspot location. In the steady state, excluding the radiator results in a maximum temperature error of 11.39 K between the model’s calculations and the experimental data, whereas the proposed model's maximum temperature error is 1.37 K, and the full-order model's maximum temperature error is 0.82 K. In terms of computational efficiency, the proposed model takes a total of 3.328 hours under the temperature rise condition, which is 258.65 times faster than the full-order three-dimensional model. Compared to the full-order field-circuit coupled model, the computational speed is increased by 5.1 times.
From the analysis of the model's computational results and the experimental data, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The proposed model has a maximum temperature error of 1.37 K compared to the experimental results, making it suitable for temperature rise calculations and winding hotspot analysis of converter transformers. (2) For oil-immersed self-cooled converter transformers, excluding the complete oil flow circulation with the radiator in temperature rise calculations may lead to significant deviations in both the magnitude and location of the winding hotspot temperature rise compared to actual conditions. (3) The proposed model effectively reduces computational costs through the thermal circuit coupling and POD order reduction methods. Compared to the full-order three-dimensional model, the computation speed is increased by 258.65 times, and compared to the full-order field-circuit coupled model, the computation speed is increased by 5.1 times, better meeting the timeliness requirements of digital twin models.
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杨 帆 男,1980年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为输变电设备多物理场计算,电力装备数字孪生。E-mail:yangfan@cqu.edu.cn
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杨 帆 男,1980年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为输变电设备多物理场计算,电力装备数字孪生。E-mail:yangfan@cqu.edu.cn
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2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192451733000433974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, awardId=2021YFB2401700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2401700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192451727883383018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451727891771627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, companyId=1192451727883383018, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451727895965932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, companyId=1192451727883383018, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=输变电装备技术全国重点实验室(重庆大学电气工程学院) 重庆 400044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192451729758236934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Cooling method of ONAN converter transformer, figureFileSmall=0pJTTwJWcH2CB6BqVtnX4g==, figureFileBig=APJskqH66lgNgU/P9zn1Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451729871483143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
ONAN换流变压器散热方式, figureFileSmall=0pJTTwJWcH2CB6BqVtnX4g==, figureFileBig=APJskqH66lgNgU/P9zn1Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730014089480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Model simplification methods and equivalent approaches, figureFileSmall=/PGYuH0hNNYt1By3FiyJJQ==, figureFileBig=tu4u7maVoRkWihMG4NQ+Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730081198345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
模型简化方法和等效思路, figureFileSmall=/PGYuH0hNNYt1By3FiyJJQ==, figureFileBig=tu4u7maVoRkWihMG4NQ+Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730144112906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Implementation method and encapsulation form of the modelica model, figureFileSmall=kmLQVlZjHsly8bhDEcHjTw==, figureFileBig=kNPgDqn/C6JR1HfUccr38Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730198638859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
Modelica模型的实现方法和封装形式, figureFileSmall=kmLQVlZjHsly8bhDEcHjTw==, figureFileBig=kNPgDqn/C6JR1HfUccr38Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730278330636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Scaled model temperature rise experiment platform, figureFileSmall=XXhCixBYdSJHljcFNntikw==, figureFileBig=gLJnBJHtxcksokQ0xBSoQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730345439501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
缩比样机温升实验平台, figureFileSmall=XXhCixBYdSJHljcFNntikw==, figureFileBig=gLJnBJHtxcksokQ0xBSoQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730408354062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Schematic diagram of experimental temperature, figureFileSmall=ibz2j31FyICNNedMauDNDg==, figureFileBig=k15pMQFB5lzyucB2Y+PxOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730521600271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
实验测量系统接线示意图, figureFileSmall=ibz2j31FyICNNedMauDNDg==, figureFileBig=k15pMQFB5lzyucB2Y+PxOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730597097744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Position of optical fiber probe in low voltage windings, figureFileSmall=ksSf+tClCbesfT9QFB7qLQ==, figureFileBig=gS/ezL53+TnbhBtMTpCFsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730664206609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
低压绕组中光纤探头的位置, figureFileSmall=ksSf+tClCbesfT9QFB7qLQ==, figureFileBig=gS/ezL53+TnbhBtMTpCFsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730748092690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Relative truncation error curves, figureFileSmall=Bu4z+S/113a1EZhZwI5A/w==, figureFileBig=iIHe6MJ1FWYL6O3JNTd+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730827784467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
相对截断误差曲线, figureFileSmall=Bu4z+S/113a1EZhZwI5A/w==, figureFileBig=iIHe6MJ1FWYL6O3JNTd+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730894893332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Reduced-order computational error, figureFileSmall=8Fah7CGk1ozFGOPTrdowJw==, figureFileBig=i5lkXGK3JmYl6Kf2rEMPjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451730957807893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
降阶计算误差, figureFileSmall=8Fah7CGk1ozFGOPTrdowJw==, figureFileBig=i5lkXGK3JmYl6Kf2rEMPjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731020722454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Transient temperature variation process, figureFileSmall=+IP+tXtZCSSIIx31hGuwug==, figureFileBig=+f1hw5HwL4gjgAN7hTbiww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731104608535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
瞬态温度变化过程, figureFileSmall=+IP+tXtZCSSIIx31hGuwug==, figureFileBig=+f1hw5HwL4gjgAN7hTbiww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731184300312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Reduced-order calculation error of temperature at different time steps, figureFileSmall=wDHpnocd6ujqlSj9rKoq0A==, figureFileBig=/HelgTvilONaMEWjLac+/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731238826265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同时步下温度降阶计算误差, figureFileSmall=wDHpnocd6ujqlSj9rKoq0A==, figureFileBig=/HelgTvilONaMEWjLac+/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731297546522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison of oil flow velocity distribution, figureFileSmall=42rneFfwEW5ArQaIUBMEhA==, figureFileBig=P7C0yI4ynD2YZkOQ1t+uVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731364655387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
油流速度分布云图对比, figureFileSmall=42rneFfwEW5ArQaIUBMEhA==, figureFileBig=P7C0yI4ynD2YZkOQ1t+uVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731565981980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Comparison of temperature distribution, figureFileSmall=D2AopHpG3ae6V8wLaKA/0A==, figureFileBig=Qn8llR6rju5nkTeVITuxXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731662450973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
温度分布云图对比, figureFileSmall=D2AopHpG3ae6V8wLaKA/0A==, figureFileBig=Qn8llR6rju5nkTeVITuxXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731737948446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Temperature distribution of model 3, figureFileSmall=UlExc0uLBNupQwZ5Zktubw==, figureFileBig=LDjlgWKMGZogE+j3VVvCzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731805057311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
换流变压器全阶模型温度分布, figureFileSmall=UlExc0uLBNupQwZ5Zktubw==, figureFileBig=LDjlgWKMGZogE+j3VVvCzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731867971872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=App.Fig.1, caption=
Modelica computational model, figureFileSmall=OZWQ3QTHfVRFqGm6knDzhg==, figureFileBig=G0cudK5alqgaVw0+V5zKRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451731935080737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=附图1, caption=
Modelica计算模型, figureFileSmall=OZWQ3QTHfVRFqGm6knDzhg==, figureFileBig=G0cudK5alqgaVw0+V5zKRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451732023161122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Definition of connector
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 元素类型 |
| 流体类型 | 参数 |
| 压力p | 势变量 |
| 质量流量 | 流变量 |
| 比焓h | 势变量 |
| 焓流率 | 流变量 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732090269987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
连接器定义
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 元素类型 |
| 流体类型 | 参数 |
| 压力p | 势变量 |
| 质量流量 | 流变量 |
| 比焓h | 势变量 |
| 焓流率 | 流变量 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732182544676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
The basic parameters of experimental transformer and radiator
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 实验变压器 | 参数 | 散热器 |
| 型号 | D-800/35 | 型号 | PC800—17/520 |
| 额定容量/(kV·A) | 800 | 类型 | 法兰盘装配 |
| 冷却方式 | ONAN | 组数 | 4 |
| 高压侧额定电压/kV | 35 | 叶片长度/mm | 520 |
| 低压侧额定电压/kV | 10.5 | 叶片中心距离/mm | 50 |
| 连接方式 | Ii0(单相双绕 组联结组别) | 散热片结构 | 环形 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732329345317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
换流变压器样机和散热器基本参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 实验变压器 | 参数 | 散热器 |
| 型号 | D-800/35 | 型号 | PC800—17/520 |
| 额定容量/(kV·A) | 800 | 类型 | 法兰盘装配 |
| 冷却方式 | ONAN | 组数 | 4 |
| 高压侧额定电压/kV | 35 | 叶片长度/mm | 520 |
| 低压侧额定电压/kV | 10.5 | 叶片中心距离/mm | 50 |
| 连接方式 | Ii0(单相双绕 组联结组别) | 散热片结构 | 环形 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732471951655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Basic structural parameters of transformer
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 换流变压器结构参数 | 数值/mm |
| 油箱 | 长度 | 1 602 |
| 宽度 | 712 |
| 高度 | 1 120 |
| 铁心 | 外径 | 196 |
| 高度 | 840 |
| 低压绕组 | 外径 | 318 |
| 内径 | 244 |
| 高度 | 490 |
| 高压绕组 | 外径 | 533 |
| 内径 | 410 |
| 高度 | 484 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732585197865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
换流变压器样机基本结构参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 换流变压器结构参数 | 数值/mm |
| 油箱 | 长度 | 1 602 |
| 宽度 | 712 |
| 高度 | 1 120 |
| 铁心 | 外径 | 196 |
| 高度 | 840 |
| 低压绕组 | 外径 | 318 |
| 内径 | 244 |
| 高度 | 490 |
| 高压绕组 | 外径 | 533 |
| 内径 | 410 |
| 高度 | 484 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732664889643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Material parameters
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| 材料 | 参数 | 数值 |
| 绝缘油 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 1 098.72-0.712T |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 0.1509-7.101×10-5T |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 807.163+3.28T |
| 动力黏度/(Pa·s) | 0.084 6-4×10-4T+5×10-7T2 |
| 铜导线 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 8 900 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 387.6 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 381 |
| 绝缘油纸 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 980 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 0.25 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 2 000 |
| 铁心 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 8 030 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 16.27 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 502.48 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732719415597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
材料物性参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 参数 | 数值 |
| 绝缘油 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 1 098.72-0.712T |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 0.1509-7.101×10-5T |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 807.163+3.28T |
| 动力黏度/(Pa·s) | 0.084 6-4×10-4T+5×10-7T2 |
| 铜导线 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 8 900 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 387.6 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 381 |
| 绝缘油纸 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 980 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 0.25 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 2 000 |
| 铁心 | 密度/(kg/m3) | 8 030 |
| 导热系数/[W/(m·K)] | 16.27 |
| 比定压热容/[J/(kg·K)] | 502.48 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732769747247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Comparison of steady-state temperature
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 温度/K |
| 顶部测点 | 中部测点 | 底部测点 | 最大误差 |
| 模型① | 360.16 | 345.56 | 332.62 | 1.37 |
| 模型② | 359.61 | 346.11 | 331.69 | 0.82 |
| 模型③ | 369.99 | 356.71 | 343.50 | 11.39 |
| 实验 | 360.35 | 346.93 | 332.11 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451732841050417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068212591313194, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
稳态温度对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 温度/K |
| 顶部测点 | 中部测点 | 底部测点 | 最大误差 |
| 模型① | 360.16 | 345.56 | 332.62 | 1.37 |
| 模型② | 359.61 | 346.11 | 331.69 | 0.82 |
| 模型③ | 369.99 | 356.71 | 343.50 | 11.39 |
| 实验 | 360.35 | 346.93 | 332.11 | |
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